软件测试与质量保证 Testing (2)学习课件

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SoftwareTestingTechniques(2)INSTRUCTOR:SHULIUHITSCHOOLOFSOFTWARE2017Allrightsreserved1SQAandTestingSoftwareTestingTechniquesBlack-BoxTestingBoundaryValueTestingSpecialValueTestingRandomTestingPositiveandNegativeTestingRangeTestingEquivalenceClassTestingDecisionTable-BasedTestingExamples:TheTriangleProblemTheNextDateFunctionTheCommissionProblemWhite-BoxGray-BoxTestingSoftwareTestingTechniques2SQAandTestingEquivalenceClassTesting

(等价类测试)Theequivalencepartitioningtesting(equivalenceclasstesting)techniqueisablack-boxtestingtechnique.Fromtherequirements,eachinputisdividedintopartitions(equivalenceclasses),andonerepresentativevaluefromeachpartition(equivalenceclass)isselectedandtested.Equivalenceclass,asetoftestcases(class)suchthatanyonememberoftheclassisasgoodatestcaseasanyother.SoftwareTestingTechniques3SQAandTestingEquivalenceClassTesting

(等价类测试)Theuseofequivalenceclassesasthebasisforfunctionaltestinghastwomotivations:

Tohavecompletetesting Toavoidredundancy(moreefficient)Theideaofequivalenceclasstestingistoidentifytestcasesbyusingoneelementfromeachequivalenceclass.SoftwareTestingTechniques4SQAandTestingEquivalenceClassTesting

(等价类测试)ThekeyofequivalenceclasstestingisthechoiceoftheequivalencerelationthatdeterminestheequivalenceclassesItisassumedthattheresultspredicttheresultsforothervaluesinthepartition,whichdemonstratesthepowerandeconomyofthistechnique.SoftwareTestingTechniques5SQAandTestingEquivalenceClassTestingExample(Withonevariable):

AnIRSprogramcomputestheamountofstateincometaxbasedontheincome,asisdisplayedinthetable:SoftwareTestingTechniquesIncomeRangeTax%Due$1and$30,50025%$30,501and62,50027%$62,501andmore38%6SQAandTestingDefineEquivalenceClassesSoftwareTestingTechniquesEquivalenceClassIncomeRangeTax%DueEquivalenceClass1$1and$30,50025%EquivalenceClass2$30,501and62,50027%EquivalenceClass3$62,501andmore38%EquivalenceClassTestingTestCase#TestValue(input)ExpectedValue(output)EquivalencePartition1$25,0006,250$1and30,500240,50010,935$30,501and$62,500385,20032,37662,501andmoreCreateTestCases7SQAandTestingEquivalenceClassTesting

(等价类测试)WeakNormalEquivalenceClassTesting(弱一般等价类测试)StrongNormalEquivalenceClassTesting

(强一般等价类测试)WeakRobustEquivalenceClassTesting(弱健壮等价类测试)StrongRobustEquivalenceClassTesting(强健壮等价类测试)SoftwareTestingTechniques8SQAandTestingEquivalenceClassTesting

(等价类测试)WeakNormalEquivalenceClassTesting

(弱一般等价类测试)Weaknormalequivalenceclasstestingisaccomplishedbyusingonevariablefromeachequivalenceclass

(interval)inatestcase.Forexample:FunctionFwithtwovariablesx,andya=<x=<dwithintervals[a,b),[b,c),[c,d]e=<y=<gwithintervals[e,f),[f,g]SoftwareTestingTechniques9SQAandTestingyxabcdefg●●●EquivalenceClassTesting

(等价类测试)WeakNormalEquivalenceClassTesting FunctionFwithtwovariablesx,andy10SQAandTestingEquivalenceClassTesting

(等价类测试)StrongNormalEquivalenceClassTesting(强一般等价类测试)Strongequivalenceclasstestingisbasedonthemultiplefaultassumption.SoweneedtestcasesfromeachelementoftheCartesianproduct(笛卡尔积)oftheequivalenceclasses.Forexample:FunctionFwithtwovariablesx,andya=<x=<dwithintervals[a,b),[b,c),[c,d]e=<y=<gwithintervals[e,f),[f,g]SoftwareTestingTechniquesTheCartesianproductguaranteesthatwehaveanotionof“completeness”intwosenses:WecoveralltheequivalenceclassesWehaveoneofeachpossiblecombinationofinputs.笛卡尔积可保证两种意义上的“完备性”：覆盖所有的等价类有可能的输入组合中的一个11SQAandTestingyxabcdefg●●●EquivalenceClassTesting

(等价类测试)StrongNormalEquivalenceClassTestingFunctionFwithtwovariablesx,andy●●●12SQAandTestingEquivalenceClassTesting

(等价类测试)WeakRobustEquivalenceClassTesting(弱健壮等价类测试)Thenameforthisformisadmittedlycounterintuitive(违反直觉的)andoxymoronic(矛盾的).Howcansomethingbebothweakandrobust?Therobustpartcomesfromconsiderationofinvalidvalues,andtheweakpartreferstothesinglefaultassumption.1.Forvalidinputs,useonevaluefromeachvalidclass(weaknormalequivalenceclass).2.Forinvalidinputs,atestcasewillhaveoneinvalidvalueandtheremainingvalueswillallbevalid.SoftwareTestingTechniques13SQAandTestingEquivalenceClassTesting

(等价类测试)WeakRobustEquivalenceClassTestingFunctionFwithtwovariablesx,andyyxabcdefg●●●●●14SQAandTestingEquivalenceClassTesting

(等价类测试)WeakRobustEquivalenceClassTestingFunctionFwithtwovariablesx,andyyxabcdefg●●●●15SQAandTestingEquivalenceClassTesting

(等价类测试)StrongRobustEquivalenceClassTesting

(强健壮等价类测试)Atleastthenameforthisformisneithercounterintuitivenoroxymoronic,justredundant.TherobustpartcomesfromconsiderationofinvalidvaluesThestrongpartreferstothemultiplefaultassumption.SoftwareTestingTechniques16SQAandTestingEquivalenceClassTesting

(等价类测试)StrongRobustEquivalenceClassTestingFunctionFwithtwovariablesx,andyyxabcdefg●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●17SQAandTestingDecisionTable-BasedTesting

（基于决策表的测试）Ofallthefunctionaltestingmethods,thosebasedondecisiontablesarethemostrigorousbecauseitenforcelogicalrigor.Decisiontableshavebeenusedtorepresentandanalyzecomplexlogicalrelationshipssincethe1960s.Decisiontablesareidealfordescribingsituationsinwhichanumberofcombinationsofactionsaretakenundervaryingsetsofconditions.Decisiontable-basedtestingisafunctionaltestingtechnique.SoftwareTestingTechniques18SQAandTestingDecisionTable-BasedTesting

（基于决策表的测试）

DecisionTables(决策表)SoftwareTestingTechniquesc1TTTTc2TTFFc3F-T-a1XXXa2XXa3XXXStubPortionEntryPortionConditionPortionActionPortionConditionstubConditionentriesActionstubActionentries19SQAandTestingDecisionTable-BasedTesting

（基于决策表的测试）

RulesofDecisionTables(决策表)

Acolumnintheentryportionisarule.RulesindicatewhichactionsaretakenfortheconditionalcircumstancesindicatedintheconditionportionoftheruleSoftwareTestingTechniquesc1TFFTc2TTFFc3F-T-a1XXXa2XXa3XXX“Don’tcare”Or“n/a”entry20SQAandTestingDecisionTable-BasedTesting

（基于决策表的测试）Toidentifytestcaseswithdecisiontables,weinterpretconditionsasinputsandactionsasoutputsHowtotestthetriangleprogramwithdecisiontable:1.CreatedecisiontablefortheTriangleProblem2.DesigntestcasesbaseondecisiontableSoftwareTestingTechniques21SQAandTestingTheTriangleProblemThetriangleprogramacceptsthreeintegers,a,b,andcasinput.Thesearetakentobesidesofatriangle.Theintegersa,b,andcmustsatisfythefollowingconditions:SoftwareTestingTechniquesC1:1=<a=<200C4:a<b+cC2:1=<b=<200C5:b<a+cC3:1=<c=<200C6:c<a+b