中华传统文化保护话题（中考试题）-2023年中考英语热点材料题型专练

18中华传统文化保护话题中考真题

备战2023年中考英语热点材料题型专练

相关材料：保护和弘扬各民族优秀传统文化

文化既是凝聚人心的精神纽带，也是增进民生福祉的关键要素。西藏自治区社会科学院民族研究所研

究员白玛措代表说，保护好、弘扬好各民族优秀传统文化，推动各民族文化创造性转化、创新性发展，必

然会有力促进各民族交往交流交融，铸牢中华民族共同体意识；必然会丰富人民群众的精神文化生活，不

断增强文化自信。

白玛措代表表示，西藏有着灿烂的文化，是中华文化的重要组成部分。要挖掘传统文化的丰富内涵，

大力发展民族文化产业；利用丰富的文化资源，组织开展主题文化活动；深入开展民族团结进步创建，着

力在丰富形式、创新方法上下功夫，营造各民族共居共学、共建共享、共事共乐的环境。

（本报记者袁泉整理）《人民日报》（2023年03月13日08版）

一、完形填空

（2021•贵州黔东南•统考中考真题）Poetry（诗歌）istheforgottenchildofliterature（文学）.Fewpeopleread

itfor1.InWesternhighschools,poetryis2taughtbecauseitisconsideredtobeoutof

dateandhavelittletodowiththelifeoftoday'sstudents.

InChina,however,poetryisstillanimportantpartofthecurriculum（课程）.Recently,theMinistryof

Education（教育部）hasincreasedthe3ofancientChinesepoems,from14to72,forstudentsto

memorize.4isitimportanttolearnpoems?

Firstofall,poetryisa5partoflearningtraditionalChineseculture.Itisapathtounderstanding

ourhistoryandsociety.Itisalsothekeytounderstandingthethoughtsandfeelingsthatcommonpeoplehave,

whichmaybehardtoexpress.Everyonehasfeelingsofjoy,love,loneliness,sadnessandevenanger.Agoodpoem

canputthesefeelings6wordsandbringusself-understanding.

Poemscanalso7beauty.Inafewshortlines,evensomethingcommoncan8

beautiful.Ofcourse,toreallyenjoypoetry,ithastoberead9.Afterall,apoemisasongwithout

music.

Chinesestudentsaresoluckytohave10poemstolearn!

1.A.foodB.pleasureC.healthD.safety

2.A.hardlyB.oftenC.usuallyD.always

3.A.objectB.historyC.numberD.opinion

4.A.WhereB.WhenC.WhyD.Which

5.A.boringB.dangerousC.carefulD.necessary

6.A.offB.outC.intoD.up

7.A.expressB.spendC.wakeD.answer

8.A.tasteB.burnC.smellD.become

9.A.suddenlyB.aloudC.angrilyD.heavily

10.A.fourteenB.fifty-eightC.seventy-twoD.eighty-six

【短文大意】

短文主要讲述了西方的高校认为诗歌对于现今的生活是过时的，但是中国教育部增加了学生学习诗歌的数

量，他们认为学习诗歌是学习中国传统文化的必要部分。

【答案解析】

1.句意：很少有人读它是为了取乐。

food食物；pleasure高兴、快乐；health健康；safety安全。根据上文“Poetry（诗歌）istheforgottenchildof

literature（文学）.”诗歌是被文学遗忘的孩子。可知很少有人读它是为了取乐，故选B。

2.句意：在西方高校，诗歌几乎不被教授，因为它被认为是过时的，与今天的学生的生活没有什么关系。

hardly几乎不；often经常；usually通常；always总是。根据“becauseitisconsideredtobeoutofdateandhave

littletodowiththelifeoftoday'sstudents.”它被认为是过时的，与今天的学生的生活没有什么关系。可知西方

高校几乎不教授诗歌，故选A。

3.句意：最近，教育部增加了供学生背诵的古诗数量，从14首增加到72首。

object目标；history历史；number数量；opinion意见。根据下文“from14to72,“可知是增加了供学生背诵

的古诗数量，故选C。

4.句意：为什么学诗很重要呢？

where哪里；when何时；why为什么；which哪一个。根据下文“Firstofall,poetryisa…partoflearning

traditionalChineseculture.”可知此处是问原因的，故选C。

5.句意：首先，诗歌是学习中国传统文化的必要组成部分。

boring无聊的；dangerous危险的；careful仔细的；necessary必要的、必需的。根据下文“Itisapathto

understandingourhistoryandsociety.”可知诗歌是学习中国传统文化的必要组成部分，故选D。

6.句意：一首好诗可以把这些感受融入进字里行间，给我们带来自我认识。

off离开；out向夕卜；into至（J里面；up向上。根据上文“Everyonehasfeelingsofjoy,love,loneliness,sadness

andevenanger.”每个人都有喜怒哀乐，有爱，有寂寞，有悲伤，甚至有愤怒。结合"Agoodpoemcanputthese

feelings...wordsandbringusself-understanding.”可知此处是指一首好诗可以把这些感受“融入"进字里行间，

因此用into,故选C。

7.句意：诗也可以表达美。

express表达；spend花费、度过；wake醒来；answer回答、答复。根据下文“Inafewshortlines,evensomething

commoncan...beautifiil.”可知诗也可以表达美，故选Ao

8.句意：在短短的几行文字中，普通的事情也可以变得美好。

taste尝起来；burn燃烧；smell闻起来；become变得。根据"Inafewshortlines,evensomethingcommoncan...

beautifUL”结合语境，可知，甚至普通的事情都在诗歌中变得美好，故选D。

9.句意：当然，要真正欣赏诗歌，必须要大声朗读。

suddenly突然地；aloud大声地；angrily生气地；heavily沉重地。根据下文“Afterall,apoemisasongwithout

music.”结合“Ofcourse,toreallyenjoypoetry,ithastoberead可知，要真正欣赏诗歌必须要大声朗读，故

选B。

10.句意：中国学生很幸运，可以学72首诗。

fourteen十四；fifty-eight五十八；seventy-two七十二；eighty-six八十六。根据上文提到教育部增加了供学

生背诵的古诗数量，从14首增加到72首，结合“Chinesestudentsaresoluckytohave...poemstolearn!”可知

中国学生很幸运，有72首诗要去学，故选C。

二、阅读单选

A篇

（2021•贵州遵义•统考中考真题）Recently,ashortvideohasbecomeverypopularontheInternet.Ifsabout

agirldancingonthewater.HernameisYangLiu,fromZunyi,Guizhou.Manyforeignersthinksheisabletodo

Chinese"QingGong”.Actually,shewasstandingonasinglepieceofbamboo.It'soneofthetraditionalfolk

sport-singlebamboodrifting（独竹漂）.

WhenYangLiuwassevenyearsold,shestartedpracticingsinglebamboodriftingwithhergrandmother.For

littleYangLiu,itwasabigchallenge.Themostdifficultpartwastokeepbalance（平衡）.Buttheclevergirl

graduallyfoundthekeytokeepingbalance.Afteryearsofpractice,YangLiucouldnotonlystandonthebamboo,

butalsodosomesimpleperformances.

YangLiuhadeverlearneddance.Then,shegotanewideatoshowChinesetraditionaldancewhilestanding

onthebamboo.Itwouldbeanewkindofperformance.Althoughitwasdifficulttomixthetwoskillstogetherand

itwasmucheasiertogethurt,YangLiudidn'tgiveup.

Practicemakesperfect.Finallyshecoulddanceonthebamboosuccessfullyandbeautifully.

Notlongago,shecreatedanothernewperformance,called“Ballet（芭蕾）onthewater”,whichwasquite

special.ShepostedavideooftheperformanceontheInternet.Soon,thevideocaughtalotofattentionandpraise.

Therearemoreandmorepeoplegettingtoknowher."Tmgladthatsomanypeoplelikemyperformance.Ihope

thetraditionalfolksportswillbepasseddownbymoreyoungpeople?9YangLiusaid.

11.WhatwasthemostdifficultpartforlittleYangLiu?

A.Topracticesinging.B.Topracticejumping.C.Tokeepbalance.D.Tokeepdancing.

12.WhichpicturecandescribetheunderlinedsentenceinParagraph2?

C.

13.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“passeddown"meaninthelastparagraph?

A.传染.B.传承.C.传达.D.传诵.

14.WhatcanweknowaboutYangLiufromthispassage?

A.Sheisgoodat“QingGong”.B.Sheisasmartandcreativegirl.

C.Manypeoplebegintojoinher.D.Fewpeoplelikeherperformances.

15.Whichisthebesttitleforthepassage?

A.Apopularshortvideo.B.Asinglepieceofbamboo.

C.Agirllearningballet.D.Agirldancingonthebamboo.

【短文大意】

文章介绍一个在竹子上跳舞的女孩。她的名字叫杨柳，来自贵州遵义。许多外国人认为她会中国的“轻功”。

实际上，站在一根竹子上是一项传统的民间运动——单竹漂流。

【答案解析】

11.细节理解题。根据“ForlittleYangLiu,itwasabigchallenge.Themostdifficultpartwastokeepbalance."可

知，对小杨柳来说，这是一个巨大的挑战。最困难的部分是保持平衡。故选C。

12.细节理解题。根据“Then,shegotanewideatoshowChinesetraditionaldancewhilestandingonthebamboo.^^

可知，然后，她有了一个新的想法，站在竹子上表演中国传统舞蹈。所以图A符合题意。故选A。

13.词句猜测题。根据“Ihopethetraditionalfblksportswillbepasseddownbymoreyoungpeople.”可矢口，此处

杨柳希望传统的民间体育会被更多的年轻人“传承”下来，故"passeddown”意为“传承”。故选B。

14.推理判断题。根据“Then,shegotanewideatoshowChinesetraditionaldancewhileStandingonthebamboo.

Itwouldbeanewkindofperformance.Althoughitwasdifficulttomixthetwoskillstogetheranditwasmuch

easiertogethurt,YangLiudidn'tgiveup.PracticemakesperfectFinallyshecoulddanceonthebamboo

successfullyandbeautifully.Notlongago,shecreatedanothernewperformance,called'Ballet（芭蕾）onthewater9,

whichwasquitespecial.（然后，她有了一个新的想法，站在竹子上表演中国传统舞蹈。这将是一种新的表演

方式。尽管这两种技巧很难混合在一起，而且更容易受伤，但杨柳没有放弃。熟能生巧她终于能在竹子上

成功地、优美地跳舞了。不久前，她创造了另一个新的表演，称为‘水上芭蕾’，这是非常特别的。）”可推

测，杨柳是一个聪明、有创造力的女孩。故选B。

15.标题归纳题。根据"It'saboutagirldancingonthewater.HernameisYangLiu,fromZunyi,Guizhou.Many

foreignersthinksheisabletodoChinese'QingGong'.Actually,shewasstandingonasinglepieceofbamboo.It's

oneofthetraditionalfolksport-singlebamboodrifting.（这是关于一个女孩在水上跳舞的视频。她的名字叫杨

柳，来自贵州遵义。许多外国人认为她会做中国的‘轻功实际上，她站在一根竹子上。这是一项传统的

民间运动——单竹漂流。）”可知，这篇文章的最佳标题是“一个在竹子上跳舞的女孩”。故选D。

B篇

2021istheyearoftheox（牛）.InMarch,asetofstampsaboutthefamousTangDynastypainting,FiveOxen,

cameout.ItallowsmorepeopletoknowbetterthegreatartofancientChina,aswellastheimportanceof

agriculture（农业）inhistory.

HanHuang（723-787）wasthepainterofFiveOxen.HeworkedasagovernmentofficialintheTangDynasty.

Hispaintingswerelovedbymanybecausetheanimalshepaintedweresoalive.Unluckily,FiveOxenisprobably

hisonlypaintingleft.

FiveOxenisoneofthebestanimalpaintingsinChina'sarthistory.Inthepainting,thefiveoxenareinaline.

Theyareofdifferentcolorsandshapes.Andeachhasadifferentappearance（形态）,walkingorstanding,holding

theirheadshighorlow.Withlivelyexpressionsandbrighteyes,theoxenshowthespiritofdoinghardwork

withoutcomplaints（抱怨）.Asthenamesuggests,AItmakespeoplefocus（关注）ontheoxenthemselves.

Thepaintingwasmissingin1900.Luckily,itreturnedtoChinaduringtheearly1950s.However,itwas

terriblybrokenwithmanyholesinit.Greateffortsweremadetosaveit.NowFiveOxen,probablytheoldest

Chinesepaintingonpaper,iskeptwithcareinthePalaceMuseuminBeijing.

16.Theunderlinedword"If'inParagraph1refersto"

A.TheyearoftheoxB.Thesetofstamps

C.TheTangDynastyD.ThepaintingFiveOxen

17.HanHuang'spaintingswerelovedbymanybecausetheanimalshepaintedwereso.

A.aliveB.brightC.luckyD.colorful

18.Whichofthefollowingsentencescanbeputinthe▲?

A.theoxisverypopularintheTangDynasty

B.theoxisasymbolofChinesetraditionalculture

C.thepaintingisofthefiveoxenwithnospecialbackground

D.thepaintingwantstotellpeopletoworkhardandcreatively

19.Thispassagemainlywantstotellusthat.

A.FiveOxenisHan'sonlypaintingleftB.oxenhavedifferentcolorsandshapes

C.oxenareveryhard-workinganimalsD.FiveOxenisvaluableandmeaningful

【短文大意】

本文介绍了《五牛图》的作者以及画的内容。

【答案解析】

16.词义猜测题。*艮据"InMarch,asetofstampsaboutthefamousTangDynastypainting,FiveOxen,cameout.”

可知，it指代前文提到的《五牛图》的邮票，故选B。

17.细节理解题。根据"Hispaintingswerelovedbymanybecausetheanimalshepaintedweresoalive”可知，因

为他画的动物很生动，故选A。

18.句意猜测题。根据后文“Itmakespeoplefocus（关注）ontheoxenthemselves”可知，这幅图只是让人们

关注牛本身，而无其他的特殊意思，所以此处应介绍这副图的背景内容，C选项“这幅画是五头公牛，没有

特殊的背景''符合，故选C。

19.主旨大意题。根据"FiveOxenisoneofthebestanimalpaintingsinChina'sarthistory"及"NowFiveOxen,

probablytheoldestChinesepaintingonpaper,iskeptwithcareinthePalaceMuseuminBeijing”可知，本文主要

想告诉读者这幅图的价值和意义，故选D。

阅读填表

（2022•江苏镇江•统考中考真题）

Thefolkartform,kuaiban,whichhasalonghistory,canbeperformedbyagrouporasingleperson.Withone

ortwopairsofbambooclappers——akindoftraditionalChinesemusicalinstrumentintheirhands,theperformers

tellstoriesinthelocaldialect（方言）.Thesestoriesareusuallyfolktalesoraboutsociallife.

Recently,LiuJimingandWanYifumadeandsharedthreeshortvideosbyusingkuaibanwhichwereviewed

about4milliontimes.Asaresult,LiuandWanhavegainedmorethan1millionfollowersontheInternet.They've

createdmanynewworkstoraisepeople'sawareness.Someoftheirworksareaboutthedangerofdrunkendriving

andfoodsafety.Theyalsowritestoriestoshowrespecttopeoplewhomakecontributions,suchastraffic

policemen.

AccordingtoLiuandWan,peoplecanunderstandkuaibanpieceswithoutdifficulty.Thestoriestoldin

kuaibanpiecesareclosetopeople'sdailylives.Thus,theyconsiderthatitisafunwaytointroducetheChinese

folkculturethroughkuaiban.Andwhatmatterstothemisthatbothyoungpeopleandoldpeoplebegintoknowthe

charmoftheartform,kuaiban,whichmaynotbepaidmuchattentionto,comparedtoothertraditionalartforms.

Folkartforms,likexiangsheng,pingshuandkuaiban,sharesomethingincommon.Thesetraditionalartforms

showthebeautyandvalueoftraditionalChineseculturesotheyshouldbeknownbymorepeopleandgettomore

areas.Luckily,throughtheInternet,newperformerswhogoonsharingkuaibanpieces,likeLiuandWanare

playinganactiverole.HopefullytheseChinesefolkartformswillbealivewiththetimes.

阅读以上信息，用恰当的单词完成下面的表格，每空一词。

Chinesefolkartformsnever20

•Ithasalonghistoryandisperformedbyagrouporasingleperson.

Theintroductionto•Itisperformedinthelocaldialectbyusingaspecialmusical

kuaibaninstrumentmadeofbamboo.

•Thecontentisaboutfolktalesorwhat'shappeningin21.

,Morethan1millionviewerswereattractedbyLiuandWan'skuaiban

videos.

ThestoriesofLiuand

•Theybelievethatkuaibanpiecescanbe22understood.

Wanwithkuanban

•Theyusekuaibanpiecestoattractpeople'sattentiontoChinesefolk

culture.

Reasonsforthewide•ThebeautyandvalueoftraditionalChineseculturewillbelearned

23ofthethroughChinesefolkartforms.

Chinesefolkart•Thenewperformers24sharingkuaibanpiecesactively.

【短文大意】

本文介绍了民间艺术——快板的发展及应用情况，并呼吁人们应该更多的关注民间艺术，民间艺术应该被

更多的人所认识，并推广到更多的领域。

【答案解析】

20.根据“Thefolkartform,kuaiban,whichhasalonghistory”以及"Luckily,throughtheInternet,newperformers

whogoonsharingkuaibanpieces,likeLiuandWanareplayinganactiverole.HopefullytheseChinesefolkart

formswillbealivewiththetimes.”可知，中国民间艺术从未消失，fhll/die/disappear”消失，灭亡”，主语是复

数名词，动词用原形，故填fall/die/disappear。

21.根据"Thesestoriesareusuallyfolktalesoraboutsociallife.”可知，快板的内容是关于民间故事或社会生活，

故填societyo

22.根据"AccordingtoLiuandWan,peoplecanunderstandkuaibanpieceswithoutdifficulty.“可知，人们可以毫

不费力地理解快板，即容易地理解，故填easily。

23.根据“Folkartforms,likexiangsheng,pingshuandkuaiban,sharesomethingincommon.Thesetraditionalart

formsshowthebeautyandvalueoftraditionalChineseculturesotheyshouldbeknownbymorepeopleandgetto

moreareas.”及表格右侧的内容可知，此处说的是中国民间艺术广泛传播/影响的原因，故填spread/influenceo

24.根据“Luckily,throughtheInternet,newperformerswhogoonsharingkuaibanpieces,likeLiuandWanare

playinganactiverole.HopefullytheseChinesefolkartformswillbealivewiththetimes.“可知，快板作品的新演

员继续积极地分享快板，主语是复数名词，动词用原形；故填continue/keep。

四、多任务混合阅读

（2021•浙江温州•统考中考真题）Newspapersaredying.Electronicdeviceslikemobilephonespads,TVs

andcarradioscanallbethekillers.Mostpeoplebelieveinthelongrun,thereisnoreasonnopracticalreasonfor

newspaperstosurvive.Nomatterwhatwedomayonlybuytime.

Cananythingsavenewspapers?Idecidedtohaveatry.

Manyyearsago,Bonnier,aSwedishpublisher,setanewspaperintheformerSovietcountries.Afterafew

years,theyhadmorenewspapersincentralandeasternEurope.However,thesenewspaperswererunbyagroupof

inexperiencedpeople,andtheydidn'thaveenoughmoney.Inmanyplacestherewerenotevenartdirectors.

IgotapositioninBonnier'snewspaperasanartdirector.

Itwasverydifficultatfirst.Iwasreallydisappointeduntiloneday,inLondonwhenIsawperformanceby

CirqueduSoleil."Theseguystooksomerun-downentertainment,andputittothehighestpossiblelevelof

performanceart.Inspirationlightedmeup,"Whycan'twedothesamewiththenewspapers.Westartedtoredesign

thenewspapers,onebyone.

Weusedourimagination.Wetreatedthewholenewspaperasonepiece,onecomposition-likemusic.

Musichasarhythm,hasupsanddowns.Designisresponsibleforthisexperience.Flippingthroughpageswas

reader'sexperienceandIwasresponsibleforthisexperience.

Thefrontpagebecamemypersonalchanneltotalktothereaders.Myapproachwassimpleanddirect.I

wantedtoshowmyunderstandingofart,andofreality.Iwantedtomakeposters,notnewspapers.Noteven

magazines:posters.

Wehaddetermination,andwekeptontrying.Weexperimentedwithtype,withillustrationandwithphotos.

Wekeptasking:Whydowedoit?Whafsourgoal?

Designwasnotonlyaboutthefrontpage.Itwasapartoftheprocess.Tobegoodwasnotenough.The

processwemadewasaboutimprovingtheproductcompletely.

Weadjustedthecontentaccordingly.Weimprovedeverythingtowhatourreadersthoughtitshouldbeand

howtheylikedreadingit.Wekeptimprovingandwehadfun.

SooninPoland,ourpageswerenamed"CoversoftheYear“threetimesinarow.Oneyearlater,this

newspaper,inthesamecountry,theynameditthe“World'sBest-DesignedNewspaper”.Twoyearslater,thesame

awardcametoEstonia.Thecirculationofthenewspaperskeptgoingup.Theybecamemoreandmorepopular.

Someonemaythinkwearebuyingtime,butournewspapersarealive,andgrowing.

25.Accordingtothepassage,mostpeoplethinknewspapers.

A.willbereplacedB.shouldbeimproved

C.needtobesavedD.maydieimmediately

26.WhydidthewritergotoworkinBonnier'snewspaper?

A.Artdirectorwasawell-paidposition.

B.Itwoulddieandhewasgoingtosaveit.

C.Hehopedtogetmoreworkingexperience.

D.ItwasabigpublishingcompanyinEurope.

27.Whichofthefollowingisprobablythewriter'sopinion?

A.Newspaperscanbealiveiftheyaredesignedasposters.

B.TheothernewspaperscandevelopasquicklyasBonnier.

C.Wemayonlybuytimenomatterhowwesavenewspapers.

D.Newspaperswon'tsurviveunlesswekeepimprovingthem.

28.Whatmakesthewriter5snewspaperssurviveandgrow?（请用约40词回答）

【短文大意】

当今社会电子设备的发展使得报纸正在消亡，本文作者讲述了自己通过努力来拯救报纸的事情。

【答案解析】

25.根据“Mostpeoplebelieveinthelongrun,thereisnoreasonnopracticalreasonfbrnewspaperstosurvive.“大

多数人认为，从长远来看，报纸没有理由也没有实际的理由生存下去。可知，大多数人认为报纸将被取代，

故选Ao

26.根据“Cananythingsavenewspapers?Idecidedtohaveatry."以及“IgotapositioninBonnier'snewspaperas

anartdirector.”结合文章的内容，可知作者去邦尼埃的报纸工作，是因为报纸正在消亡，而作者想要去拯救

它，故选B。

27.根据"Theprocesswemadewasaboutimprovingtheproductcompletely.“我们所做的是完全改进产品。以及

“Weadjustedthecontentaccordingly.Weimprovedeverythingtowhatourreadersthoughtitshouldbeandhow

theylikedreadingit.Wekeptimprovingandwehadfirn.”我们对内容做了相应的调整。我们改进了所有内容，

使其符合我们的读者的想法和他们喜欢阅读的方式。我们一直在进步，也很开心。可以推知，作者认为要

不断地改进，否则报纸将无法生存。故选D。

28.根据“Inspirationlightedmeup,...Westartedtoredesignthenewspapers,onebyone.”灵感照亮了我，..我

们开始一个接一个地重新设计报纸。"WeusedourimaginationDesignisresponsibleforthisexperience.

Flippingthroughpageswasreader'sexperienceandIwasresponsibleforthisexperience.“我们运用了我们的想象

力。...设计对这种体验负责。翻页是读者的体验，我对这种体验负责。“Wehaddetermination,...Weimproved

everythingtowhatourreadersthoughtitshouldbeandhowtheylikedreadingit."我们有决心，...我们改进了

所有内容，使其符合我们的读者的想法和他们喜欢阅读的方式。可知，演出的启发促使他重新设计报纸。

想象力帮助他创造性地设计，让读者有一个愉快的阅读体验。他的决心促使他根据读者的口味调整报纸。

这才使得作者的报纸生存和发展，故填Inspirationfromtheperformanceencouragedhimtoredesignthe

newspapers.Imaginationhelpedhimdesignthemcreativelytoletreadershaveapleasantreadingexperience.His

determinationpushedhimtoadjustthenewspapersaccordingtothereaders5taste.

五、语篇翻译

（2022.湖南株洲.统考中考真题）根据上下文内容，将文中画线部分译成汉语或者英语。

TheDragonBoatFestival（端午节）isknownasDoubleFifthFestival,becauseitfallsonthefifthofthefifth

lunarmonth.1.它有两千多年的历史。IthasdeeplyinfluencedChinesepeople'slifeandnowtheinfluencehas

expandedtomanyotherdifferentcountries,liketheUKand