2024年瑞典BIPV技术创新体系分析（英文版）

Task15EnablingFrameworkfortheAccelerationofBIPV

PVPS

Analysisofthe

Technological

InnovationSystemforBIPVinSweden

2024

ReportIEA-PVPST15-18:2024

Task15EnablingFrameworkfortheDevelopmentofBIPV–AnalysisoftheTechnologicalInnovationSystemforBIPVinSweden

WhatisIEAPVPSTCP?

TheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA),foundedin1974,isanautonomousbodywithintheframeworkoftheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD).TheTechnologyCollaborationProgramme(TCP)wascreatedwithabeliefthatthefutureofenergysecurityandsustainabilitystartswithglobalcollaboration.Theprogrammeismadeupof6.000expertsacrossgovernment,academia,andindustrydedicatedtoadvancingcommonresearchandtheapplicationofspecificenergytechnologies.

TheIEAPhotovoltaicPowerSystemsProgramme(IEAPVPS)isoneoftheTCP’swithintheIEAandwasestablishedin

1993.Themissionoftheprogrammeisto“enhancetheinternationalcollaborativeeffortswhichfacilitatetheroleofphotovoltaicsolarenergyasacornerstoneinthetransitiontosustainableenergysystems.”Inordertoachievethis,theProgramme’sparticipantshaveundertakenavarietyofjointresearchprojectsinPVpowersystemsapplications.TheoverallprogrammeisheadedbyanExecutiveCommittee,comprisedofonedelegatefromeachcountryororganisationmember,whichdesignatesdistinct‘Tasks,’thatmayberesearchprojectsoractivityareas.

TheIEAPVPSparticipatingcountriesareAustralia,Austria,Belgium,Canada,China,Denmark,Finland,France,Germany,Israel,Italy,Japan,Korea,Malaysia,Morocco,theNetherlands,Norway,Portugal,SouthAfrica,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,Thailand,Turkey,andtheUnitedStatesofAmerica.TheEuropeanCommission,SolarPowerEurope,theSmartElectricPowerAlliance,theSolarEnergyIndustriesAssociation,theSolarEnergyResearchInstituteofSingaporeandEnercitySAarealsomembers.

Visitusat:

WhatisIEAPVPSTask15?

TheobjectiveofTask15istocreateanenablingframeworktoacceleratethepenetrationofBIPVproductsintheglobalmarketofrenewables,resultinginanequalplayingfieldforBIPVproducts,BAPVproductsandregularbuildingenvelopecomponents,respectingmandatoryissues,aestheticissues,reliabilityandfinancialissues.

SubtaskAofTask15isfocusedontheanalysisoftheTechnologicalInnovationSystem(TIS)forBIPVonnationallevelsinordertoidentifysystemicproblemsandrecommendactionsforindustryand/orpolicymakersthatwanttosupportthedevelopmentoftheBIPVmarketandinnovationsystem.ThisdocumentisoneofthenationalTIS-analysisreports.AsynthesisofnationalTIS-analyseswillbemadebasedonthisandothernationalreports.

Authors

MainContent:M.vanNoord,P.Kovacs,M.Unger,M.Warneryd(RISEResearchInstitutesofSweden),and

B.Stridh(MälardalenUniversity)

Editor:M.vanNoord

DISCLAIMER

TheIEAPVPSTCPisorganisedundertheauspicesoftheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)butisfunctionallyandlegallyautonomous.Views,findingsandpublicationsoftheIEAPVPSTCPdonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsorpoliciesoftheIEASecretariatoritsindividualmembercountries.

COVERPICTURE

CitypassagenÖrebro,photoMalinUnger

ISBN978-3-907281-50-5:AnalysisoftheTechnologicalInnovationSystemforBIPVinSweden

INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCY

PHOTOVOLTAICPOWERSYSTEMSPROGRAMME

IEAPVPS

Task15

AnalysisoftheTechnologicalInnovationSystemfor

BIPVinSweden

ReportIEA-PVPST15-18:2024

February-2024

ISBN978-3-907281-50-5

Task15EnablingFrameworkfortheDevelopmentofBIPV–AnalysisoftheTechnologicalInnovationSystemforBIPVinSweden

5

TABLEOFCONTENTS

Acknowledgements 7

Listofabbreviations 8

Executivesummary 9

1Introduction 10

2Definitionofthetechnologicalinnovationsystemforbuilding-integratedphotovoltaics 12

2.1Scopeofthisanalysis 12

2.2Historicaltechnologicaldevelopment 12

2.3Historicaldevelopmentoftheinnovationsystem 14

3Structuralanalysis 17

3.1Technologiesandareasofknowledge 17

3.2Actorsandnetworks 18

3.3Institutions 21

4Phaseofdevelopmentandtargetdefinition 26

5Functionalanalysis 28

5.1KnowledgeDevelopment 28

5.2Knowledgedissemination 29

5.3Entrepreneurialexperimentation 31

5.4Resourcemobilization 32

5.5Developmentofsocialcapital 34

5.6Legitimation 35

5.7Guidanceofthesearch 37

5.8Marketformation 38

5.9Summaryofthefunctionalanalysis 39

6Identifyingsystemweaknessesandstrengths 42

6.1Actors’probIemsandopportunities 42

6.2Institutionalproblemsandopportunities 43

6.3Interactionproblemsandopportunities 44

6.4Infrastructuralproblemsandopportunities 44

6.5Summaryofsystemweaknessesandopportunities 45

7Recommendations 49

7.1IncreasediversityandfocusofBIPVactors 49

7.2ImprovetechnicalguidanceandassuranceforBIPVinstallations 49

7.3LeveltheplayingfieldbetweenBAPVandBIPV 50

7.4Promoteculturalchangeinconstructionandreal-estatesectors 50

7.5Enhancesocialnetworks 51

6

7.6Theroleofindustry,market,governmentauthoritiesandsupportingactors 51

References 54

Appendix1.Listofhistoricalprojectsbyactor 57

Appendix2.Listofpatentsandpatentapplications 62

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TheworkpresentedinthisreportwasperformedwithinIEAPVPSTask15,withfundingbytheSwedishEnergyAgency.

Ourdearestgratitudegoesouttoalltheexpertsandindustryrepresentativesthatwerewillingtosharetheirinsightsandperspectiveswithusinextensiveinterviewsessions-ouranalysiswouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutyourcooperation.

ValuablediscussionsandinspirationwereprovidedbyKerstiKarltorpduringhertimeatRISEandbythemembersofTask15SubtaskA,especiallythosewhoperformedsimilarTISanalysesfortheirrespectivecountries:NuriaMartínChivelet,LucasGarcíaGarcía,MomirTabakovic,ThomasSchostal,AndreasTürk,OttoBernsen,TjebbeVroon,FrancescaTilli,RebeccaYangandNilminiWeerasinghe.AdditionalspecificinputandcommentscamefromTask15co-managerFrancescoFrontini,ProfessorEugeniaPerezVicoandseveralIEAPVPSTask15members.ThanksalsotoZackNorwoodforproofreadingthisreportbeforepublication.

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LISTOFABBREVIATIONS

1G

Firstgenerationphotovoltaictechnology,i.e.crystallinesilicon

2G

Secondgenerationphotovoltaictechnologies,i.e.establishedthinfilmtechnologieslikeamorphoussilicon,cadmium-telluride,copper-indium-(germanium)-selenide.

3G

Thirdgenerationor“emerging”photovoltaictechnologies,mostlynewerthinfilmtechnologieslikeperovskites,organicPV,dye-sensitizedcells.

BAPV

BuildingAppliedPhotovoltaics

BIPV

BuildingIntegratedPhotovoltaics

BOS

BalanceofSystem.AllcomponentsinaPVsystem,butthePVmodules.

IEA

InternationalEnergyAgency

IEAPVPS

InternationalEnergyAgencyPhotovoltaicPowerSystemsProgramme

TIS

TechnologicalInnovationSystem

TRL

TechnologicalReadinessLevel

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EXECUTIVESUMMARY

ThisreportprovidesananalysisoftheTechnologicalInnovationSystem(TIS)forBuildingIntegratedPhotovoltaics(BIPV)inSwedenfortheperiod2021-2023,followingtheguidelinesoftheIEAPVPSTask15.(ReportT15-16:2023)

ThefirstknownBIPVsystemsinSwedenwereinstalledin2001.However,BIPVhaslargelybeenanexceptiontothecountry’sprimaryPVmarketofbuilding-appliedPV.InitialBIPVapplicationsfocusedonsolarshadingsolutions,butrooftopBIPVsystemshavesincebecomemoreprevalent.Morerecently,façadeBIPVsystemshavestartedtogainattention.ResearchrelatedtoBIPVhasbeenlimitedandprimarilylinkedtosecondandthird-generationPVandto(BI)PVapplicationsinurbanareas.

TheBIPVmarketinSwedenisconsideredtobeinanichephase,withdiscontinuousroofapplicationsnearingcommercialmarketdevelopment.Incontrast,shadingdevices,parapets,andcanopiesarestilllargelyinthedemonstrationphase.ThefunctioningoftheTISisevaluatedagainstthegoalofachievingcommercialmarketdevelopment,withapproximately10%ofallbuilding-relatedPVbecomingbuildingintegrated.

Toachievethisgoal,knowledgedevelopmentcouldbesufficient,withmoderatefulfilment.Muchoftheknowledgedevelopmenthasbeenestablishedabroadorbyalimitednumberofactors,andknowledgediffusionisweak.ThereisalackofengineeringandproductknowledgeinthebroaderPVinstallationsector,aswellasamongarchitects,technicalconsultants,andpotentialclients.Thisaddsuptoaweaklegitimacyofthetechnology,togetherwithlittletechnicalguidanceandamismatchwithconstructionindustrypractices.Entrepreneurialexperimentationisalsoweakandlimitedtoafewactorswithlittlediversityinbackgroundandfewholisticconceptsorstandardizedsolutionsintheirofferings.Furthermore,guidancefornewactorstotheBIPVTISisveryweakduetostrongcompetingTISes(BAPV,utilityscalePV)andanunlevelregulatoryplayingfield.AmongexistingactorsintheTIS,socialcapitaldevelopmentisweakduetoalownumberofspecializedevents.Financialandinfrastructuralresourcesaremostlysufficient,butthereisalackofsuitablytrainedhumanresources.

Thereportconcludeswithrecommendations,groupedintofivecategories:toincreasediversityandfocusofBIPVactors;toimprovetechnicalguidanceandassuranceforBIPVinstallations;toleveltheplayingfieldbetweenBIPVandotherPVapplications;topromoteculturalchangeintheconstructionandreal-estatesectors;andtoenhancesocialnetworks.Moredetailedrecommendationsaredirectedtodifferentactorgroups.IndustryactorsarerecommendedtoincreasecooperationbetweenPVandconstructionindustry;definebest-practiceintrainingsanddemonstrationprojects;applyforexternalfinancingoflabtestsandverifications;andtocollaborateonroad-mapping,publiccampaigns,ormarketreports.Marketactors(publicorprivate)thatwanttosupportBIPVdevelopmentcanjoincollaborativeeffortswithindustry;engageindemonstrationprojectsorinnovationprocurementforreproducibleBIPVconcepts;orrequirecross-sectorcooperationintenders.PublicauthoritiescanenhanceBIPVdeploymentbyinvestigatinghowtoaddresstheunlevelregulatoryplayingfield;encourageBIPVinmunicipalplanning;clarifybuildingcoderequirements;andsupportotheractors’initiativessuchasdemonstrations,testsandverifications,workshops,etc.Finally,supportingandresearchoreducationactorscanalsogetinvolvedininvestigatingtheunlevelplayingfield,ororganisationoftechnicalandscientificworkshops;runBIPVcoursesforprofessionalsorstudents;andsupportdemos,tenders,labtests,etc.

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1INTRODUCTION

ThisreportpresentsananalysisoftheTechnologicalinnovationSystem(TIS)forBuildingIntegrated

Photovoltaics(BIPV)inSweden.It’smainaimistofacilitateandsupporttheimplementationofBIPVinSwedenandtosupporttheinnovationandindustrialdevelopmentofBIPVsolutions.

ThereportfollowstheIEAPVPSTask15GuideforTechnologicalInnovationSystemAnalysisforBuilding-

IntegratedPhotovoltaics[1].Thisguide,initsturn,buildsupontheacademicTISframeworkasdefinedand

developedbyBergeketal.[2],Hekkertetal.[3]andHellsmark[4].Thereportandunderlyinganalysesconsistofsixsteps,presentedinthefollowingchaptersofthisreport.

Initially,thescopeoftheTISisdefinedandabriefhistoricalbackgroundofitispresentedinChapter

2.

Thenextsection,Chapter

3,

containsthestructuralanalysisthatdescribestheactors,networksandinstitutionsthat

constitutetheTIS.Basedonthestructureandmarketsituation,themarketdevelopmentphaseoftheTISanditssub-technologiesisassessedinChapter

4.

ThesameChapteralsodefinesadevelopmenttargetforthe

concurrentfunctionalanalysis.Theessenceofthatfunctionalanalysis(Chapter

5)

istheassessmentofthe

performanceoftheTISintermsofeightfunctions:knowledgedevelopment,knowledgedissemination,

entrepreneurialexperimentation,resourcemobilization,developmentofsocialcapital,legitimation,guidanceof

thesearchandmarketformation.Fromthestructuralandfunctionalanalyses,systemicweaknessesand

opportunitiesareidentifiedanddescribedinChapter

6.

Finally,Chapter

7

providesrecommendationsfordifferentactorsintheTISonhowtoovercometheproblemsandreachthetarget.

Mostofthedatagatheringwasinformsofinterviewswithrepresentativesfromthevaluechain(listedin

Table1)

,performedin2021.Furthermore,apatentsearch,historicalmarketandapplicationdataanalysisandminor

consultationswithintervieweesandRISEcolleagueswereperformedin2022andearly2023,aswasthemainanalysiswork.ThereportthereforeprimarilyrepresentsthesituationoftheTISin2021,butmajorchangesin

institutionsorotherpartsofthestructureafterthatyeararealsoincluded.Theauthorshavetriedtoclearlystatethetimeofoccurrenceforalldevelopmentsthattookplaceafter2021.

SeveralauthorsofthisreporthavebeenactivelyinvolvedinPVandBIPVindustryorappliedresearchduringthelastoneortwodecades,addingadditionalinsightstothedatacollectedininterviews,etc.

Task15EnablingFrameworkfortheDevelopmentofBIPV-AnalysisoftheTechnologicalInnovationSystemforBIPVinSweden

Table1Listoftheinterviewees'organisationsandroles

Organisation

Role

Category

Castellum

Projectdeveloper

Realestateowner/developer

Byggföretagen

Responsibleforenergy

Supportingactor(Industryassociation;Construction)

Energimyndigheten(SwedishEnergyAgency)

AdministratorResearchinnovationandbusinessdevelopment

Policymaker/Supportingorganisation

Smartfront

CEO

Constructionproductdeveloper/Installer

Senergia

SalesManager

Supplier(Wholesaler)

GlavaEnergyCenter

CEO/ExecutiveDirector

Supportingorganisation

Skanska

Purchaserfaçades

Constructioncompany/Realestatedeveloper

AkteaEnergy

Consultant,lecturervocationaleducation

Energyconsultant/Education

EinarMattsson

ProjectManager,Electrical&Plumbing

Realestateowner

Boverket(NationalBoardofHousing,Buildingand

Planning)

Administrator/ProjectManagerSustainableCitiesandEnergyPerformanceCertificates

Policymaker(buildingcodesandotherlegislationandpolicies)

Fiskarhedenvillan

ChiefTechnicalOfficer

Constructioncompany

KPEnergy(Kraftpojkarna)

Productmanager

Supplier(Wholesaler)

WhiteArkitekter

Architect

Architects

InnoEnergy

Businessdeveloper

Supportingactor

AddSolar

Architect/Entrepreneur

Architects/BIPVproductmanufacturer

DalarnaUniversity

SeniorLecturerEnergyandEnvironmentalTechnology

Education/Research

LundUniversity

SeniorLecturerEnergyandBuildingDesign

Education/Research

SAPABuildingSystemsSweden

SalesManager

Constructionproductmanufacturer/installer

SvenskSolenergi

CEO

Supportingactor(Industryassociation;Photovoltaics)

Midsummer

BusinessAreaManager

BIPVcell/module/productmanufacturer

Benders

Productmanager

Constructionproductmanufacturer

Wästbygg

Businessdeveloper

Constructioncompany

Stadsfastighetsförvaltningen,CityofGothenburg

Energyengineer/Expertsolarcells

Realestateowner/developer

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Task15EnablingFrameworkfortheDevelopmentofBIPV–AnalysisoftheTechnologicalInnovationSystemforBIPVinSweden

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2DEFINITIONOFTHETECHNOLOGICALINNOVATIONSYSTEMFORBUILDING-INTEGRATED

PHOTOVOLTAICS

Thissectionprovidesanintroductoryoverviewofbuilding-integratedphotovoltaics(BIPV)inSweden.Itoutlinesthescopeoftheanalysisanddescribesthedevelopmentofthetechnologyanditsinnovationsystem,includingactors,networks,andinstitutions.Theaimistoclearlydefinethetechnologythatisthefocusoftheanalysis.

2.1Scopeofthisanalysis

ThisTISanalysisconcernsBIPVmodulesandBIPVsystemsaswellasPVmodulesandPVsystemsforpurelyaestheticalintegration,wherethefollowingdefinitionsareused:

•ABIPVmoduleisaPVmoduleandaconstructionproducttogether,designedtobeacomponentofthebuilding.ABIPVproductisthesmallest(electricallyandmechanically)non-divisiblephotovoltaicunitinaBIPVsystemwhichretainsbuilding-relatedfunctionality.IftheBIPVproductisdismounted,itwouldhavetobereplacedbyanappropriateconstructionproduct[5].

•ABIPVsystemisaphotovoltaicsysteminwhichthephotovoltaicmodulessatisfythedefinitionaboveforBIPVproducts.ItincludestheelectricalcomponentsneededtoconnectthePVmodulestoexternalACorDCcircuitsandthemechanicalmountingsystemsneededtointegratetheBIPVproductsintothebuilding[5].

NofurtherdelimitationsaremaderegardingBIPVapplicationtypes.Allmajorapplicationcategories,asdefinedinEN50583-2:2016[6]andIEC63092[7],arerelevantforSwedishbuildingtypes,eventhoughmarketdevelopmentisvarying.

Thisstudyfocusesonbuilding-integratedphotovoltaics(BIPV)inSweden,consideringbothSwedishandinternationalcompaniesactiveintheSwedishmarket.InternationalregulationsandstandardsapplicabletoSwedenarealsotakenintoaccount.ThestudyacknowledgestheinfluenceofinternationalmarketdynamicsonactorsoperatinginSweden,buttheseareconsideredasstaticboundaryconditionsforthisanalysis.Theglobalprocessofknowledgedevelopmentisrecognized,andtheinternationalstateoftheartisusedtodistinguishbetweenneedsforknowledgedevelopmentordisseminationinSweden.Formoreinsightsoninternationaltrendsanddynamics,readersarereferredtoanupcomingsynthesisreportbyIEAPVPSTask15.

2.2Historicaltechnologicaldevelopment

TheSwedishphotovoltaic(PV)markethashistoricallybeendominatedbybuilding-relatedapplications.Fromaround2005,themarketfocusshiftedfromoff-gridtoon-gridsystems.Themarketforcentralized,ground-mountedapplicationsremainedmarginaluntil2017andstartedtotakeoffin2020[8].

Building-integratedphotovoltaics(BIPV)applicationsinitially(2000-2009)hadasignificantshare(estimated>50%ofBIPVinstallations)ofsolarshadingsystemswithcrystallinesilicon(c-Si)PVmodules(examplein

Figure1)

.Thesesystemsweretypicallycustomizedforeitherthemountingsystem(usingseriesproducedmodules)orthemodules(integratedin“conventional”shadingsystems)orforboth.SomeroofandfaçadeBIPVsystemswerealsoinstalledduringthisperiod,butwithoutacleardominanceofanyparticularapplicationtype.

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ThemajorityofPVinstallationswerebuildingaddedPV(BAPV)onrooftopsoroff-griddomesticPVsystems[9],withPVsystemsusingmoduleswithblackbacksheetsandblackframesbeingrelativelycommoncomparedtootherEuropeanmarkets.0Fi

Figure1SolarshadinginstallationonEkologihusetinLund(architect:M.Pusterla,Fojab;contractors:

Switchpower,GaiaSolar;image:M.vanNoord)

Inthedecadefrom2010to2019,variousdiscontinuousroof-integratedsolutionsfoundtheirwayintomanyinstaIIers’andwhoIesaIers’productportfoIios,butthenumberofinstallationsremained(very)lowinitially.Thesesolutionsincludedregularandtile-sizedmodulesusingcrystallinesiliconorthin-filmtechnologies,andtheywereoftendevelopedforforeignmarketswithFIT-bonuses.ASwedish-developedsolutionwithglasstilescombinedwithunderlyingthin-filmmoduleswasofferedstartingin2014.Overtime,morePVroofsolutionsweredevelopedforbothtiledandmetalsheetroofs,andtheirinstallationnumbersareestimatedtohaveincreased.Façadesolutionsremaineduncommon,maybewithaslightincreasetowardstheendofthedecade.MeanwhileexternallyintegratedPVsystems,suchassolarshadingandparapets,becamemoreincidentalandcontinuedtorelyoncustomizedsolutions.

Inrecentyears,therehavebeenafewapplicationsofcolouredmodules.Theseincludetransparentthin-film-basedfaçadeelementswithcolouredinterlayersandcrystallinesiliconmoduleswithacolouredtoplayer,whichhavebeenusedonfacadesandrooftops.

iAsno(historical)marketstatisticsforBIPVareavailable,estimatesarebasedonhighlightedprojectsinIEAPVPSNationalSurveyReportsandpersonalimpressionsfromtwoRISEemployees(O.HemlinandM.vanNoord)whowereemployedbytwodifferentleadingprojectdevelopersduringthisperiod.Atthattimethemarketwassmallanddominatedbypublictendersandthereforehighlytransparent.

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Swedishresearchonphotovoltaicshasprimarilyfocusedonthinfilmandnewertechnologygenerations.However,therehasbeenlimitedresearchanddevelopmenteffortsdirectedspecificallytowardsbuilding-integratedphotovoltaic(BIPV)applications.

2.3Historicaldevelopmentoftheinnovationsystem

ThefirstknownBIPVinstallationsinSwedenthatweretwosolarshadinginstallationsatthestartofthemillennium.Onewasatamulti-familydwelling“Harmonihuset”inMalmö(8kWpsemi-transparentmc-Si,2001)andtheotherwasattheAlmedallibrary(“Almedalsbiblioteket”)inVisby,Gotland(5kWpmc-Si,2002)[10].ThelatterwasdesignedbyMalmströmEdströmArchitectsEngineersanddeliveredbyColtInternational[11].

From2002-2004,threemoreBIPVprojectswererealizedinthenewlydevelopedHammarbySjöstadneighbourhoodinStockholm.Theseinstallationswerealldevelopedonmulti-householddwellingsbythreedifferentdevelopers.ProjectdevelopingcompanyJMincludedtwoBIPVskylightglazings.ConstructioncompanyNCCintegratedPVinthefaçade,balconyrailingsandwindowsontwobuildings

(Figure2)

.MunicipalhousingcompanyFamiljebostäderaddedalayerofPVlouvrestoafaçade,partiallyfunctioningasshadingdevices

(Figure3)

.Theseactivities(inHammarbySjöstad)werelinkedtoanationalresearchproject,developinganonlineplanninganddesignsupporttool(nowdiscontinued),andaEuropeandemonstrationprojectforBIPV,PV-NORD[10],[12].

Figure2BIPVfacadeandbalconyparapetsinHammarbySjöstad,Stockholm(image:M.vanNoord)

From2005-2008,duringtherunningperiodofthefirstnationalinvestmentsubsidyschemeforPVonpublicbuildings,incidentalBIPVinstallationswereperformed.ThiswasthebirthageofanichemarketforPV,withthecityofMalmöasanearlyleadcustomer,requestingnotonlyBAPV(includingfaçadePVsystems)butalsosolarshadingPVsystemsonseveralbuildings.PVsystemsuppliersatthistime(around7intotal)werenotspecializedinBIPV,butsomeactorswererepresentativesfor–orotherwiserelyingon–internationalplayerswithBIPVexperiencesuchasSchüco,GaiaSolar,SchweizerandErtexSolar.MostPVsystemsupplierswerealsoofferingconsultancyservicesandwerethemainsourceofengineeringknowledgeonthemarket,apartfromasinglespecializedPVconsultancyfirm.

Aftertheinitialsubsidyschemeforpublicbuildings,amoregeneralinvestmentsubsidywasestablished2009andcontinuedinsimilarformsuntil2021.SincetheseschemeswereallcoveringgridconnectedPVingeneral,thenumberofBIPVinstallationsremainedincidentalandPVsystemsuppliersfocusingexclusivelyonBIPVdidnotarise.

Figure3BIPVlouvresinHammarbySjöstad,Stockholm(contractor:GaiaSolar;image:M.vanNoord).

LeadingcustomersandprojectsduringthelastdecadeincludeSkanska(VälaGårdroofPVsystem),Uppsalahem(FrodeparkenfaçadePVsystem),theVallastadenareainLinköpingandVasakronan.

Inthelate1990sandearly2000s,PVcellresearchinSwedenwasinitiallydominatedbytheÅngströmSolarCentreatUppsalaUniversityanditsspin-offcompany,Solibro,whoproducedgroundbreakingresearchresultsonthinfilmCIGS-cells.ThesameÅngströmSolarCentrestartedworkingondye-sensitizedsolarcells(DSC,orGrätzelcells)earlyon.Otheruniversities,suchasKTHRoyalInstituteofTechnology,ChalmersUniversityofTechnology,andLinköpingUniversityhavealsofocusedtheirresearchonCIGSandthird-generationtechnologieslikeDSC,quantumdot,organic,andmorerecently,perovskitesolarcells.Thisresearchhasmostlybeenfundedbygovernmentalagenciesforresearch,innovation,orenergy.ManufacturingcompanyExeger(formerlyNLABSolar),whichisdevelopingDSCs,initiallyhadaclearBIPVfocusandattractedinvestmentsfromtheglassconstructionsectorbutiscurrentlyfocusingonsmallmodulesfortheelectronicsindustryandconsumablesandwearableaccessories.

TheSolElprogram,whichbeganin2000andwasco-financedbyindustryassociationsandindividualcompaniesfromtheenergy,realestate,andconstructionindustryalongwithgovernmentalresearchfundingorganisations,hasbeeninstrumentalinpropellingappliedresearchona(BI)PVsystemlevel.TheDepartmentofArchitectureandBuiltEnvironmentofLundUniversityhasestablishedaleadingroleinBIPVsystemlevelresearchnationallyandinternationallythroughparticipationinseveralrelatedIEASolarHeating&Coolingtasks,oftenincooperationwithWhiteArkitekter(oneofScandinavia'sleadingarchitecturalpractices).TheSolElprogramalsofinancedaninternationalbestpracticeoutlookreportonBIPVin2010[13].

ResearchonPVtechnologiesinSwedenhasledtotheemergenceofseveralstart-ups,oftenfocusingonsecondandthirdgenerationPVtechnologies.AlthoughthinfilmtechnologiesarenotspecificallylinkedtoBIPV,theywereoftenconsideredtobeparticularlyfitforbuildingintegration.ThiscouldbeareasonthatactorslikeSolibroResearch1FiiorMidsummer,whichworkedwiththinfilmCIGS,havemadeeffortstowardsBIPVapplications.SolibroResearchdevelopedaslide-inmountingsolutionforroof-integration.Midsummer,thatinitially