2018年12月英语四级阅读真题版

2018年12月大学英语四级阅读真题

选词填空

PartIIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)

SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisa

passagewithtenbIanks.YouarerequiredtoseIectone

wordforeachbIankfromalistofchoicesgivenina

wordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassage

throughcarefuIIybeforemakingyourchoices.Each

choiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaIetter.Please

markthecorrespondingIetterforeachitemonAnswer

Sheet2withasingleIinethroughthecentre.Youmay

notuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.

Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

MiIIionsdieearIyfromairpoIIutioneachyear.Air

pollutioncoststheglobaleconomymorethan$5

trillionannuaIIyinweIfarecosts,withthemost

serious26occurringinthedevelopingworId.The

figuresincIudeanumberofcosts27withairpolIution.

LostincomeaIoneamountsto$225biIIionayear.The

reportincIudesbothindoorandoutdoorairpolIution.

IndoorpoIIution,whichincludes28likehomeheating

andcooking,hasremained29overthepastseveraI

decadesdespiteadvancesinthearea.LeveIsofoutdoor

poIIutionhavegrownrapidlyaIongwithrapidgrowth

inindustryandtransportation.DirectorofInstitute

forHealthMetricsandEvaIuationChrisMurray30it

asan“urgentcaIItoaction.”“Oneoftherisk

factorsforprematuredeathsistheairwebreathe,over

whichindividuaIshaveIittIe31,“hesaid.The

effectsofairpollutionareworstinthedeveloping

worId,whereinsomepIaceslost-laborincome32nearIy

1%ofGDP.Around9in10peopIeinIow-and

middIe-incomecountriesIiveinpIaceswherethey33

experiencedangerousIeveIsofoutdoorairpollution.

ButtheprobIemisnotIimited34tothedeveloping

worId.ThousandsdieprematureIyintheU.S.asaresult

ofreIatediIInesses.InmanyEuropeancountries,where

dieseI(柴油)35havebecomemorecommoninrecentyears,

thatnumberreachestensofthousands.

A)abiIityB)associatedC)consciousIy

D)constantE)controIF)damageG)described

H)equaIsI)excIusiveIyJ)innovated

K)reguIarIyL)reIatesM)sources

N)undermine0)vehicIes

答案：26.Fdamage（损害）27.Bassociated（与....

有联系）28.Msources（来源）29.Dconstant（不断

的，常存在的）30.Gdescribed（描述）31.Econtrol

（控制）32.HequaIs（等同于）33.Kregularly（经常

地）34.IexcIusiveIy（仅仅，唯一地）35.0vehicIes

（车辆）

解析：

26.Fdamage空格所在句子的含义为：空气污染每年在福

利费用方面给全球经济造成5万多亿损失，最大的.......

发生在发展中国家。根据上下文可知这里应该填入一个跟损

失有关联的词汇，另外在语法上这里应该填入一个名词

devastating,“具有破坏力的”修饰，所以我们应该可以

确定答案为damage,“损害”n.

27.Bassociated空格所在句子的含义为：这个福利数字

包含许多与空气污染......的福利费用，比如健康与消费。

根据语法上判断，这里应该填入一个过去分词做costs的后

置定语，另外从语义上判断，associatedwithairpoIIution

做cost的后置定语，表示与空气污染相关的费用，语义上

也符合上下文语境。

28.Msources空格所在的句子的含义为：室内污染，包

括像暖气和做饭一样的.......O从语法上判断这里应该填

入名词，并且这个名词是一个大范围的词可以包括暖气和做

饭，另外从语义上判断sourcesIikehomeheatingand

cooking表示像暖气和做饭一样的来源也符合上下文语境。

PartIIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)

SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreada

passagewithtenstatementsattachedtoeachstatement

containsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.

Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationis

derived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Each

paragraphismarkedwithaIetter.Answerthequestions

bymarkingthecorrespondingIetteronAnswerSheet2.

Food-as-MedicineMovementIsWitnessingProgress

[A]SeveraItimesamonth,youcanfindadoctorinthe

aislesofRalph'smarketinHuntingtonBeach,

CaIifornia,wearingawhitecoatandhelpingpeopIe

Iearnaboutfood.Ononerecentday,thisdoctorwas

DanieINadeau,wanderingthecerealaislewithAlIison

Scott,givinghersomeideaonhowtofeedkidswho

persistentIyavoidanythingthatishealthy."Haveyou

thoughtabouttryingfreshjuicesinthemorning?”he

asksher."ThefrozenorangesandappIesareaIittIe

cheaper,andfruitsarereaIIygoodforthebrain.

Juicesarequickandeasytoprepare,youcantakethe

frozenfruitoutthenightbeforeandhaveitreadythe

nextmorning.”

[B]ScottisdeIightedtogetfoodadvicefroma

physicianwhoisprogramdirectorofthenearbyMary

andDickAlIenDiabetesCenter,partoftheSt.Joseph

HoagHealthaIIiance.Thecenter*'s'ShopwithYour

Doc'programsendsdoctorstothegrocerystoretomeet

withanypatientswhosignupfortheservice,pIusany

othershopperswhohappentobearoundwithquestions.

[C]Nadeaunoticesthepre-mademacaroni（通心

粉）-and-cheeseboxesinScott'sshoppingcartand

suggestssheswitchtowholegrainmacaroniandreaI

cheese."SoI'dhavetomakeit?”sheasks,her

enthusiasmfadingatthethoughtofhowIongthatmight

take,justtohaveherkidsrejectit."I'mnotsure

they'deatit.Theyjustwon'teatit.”

[D]Nadeausayssugarandprocessedfoodsarebig

contributorstotherisingdiabetesratesamong

chiIdren."InAmerica,over50percentofourfoodis

processedfood,“Nadeautellsher."AndonIy5

percentofourfoodispIant-basedfood.Ithinkwe

shouldtrytoreversethat."Scottagreestotrymore

fruitjuicesforthekidsandtomakereaImacaroniand

cheese.Scoreonepointforthedoctor,zerofor

diabetes.

[E]NadeauispartofasmaIIrevolutiondeveloping

acrossCaIifornia.Thefood-as-medicinemovementhas

beenaroundfordecades,butit'smakingprogressas

physiciansandmedicaIinstitutionsmakefoodaformaI

partoftreatment,ratherthanrelyingsolelyon

medications（药4勿）.ByprescribingnutritionaIchanges

orIaunchingprogramssuchas'ShopwithyourDoc’,

theyaretryingtoprevent,Iimitorevenreverse

diseasebychangingwhatpatientseat."There'sno

questionpeoplecantakethingsaIongwaytoward

reversingdiabetes,reversinghighbIoodpressure,

evenpreventingcancerbyfoodchoices,“Nadeausays.

[F]Inthebigpicture,saysDr.RichardAfabIe,CEO

andpresidentofST.JosephHoagHeaIth,medicaI

institutionsacrossthestatearestartingtomakea

philosophicaIswitchtobecomingahealthorganization,

notjustaheaIthcareorganization.ThatfeeIing

echoesthebeIiefsoftheTherapeuticFoodPantry

programatZuckerbergSanFranciscoGeneraIHospital,

whichcompIeteditspilotphaseandisabouttoexpand

onanongoingbasistofivecIinicsitesthroughoutthe

city.TheprogramwiIIofferpatientsseveraIbagsof

foodprescribedfortheircondition,aIongwith

intensivetraininginhowtocookit."WereaIIywant

toIinkfoodandmedicine,andnotjustgiveaway

food,“saysDr.RitaNguyen,thehospital'smedicaI

directorofHealthyFoodInitiatives."WewantpeopIe

tounderstandwhatthey'reeating,howtoprepareit,

therolefoodpIaysintheirlives.”

[G]InSouthernCaIifornia,LomaLindaUniversity

SchooIofMedicineisofferingspeciaIizedtrainingfor

itsresidentphysiciansinLifestyIeMedicine——that

isaformaIspeciaItyinusingfoodtotreatdisease.

Researchfindingsincreasinglyshowthepoweroffood

totreatorreversediseases,butthatdoesnotmean

thatdietaIoneisaIwaysthesoIution,orthatevery

iIInesscanbenefitsubstantiaIIyfromdietarychanges.

NonetheIess,physicianssaythattheyIookatthe

coIIectivedataandacIearpictureemerges:thatthe

sa11,sugar,fatandprocessedfoodsintheAmerican

dietcontributetothenation,shighratesofobesity,

diabetesandheartdisease.AccordingtotheWorId

HealthOrganization,80percentofdeathsfromheart

diseaseandstrokearecausedbyhighbIoodpressure,

tobaccouse,eIevatedcholesterolandIowconsumption

offruitsandvegetabIes.

[H]"It'sadifferentparadigm（范式）ofhowtotreat

disease,“saysDr.BrendaRea,whoheIpsrunthefamiIy

andpreventivemedicineresidencyprogramatLomaLinda

UniversitySchooIofMedicine.TheIifestyIemedicine

speciaItyisdesignedtotraindoctorsinhowtoprevent

andtreatdisease,inpart,bychangingpatients'

nutritionalhabits.ThemedicaIcenterandschoolat

LomaLindaaIsohasafoodcupboardandkitchenfor

patients.Thisway,patientsnotonIyIearnaboutwhich

foodstobuy,butalsohowtopreparethemathome.

[I]ManypeopIedon'tknowhowtocook,Reasays,and

theyonIyknowhowtoheatthingsup.Thatmeans

dependingonpackagedfoodwithhighsaltandsugar

content.SoteachingpeopIeaboutwhichfoodsare

healthyandhowtopreparethem,shesays,canactuaIIy

transformapatient'sIife.Andbeyondthat,itmight

transformthehealthandIivesofthatpatient's

famiIy."Whatpeopleeatcanbemedicineorpoison,”

Reasays."Asaphysician,nutritionisoneofthemost

powerfuIthingsyoucanchangetoreversetheeffects

ofIong-termdisease.”

[J]Studieshaveexploredevidencethatdietarychanges

canslowinflammation（炎症），forexampIe,ormakethe

bodyinhospitabIetocancercelIs.IngeneraI,many

IifestyIemedicinephysiciansrecommendapIant-based

diet——particuIarIyforpeopIewithdiabetesorother

infIammatoryconditions.

[K]"Aswhathappenedwithtobacco,thiswiIIrequire

aculturalshift,butthatcanhappen,"saysNguyen.

aInthesamewayphysiciansusedtosmoke,andthen

stoppedsmokingandwereabIetotaIktopatientsabout

it,Ithinkphysicianscanhaveabiggervoiceinit.”

36.MorethanhaIfofthefoodAmericanseatis

factory-produced.

37.Thereisaspecialprogramthatassignsdoctorsto

giveadvicetoshoppersinfoodstores.

38.Thereisgrowingevidencefromresearchthatfood

heIpspatientsrecoverfromvariousiIInesses.

39.Ahealthybreakfastcanbepreparedquicklyand

easiIy.

40.Trainingapatienttopreparehealthyfoodcan

changetheirIife.

41.Onefood-as-medicineprogramnotonlyprescribes

foodfortreatmentbutteachespatientshowtocookit.

42.ScottisnotkeenoncookingfoodherseIf,thinking

itwouIdsimplybeawasteoftime.

43.Diabetespatientsareadvisedtoeatmore

pIant-basedfood.

44.UsingfoodasmedicineisnonoveIidea,butthe

movementismakingheadwaythesedays.

45.Americans,highratesofvariousiIInessesresu11

fromthewaytheyeat.

SectionC

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Each

passageisfoIIowedbysomequestionsorunfinished

statements.Foreachofthemtherearefourchoices

markedA),B),C)andD).YoushouIddecideonthebest

choiceandmarkthecorrespondingIetteronAnswer

Sheet2withasingleIinethroughthecentre.

PassageOne

Questions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

CaIiforniahasbeenfacingadroughtformanyyearsnow,

withcertainareasevenhavingtopumpfreshwater

hundredsofmilestotheirdistributionsystem.The

probIemisgrowingasthepopuIationofthestate

continuestoexpand.Newresearchhasfounddeepwater

reservesunderthestatewhichcouldheIpsoIvetheir

droughtcrisis.PreviousdrillingofwellscouIdonIy

reachdepthsof1,000feet,butduetonewpumping

practices,waterdeeperthanthiscannowbeextracted

（抽取）.TheteamatStanfordinvestigatedthe

aquifers（地下蓄水层）belowthisdepthandfoundthat

reservesmaybetriplewhatwaspreviousIythought.

11isprofitabIetodriIItodepthsmorethan1,000feet

foroiIandgasextraction,butonIyrecentIyin

CaIiforniahasitbecomeprofitabletopumpwaterfrom

thisdepth.Theaquifersrangefrom1,000to3,000feet

beIowtheground,whichmeansthatpumpingwiIIbe

expensiveandthereareotherconcerns.Thebiggest

concernofpumpingoutwaterfromthisdeepinthe

graduaIsettIingdownoftheIandsurface.Asthewater

ispumpedout,thevacantspaceIeftiscompactedby

theweightoftheearthabove.

Eventhoughpumpingfromthesedepthsisexpensive,it

isstillcheaperthandesaIinating(脱盐)theocean

waterintheIargeIycoastaIstate.SomedesaIination

pIantsexistwherefeasibIe,buttheyarecostIytorun

andcanneedconstantrepairs.Wellsaremuchmore

reIiabIesourcesoffreshwater,andCaliforniais

hopingthatthesedeepwellsmaybetheanswertotheir

severewatershortage.

OneprobIemwiththesesourcesisthatthedeepwater

aIsohasahigherIeveIofsa11thanshaIIoweraquifers.

Thismeansthatsomewellsmayevenneedtoundergo

desalinationafterextraction,thusincreasingthe

cost.Researchfromtheexhaustivestudyofgroundwater

fromover950drillingIogshasjustbeenpubIished.

Newestimatesofthewaterreservesnowgoupto2,700

billioncubicmetersoffreshwater.

46.HowcouIdCalifornia'sdroughtcrisisbesolved

accordingtosomeresearchers?

A)Bybuildingmorereservesofgroundwater.

B)Bydrawingwaterfromthedepthsoftheearth.

C)Bydevelopingmoreadvanceddrillingdevices.

D)Byupgradingitswaterdistributionsystem.

47.Whatcanbeinferredaboutextractingwaterfrom

deepaquifers?

A)11wasdeemedvitaltosolvingthewaterprobIem.

B)Itwasnotconsideredworththeexpense.

C)ItmaynotprovidequaIityfreshwater.

D)ItisboundtogainsupportfromtheIocaIpeopIe.

48.Whatismeritionedasaconsequenceofextracting

waterfromdeepunderground?

A)ThesinkingofIandsurface.C)Thedamageto

aquifers.

B)Theharmtotheecosystem.D)Thechangeofthe

cIimate.

49.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutdeepweIIs?

A)Theyrunwithoutanyneedforrepairs.

B)TheyareentireIyfreefrompollutants.

C)TheyaretheultimatesoIutiontodroughts.

D)TheyprovideasteadysuppIyoffreshwater.

50.Whatmayhappenwhendeepaquifersareusedaswater

sources?

A)People'shealthmayimprovewithcIeanerwater.

B)People'swaterbillsmaybeIoweredconsiderabIy.

C)ThecostmaygoupduetodesaIination.

D)TheymaybeexhaustedsoonerorIater.

答案

46.B)Bydrawingwaterfromthedepthsoftheearth.

47.B)11wasnotconsideredworththeexpense.

48.A)ThesinkingofIandsurface.

49.D)Theyprovideasteadysupplyoffreshwater.

50.C)ThecostmaygoupduetodesaIination.

PassageTwo

Questions51to55arebasedonthefoIlowingpassage.

TheAIphaGoprogram'svictoryisanexampIeofhow

smartcomputershavebecome.

ButcanartificialinteIIigence(Al)machinesact

ethicaIIy,meaningcantheybehonestandfair?

OneexampIeofAlisdriverIesscars.TheyareaIready

onCaIiforniaroads,soitisnottoosoontoaskwhether

wecanprogramamachinetoactethically.AsdriverIess

carsimprove,theywiIIsaveIives.TheywiIImakefewer

mistakesthanhumandriversdo.Sometimes,however,

theywiIIfaceachoicebetweenIives.Shouldthecars

beprogrammedtoavoidhittingachildrunningacross

theroad,evenifthatwiIIputtheirpassengersatrisk?

Whataboutmakingasuddenturntoavoidadog?What

iftheonIyriskisdamagetothecaritself,notto

thepassengers?

PerhapstherewiIIbeIessonstoIearnfromdriverIess

cars,buttheyarenotsuper-inteIIigentbeings.

TeachingethicstoamachineevenmoreinteIIigentthan

wearewiIIbethebiggerchaIIenge.

AboutthesametimeasAlphaGo,striumph,Microsoft?s

'chatbot'tookabadturn.Thesoftware,namedTayIor,

wasdesignedtoanswermessagesfrompeopIeaged18-24.

TayIorwassupposedtobeabIetoIearnfromthe

messagesshereceived.Shewasdesignedtoslowly

improveherabilitytohandIeconversations,butsome

peopIewereteachingTayIorracistideas.Whenshe

startedsayingnicethingsaboutHitler,Microsoft

turnedheroffanddeIetedherugliestmessages.

AlphaGo'svictoryandTaylor'sdefeathappenedat

aboutthesametime.Thisshouldbeawarningtous.

11isonethingtouseAlwithinagamewithcIearruIes

andcIeargoaIs.11issomethingverydifferenttouse

AlinthereaIworId.TheunpredictabiIityofthereaI

worIdmaybringtothesurfaceatroubIingsoftware

probIem.EricSchmidtisoneofthebossesof

GoogIe,whichownAIphoGo.HethinksAlwillbepositive