托福阅读十大题型技巧

托福阅读第一课

1.Vocabulary词汇题

每篇文章3-5个，相当于全部问题的1/3

不但有词，还有词组

基本题型构成：

Thewordxxxinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto...

Thephrasexxxinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto...

Caseexample

Readthepassageandanswerthequestions.

“Potholes“arcephemeralbodiesofwaterthatcanstretchanywherefromseveralmeterstoafewmillimetersin

depth.Theytypicallyaccommodateanamazingandrichvarietyofanimalandplantlife,but(heyarcproneto

wild,suddenfluctuations,particularlyiftheyarerelativelyshallow.Forexample,inhotanddryweather,thewater

inpotholescanreachscorchingtemperatures,beforecompletelyevaporating,leavingallbutthehardiest

organismsunabletosunive.

•Thewordephemeralinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.short-lived

B.valuable

C.wide

D.irregular

•Thewordaccommodateinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.contain

B.oversee

C.expose

D.attract

•Thephrasearepronetointhepassageisclosestinmeaningto

Aarerepresentedby

B.tendtoexperience

Carcableto

D.havetoreflect

I.典型的托福用词汇

c.g.sporadicintermittentoccasional

cardinalprincipalchief

dwindlediminishdecrease

2.具有多义的基本词汇

3.短语表达

e.g.shedlighton;clarify

copewith;takecareof

sufferparalysis;cannotmove

smartsolution:增加词汇量；深度理解基本词汇

A理解词义

B活用上下文

•确定是否和内容一致

“Potholes“areephemeralbodiesofwaterthatcanstretchanywherefromseveralmeterstoafewmillimetersin

depth.Theytypicallyaccommodateanamazingandrichvarietyofanimalandplantlife,buttheyareproneto

wild,suddenfluctuations,particularlyif(heyarerelativelyshallow.Forexample,inhotanddryweather,the

waterinpotholescanreachscorchingtemperatures,beforecompletelyevaporating,leavingallbutthehardiest

organismsunabletosurvive.

•符合逻辑的线索

并歹Manyanimalspossesssurprisingintelligenceandsomeofthemcancommunicatewithotherorganismsin

sophisticatedways.

让步OldremnantsofGreekpotteryarestillveryhelpful,evenwhennotentirelyintact.

对照Whereoncetherewasanapparentdistinctionbetweenliberaleducationandvocationaleducation,theline

betweenthetwohasnowbecomeblurred.

因果AllofOctavian'sdomesticenemieshadbeendefeated,soheseveredtieswithMarcAntonyandbegan

raisinghisownarmy.

•详细说明部分

Theirrelationshipisbasedonthemutualbenefitswhichtheyprovideeachother.

•举例部分

ItisalegalrequirementthatroyaltiesbepaidwheneverareplicaismadeofEgyptianantiquitiessuchasthe

pyramidsortheSphinx.

做题技巧

1.认识的词或短语一-就题做题

Apotentiallyhazardousconsequenceofevenaslightincreaseinworldtempera­

turewasidentifiedintheearly1970s.Scientistspredictedanearly20-footriseinglob­

alsealevelsasaresultoftheAntarcticicesheetmelting.

Theword“slight”inline1isclosestinmeaningto

(A)small

(B)light

(C)superficial

(D)considerable

Thesesurvivedasthebasiccomponentsofflagdesignwhensmallregionalking­

domswerelater“combined"intolargernationstates.TheyremainsuchformanyEuro­

peancountriestoday.

Theword“components"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

(A)states

(B)styles

(C)parts

(D)makers

2.不认识的词或短语-----进行推断

2.1根据词根词缀推断

Otherfaultsaresmallandproduceonlyminorandinfrequentearthquakes.How­

ever,thevastmajorityoffaultsareinactiveanddonotgenerateearthquakesatall.Nev­

ertheless,evenfaultsthathavebeeninactiveforyearscanruptureagainifthestresses

actingontheregionincreasesufficiently.

Theword“rupture"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

(A)oscillate

(B)break

(C)vanish

(D)mature

EasterIslandisanisolatedislandinthePacificbetweenChileandTahiti.Theis-

landisroughlytriangularandcoversonly64squaremiles(165squarekilometers).

Becauseofitsimmensestatues,EasterIslandhaslongbeenthesubjectofcuriosity.

Theword“immense"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

(A)ancient

(B)enormous

(C)ruined

(D)peculiar

2.2根据上下文推断

A.找同义对应

a.定义

b.同位语

0.标点符号

d.Or结构

e.例子

f.定语从句

11costsaspammerapproximatelyone-hundredthofacenttosendspam,which

meansthataspammercanstillmakeaprofitevenwithanabysmaQ|lowresponse

rate,aslowasonesaleper100,000E-mailssent.

Theword"abysmally"inlino2isclosestinmeaningto

(A)tragically

(B)unconsciously

(C)extremely

(D)discouragingly

Carsonarguedthattheregulationsgoverninguseofthesechemicalswereinad­

equate,thoughherpositionswerenotasextremeastheyaresometimesnowrepresent­

ed.Shedidnotsupportthecompletebanningofpesticides.Rather,shewasopposedto

“indiscriminate"use,i.e.usewithoutanyconsiderationforcautionandmoderation.

Theworduindiscriminate0inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

(A)inefficient

(B)sponsored

(C)uncontrolled

(D)irrational

B.找反义对应

寻找反义的线索：but,however,despite,inspiteof,incontrast,instead,or,whereas,unlikeetc.

MysteriesabouttheMoaiofEasterIslandcertainlyremain,butcurrentarchaeolog­

icalresearchhasmadeonelessonclear:overpopulationandoveruseofresourcessuch

asoccurredonEasterIslandcanbringaboutthedownfallofthrivingsocieties.

Theword“thriving”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

(A)prosperous

(B)secluded

(C)disintegrating

(D)dramatic

Inspiteofitssimplicity,thenationalflagasweknowittodayisinnowayaprimi­

tiveartifact.Itis,rather,theresultofmillenniaofdevelopmentinmanycomersofthe

globe.

Theword“primitive”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

(A)classical

(B)ancient

(C)unsophisticated

(D)identifiable

2.3短语意义的判断

托福考试阅读部分的短语主要包括名词短语、动词短语和形容词短语，其中的名词、动词和形

容词可以看成短语的中心词，做题时可以先找出短语的中心词，再在选项中寻找中心词的同义

词，即可得到正确答案。

Thekitchendoesnotconformtohygieneregulations.

Thephrase"conformto"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

(A)agreewith

(B)transforminto

(C)resortto

(D)strayfrom

Regardlessofconcernsovertheselectionprocess,however,itseemsthattheprize

willcontinuetosurvivebothasanindicatoroftheliteraturethatwemosthighly

praise,andasanelusivegoalthatwritersseek.

Thephrase“regardlessof*inline1isclosestinmeaningto

(A)becauseof

(B)confidentof

(C)accordingto

(D)nomatterwhat

在短语中，副词或介词也有助于判断词义

Theword"television",derivedfromitsGreek(tele:distant)andLatin(vision:

sight)roots,canliterallybeinterpretedassightfromadistance.

Thephrase“derivedfrom”inline1isclosestinmeaningto

(A)warnedagainst

(B)destroyedby

(C)obtained

(D)basedon

•注意事项

1.沾边就对

所谓“沾边就对二是指不要求答案是被考词精确的同义词，只要是近义词、在本文

中构成同义关系即可。例如，extract(提取)与remove(清除)不是精确的同义词，但

是在托福考试中，remove常作为extract的同义词答案。

2.词性一致

被考词汇的词性,肯定与选项词汇的词性一致。有时，考生对被考词的一个词性的意

思很熟悉，而对该词做其他词性用时的意思不太清楚。做题时应根据其他三个选项的词确

定被考词的同性,再由此确定词义。例如.

Educationalexpertsprojectthatpercapitapersonalincomelevelswilldecline.

However,thiscanbereversedifstatesdoabetterjobofincreasingtheeducationofall

theirresidents,particularlythosepopulationsthataregrowingfastest.

Theword“project“inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

(A)reply

(B)estimate

(C)plan

(D)contend

3.代入验证

不论是哪种做题思路，都要将选定的答案代入原文验证，以提高准确率。

练习

1.TheArtNouveaustylewasaneclecticone,bringingtogetherelementsofJapa­

neseart,motifsofancientcultures,andnaturalforms.

Theword“eclectic"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

(A)choosingfromdiversesources

(B)beingcriticalaboutsomething

(C)refusingtoidentifyanything

(D)electedasthestyle

2.Inhisstoriesandnovels,Twaindrewonhisownexperiencesanduseddia­

lectandcommonspeechinsteadofliterarylanguage,touchingoffamajorchangein

Americanprosestyle.

Thephrase“drewonMinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

(A)employed

(B)attracted

(C)put

(D)painted

3.Thegoalofadvertisingistoidentifyaproduct'spurposeorusefulness.Useval­

uecanbefairlyobvious;forexample,acar*susefulnessisasaformoftransportation.

Butitcanalsobemoresubtle,aswhenacarisalsousedasaformforrepresentingone's

status.

Theword“subtle"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

(A)vague

(B)fine

(C)ambiguous

(D)apparent

4.1offeramoney-backguaranteeiftheprogramfails.Ifmytreatmentsdon'twork,

youwillgetback100%ofyourmoney.HowcanIdothis?Itismyguaranteetoyou

thatmytreatmentworks.Adoctorwilltellyouthatcancercan'tbecured,It*sthedoc­

torswhoarethefrauds.

Theword“frauds”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

(A)therapists

(B)guarantors

(C)impostors

(D)flatterers

5・AmysteriousdecimationofbeepopulationshasGermanbeekeepersworried,

whileasimilarphenomenonintheUnitedStatesisgraduallyassumingcatastrophic

proportions.Theconsequencesforagricultureandtheeconomycouldbeenormous.

Nooneknowswhatiscausingthebeestoperish,butsomeexpertsbelievethatthe

large-scaleuseofgeneticallymodifiedplantsintheUScouldbeafactor.

Theword“decimation"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

(A)deciding

(B)perishing

(C)exploding

(D)animating

6.AndrewWhitenofSt.AndrewsUniversityinFife,Scotland,andhiscolleagues

studiedthreegroupsofcaptivechimpanzeesandthewaysinwhichtheyassumeddif­

ferenttechniquesforobtainingfood.Thefirstgroupcontainedahigh-rankingfemale

thathadbeentaughttoretrievefoodfromanapparatusbyusingasticktopusha

blockageaway,thusfreeingthefooditem.

Theword“retrieve"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

(A)giveback

(B)receive

(C)trail

(D)findandbringback

2.事实信息题

每段短文一般有fact类型题3-5个，negativefact问题一般有0-1个。

特点：出现频率较高，但只对一段内容而不是全文信息的考察，较容易。

基本题型构成：

Accordingtoparagraphxxx,.......?

Accordingtoparagraphxxx,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue....?

Caseexample

Readthepassageandanswerthequestions.

TheMinoancivilizationwasaBronzeAgeculturethatisbelievedtohavethrivedontheislandofCretefrom

around2700to1450BC.Reachingsofarbackintoantiquity,itisimpossibletoverifyanexacttimelineofthe

Minoan.However,usingremainsofMinoanpottery,aswellasotherarchaeologicalevidencefoundatancient

palacesites,researchershavebeenabletotrace[hegeneraldcvclor>mcntofMinoansociety.

Theearliestknownpotterywaslargelyfunctional.Hand-made,asopposedtolaterworksthatwerecreatedwith

thehelpofapotterywheel,thesepieceswerefashionedintoroughjarandcupshapes.Theytendedtohavesimple,

linearpatterns,andtheywereoftenadullredorbrowncolor.

•accordingtoparagraph1,theruinsatMinoanpalacesitesareusedto.

Averify(helocationof(hefirsthumanseulementsonCrete.

Bcomparecommonpolterywithexpensiveworksownedbythewealthy.

ChelpsketcharoughchronologyofancientMinoanculture.

DillustratecommonthemesinMinoanartandarchitecture.

•According(oparagraph2,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutearlyMinoanpottery?

Aithadanunsophisticateddesign.

Bitwasfashionedusingamechanicalwheel.

Cithadareputationfbrbeingpractical.

Ditwasmoldedintounevenshapes.

Smartsolution:

1.找关健词

AccordingtoparagraphI,theruinsatMinoanpalacesitesarcusedto

2.找原文中出现关健词的部分

3.分析关键词周边部分的核心内容

Paraphrasing

TracethegeneraldevelopmentofMinoansociety-C:helpsketcharoughchronologyofancientMinoan

culture整体转述

Simple,linearpatterns,andtheywereoftenadullredorbrowncolor---A:unsophisticateddesign

Largelyfunctional—C:reputationforbeingpractical同义词转述

Fashionedintoroughjarandcupshapes-D:moldedintounevenshapes

单词和短语之间的转述

错误答案类型和正确答案的特点：

•Fact题型

AverifythelocationofthefirsthumansettlementsonCrete.

Bcomparecommonpotterywithexpensiveworksownedbythewealthy.

ChelpsketcharoughchronologyofancientMinoanculture.

DillustratecommonthemesinMinoanartandarchitecture.

•Negativefact题型

Hand-made,asopposedtolaterworksthatwerecreatedwiththehelpofapotterywheel,thesepieceswere

fashionedintoroughjarandcupshapes.

-►(negativefact)Bitwasfashionedusingamechanicalwheel.

•做题技巧

细心题要求的基本阅读技能是查读（scanning）；即根据问题中的关键词定位原文包

含关键词的句子.然后在选项中找出原文句子的同义句进行替换。简而言之,细节题的做

题技巧是：定位原文、同义替换。与旧托福相比，现在的托福细节题的定位难度大大降低，

1.定位原文

细节题的定位方法如下：

1）根据问题中给出的段落数与段落前的提示箭头定位

2）根据问题中的标志词与关键词定位

a.标志词

标志词主要指问题中的专有名词（人名、地名等）、数字年代与特殊标志词（大写的词、

斜体词、带引号的词、专业术语等）。

b.关键词

关键词主要指问题中的核心名词、名词词组，有时也包括动词或形容词。问题中的关

键词在原文的句子中可能以原来的形式出现，也可能以同义词、同根词甚至反义词的形式

出现。

3）根据选项中的标志词和关键词定位

问题中没有标志词或关键词时,可以根据选项中的标志词和关键词定位。

2.同义替换

在定位原文具体的句子以后，必须将选项与原文——进行比较,对原文进行同义替换

（paraphrasing）的选项为正确答案。同义替换是参加托福考试必备的四大学术技能之一,

主要涉及两个方面：

1）将原文中的关键词换成同义词或同一词汇的不同词类（如原文的名词在选项中变

成了动词）;

2）改变原文的句型，如原文的被动句变成主动句。

例一

1790sawthenationenteringaneweraofroaddevelopment.Unabletofinanceroad

construction,statesturnedforhelptoprivatecompanies,organizedbymerchantsand

landspeculatorswhohadapersonalinterestinbettercommunicationswiththeinte­

rior.

Accordingtothepassage,whydidstatesneedprivatecompanies'helpinroad

building?

（A）Thestateswereunabletobuildroadsthemselvesfinancially.

（B）Privatecompaniescouldspendlesstimecompletingroads.

（C）Thestatesdidnothaveasmuchequipmentasprivatecompanies.

（D）Privatecompanieshadmoreknowledgeoftheinterior.

例二

Theflag,themostcommonsymbolofnationalidentityinthemodemworld,is

alsooneoftheoldest.Thetraditionalflagoffabricisstillusedtoindicatebuildings,ships,

anddiplomaticcaravansbynationalaffiliation,butitsvisualdesignmakesitsuitablefor

otherrolesaswell.Mostflagshaveacompact,rectangularshapeanduniquevisual

symbolism.Theirstrongcolorsandgeometricpatternsareofteninstantlyrecognizable

evenifmadeassmallaslessthanasquarecentimeter.Imagesofflagscanthusserveas

identifyingiconsonairliners,televisionbroadcasts,andcomputerdisplays.

Whatisremarkableaboutth。dnsignofthetypicalflag?

(A)Itislikelytochangeastechnologyprogresses.

(B)Itisolderthanthecountryitstandsfor.

(C)Itisnotfamiliartopeoplefromothercountries.

(D)Itisadaptableformultipledifferentuses.

例三

Thenewmodeltargetedproductstomeetthedesiresofspecificgroupsofconsum­

ers.HenryFord'sModelTfitsthefirstpattern.Ford'sefficientproduutiunmethods

broughtthepriceoftheModelTdown,andheresistedmakingchangesinhiscarso

thatitwouldremainaffordablefbrmostpeople.

WhatwaschieflyresponsibleforkeepingthepriceoftheModelTaffordable?

(A)Itwasdesignedforpeoplepoorlypaid.

(B)HenryFordhimselfwasthedesigner.

(C)Thestyleofthecardidnotchangeveryoften.

(D)Itwasequippedwithasmallengineusinglittlegas.

3.干扰选项

细节题的干扰选项具有下列特征：

1)反：选项的内容与原文相矛盾。

2)无：

a.虚假比较：选项出现原文没有的比较级、最高级(most.........est)或其他绝对化论

述(only)；

b.范围、程度：选项中的限定词表示的范围或程度与文中所提的范围或程度不同。

3)混：原文说甲事物有某特征,但选项却张冠李戴，挪到了乙事物身上。

练习

1.ThecaseofpizzainRussiaisaninterestingexampleofintroducingaproductin

aninternationalmarket.Beforetherestaurantcalled“Pizzeria"openedthere,thecom­

panyfirsthadtoconvinceRussianpeopletotryitsproduct.Todothis,theyexplained

thatpizzawassimilartoRussianvatrushka.TheRussianslikedit,buttherestaurant

wasnotsopopularwithforeignvisitorsbecausethepizzadidnotalwayshaveenough

tomatosauceandcheese.Anotherproblemwasthatifcustomerswantedtotakethe

pizzahomewiththem,thechefwouldnotallowit.Hedidnotwantittogetcold.

Intheparagraph,thekeytointroducingpizzainRussiawasthat

(A)itwassoldinRussia

(B)foreignvisitorslikedit

(C)customerscouldtakeithome

(D)itresembledvatrushka

2.Fortheanorexic,thementalfocusbecomesverysmall:foodandweight.Ina

way,it'seasytoseehowthishelpstheanorexicmanagethefearoflivinginthebig,

uncontrollableworldoutthere.Youmaynotbeabletocontrolhowotherpeoplefeel

aboutyou,butyoucancontrolwhatyouputinyourmouth.Youcanalsocontrolhow

manyhoursyouspendatthegym.Soonyougethookedoncontrollingyourweight.

What'stheanorexictryingtodo?

(A)Sheistryingtocontrolhowothersfeelabouther.

(B)Shewantstomanageherworld.

(C)Hermentalfocusturnsverylarge.

(D)Sheinveststoomuchtimeatthegym.

3.Representationsofhumanhandsalsoarepervasive.Thosesurroundingthe

Pech-Merlehorses,andmostpaintedhandsatotherlocations,are“negative,"namely,

theartistlaidonehandagainstthewallandthenpaintedorblewpigmentaroundit.

Sometimes,theartistpressedahandagainstthewallafterdippingitinpaint,leaving

a“positive”imprint.Thesehandprintsmusthavehadsomesignificanceaswell.Some

scholarshaveclassifiedthemas“signatures"ofcultorcommunitymembersor,less

likely,ofindividualartists.

Whywasapositiveimprintofartists,handsleftoncavepaintings?

(A)Itmighthavebeenawaytoindicatetheauthorshipofpaintings.

(B)Ittypifieshumanbeingsinthecavepaintings.

(C)Itcouldhavebeenanagreeablesymbolwithlittlesignificance.

(D)Itwasthehandprintofahunterwhomthepainteradmired.

4.Somebarriersinvolvecompetitionwithotherspecies.Adandelionseedmay

becarriedbythewindtobareground,andifenvironmentalfactorsareright,itmay

germinate.Thereisnotmuchchance,however,thatanyindividualseedlingwillsur­

vive.Mostplacesthataresuitableforthegrowthofdandelionsarealreadyoccupied

byothertypesofplantsthatarewelladaptedtothearea.Thedandelionseedlingmust

competewiththeseplantsforspace,water,light,andnutrients.Facingsuchstiffcom­

petition,thechancesofsurvivalareslim.

Fewdandelionseedlingssurviveasaresultof

(A)thethreatofstrongwinds

(B)competitionfromotherspecies

(C)thestrugglewithotherdandelions

(D)theabsenceofaproperhabitat

5.HeyerdahlgaveotherevidencefortheSouthAmericanoriginoftheHanau

Eepe.Thestoneworkofthestoneplatformscalledahuwasincrediblyintricate,unlike

anymadebyotherPacificIslanders.However,theIncapeopleofSouthAmericawere

famousforintricatestonework.AnotherpieceofevidenceHeyerdahlpresentedwas

thefactthatthestaplefoodoftheEasterIslanders,thesweetpotato,isnotfoundin

Polynesia.HebelievedthatitcamewiththeHanauEepefromSouthAmerica.

Accordingtothepassage,howdidsweetpotatoseedscometoEasterIsland?

(A)Theywerewashedupbythewaves.

(B)Theywerebroughtbywesternersin1722.

(C)Theywerecarriedacrosstheseabybirds.

(D)TheywerebroughtherefromSouthAmerica.

3.指代题

文章中指示词所指的对象，既可以是单独的名词，也可以是句子、文章等。

难度不大，所以一不要丢分，二要节约时间

基本题型构成：

Thewordxxxinthepassagerefersto...

Thephrasexxxinthepassagerefersto...

Caseexample

Readthepassageandanswerthecuestions.

Photosynthesisistheprocessbywhichplantsandbacteriaproducethesustenancetheyneedinordertolive.

Thiscomplexphenomenoninvolvestheconversionoflightenergyderivedfromthesunintochemicalenergy.

Whenlightenergyactsonthecarbondioxideandwaterthatplantsdrawinfromtheatmosphereandsoil,it

causesareactionthatalterstheirchemicalcomposition.Oneproductofthisreactionisthecreationof

carbohydrates,includingglucoseandstarch.Anotheristhereleaseofoxygen.Animallifeontheplanetrelics

onbothoftheseproductsforsurvival.Oxygenisessentialforanimalrespiration,whilethecarbohydratesstored

inplantsprovidethebasisofthefoodchainuponwhichallanimalorganismsdepend.

•Thewordtheirinthepassagerefersto

A.plantsandbacteria

B.carbondioxideandwater

C.atmosphereandsoil

D.glucoseandstarch

•ThewordAnotherinthepassagerefersto

A.conversionoflightenergy

B.chemicalcomposition

C.creationofcarbohydrates

D.productofIhisreaction

Cliffsarelarge,verticalrockfacescommonlyfoundinmountainranges,oncoastlinesandinrivervalleys.

Manycliffsareformedeitherby(heimpactofwavesorflowingrivers,orthroughasuddenlandslidecausedby

geologicalactivity.However,glacialicehascreatedsomeofthelargestclifffacesonEarth,includingMount

ThoronBaffinIsland,whichfeaturesaverticaldropofover1,250meters.

•Thewordwhichinthepassagerefersto

AEarthBglacialice

CMountThorDBaffinIsland

例题分析：

1.指示代词：最常见的题型；所有的指示代词都会出现，特别是指代人的they,their,them等和指代物的it,its

出现的次数比较多。

2.不定代词：anothei7some/any/all/both

3.关系代词：此类题型中，先行词就是指代对象，但在先行词和关系代词之间会插入一些词句，注意不要

将二者弄混。However,glacialicehascreatedsomeofthelargestclifffacesonEarth,includingMountThoron

BaffinIsland,whichfeaturesaverticaldropofover1,250meters.

Smartsolution:阅读中理解指示词的意义是解决问题的关键

仔细查看指示词所在的句子或者其前面的句子

1.指代对象出现在指示词句子内部（概率很高）

Whenlightenergyactsonthecarbondioxideandwaterthatplantsdrawinfromtheatmosphereandsoil,itcauses

areactionthatalterstheirchemicalcomposition.

However,glacialicehascreatedsomeof（helargestclifffacesonEarth,includingMountThoronBaffinIsland,

whichfeaturesaverticaldropofover1,250meters.

2.指代对象出现在前面文章中：（两个句子是并列关系）

Oneproductofthisreactionisthecreationofcarbohydrates,includingglucoseandstarch.Anotheristhereleaseof

oxygen.

牢记多种指示词的用法

一般来说，指示代词在指示词题型中经常出现，但是也有多种不定代词和指示形容词经常构成名词或者句子

来使用。所以平时就要多熟记这些用法灵活的指示词。

1.互为对立的不定代词/不定形容词

Some/others;one/another;thefornier/thelatter

2.多样的不定代词

All/some/neither/either/both/each

3.指示形容词，定冠词

定冠词the前面的内容一般都是已经提到过的，所以和名词一起构成指示词出现。

This/thcsee.g.thisinfluence,theseinfluences

That/thoscc.g.thatproblem,thoseproblems

Such/thce.g.suchoptions,theconclusion

熟记具有代表性的错误题型

1.和指示词距离较远的选项一般很可能有错误

2.把选项放入指示词的位置，这样可以降低错误概率（观察句子是否流畅）

・做题技巧

1.初步判断

1)主从复合句中的指代

在主从复合句中,第二句的代词主语经常指代第一句的名词主语(有时是宾语),表

示话题的延续。例如，

Collegestudentsaskedtopredicttheirownfuturecomparedtothatoftheirclassmates

believed,onaverage,thattheyweremorelikelytograduatehigherintheirclass,getabet­

terjob,earnahighersalary,haveahappiermarriage,andbearagiftedchild.

Theword"they"inline2refersto

(A)students

(B)classmates

(C)future

(D)salary

Ifyoulookatthelichenbodythroughamagnifyingglass,youwillseethatitis

madeupofatangledmassoffungalstrandscalledhyphae.

Theword"it"inthepassagerefersto

(A)amagnifyingglass

(B)thelichenbody

(C)atangledmass

(D)hyphae

如果主从复合句中一个旬子(可以是主句，也可以是从句)使用被动语态，包含被动

语态的句子中的主语常指代另一句中的宾语。例如，

Likewise,aplantoranimalcannotwasteallitsenergyondevelopingabigbodyif

nonewouldbeleftforreproduction,forthiswillmostsurelyleadtoextinction.

Theword"none"inthepassagerefersto

(A)reproduction

(B)hugebody

(C)energy

(D)animalorplant

2)并列动词中的指代

如果一个句中有两个并列的动词，第二个动词的代词宾语经常指代前一个动词后的名

词宾语。例如，

Artistsperceivethedistinctionbetweenpublicandprivatespaces,andtakethat

intoconsiderationwhencarryingouttheirpubliccommissions.

Theword“that”refersto

(A)space

(B)audience

(C)distinction

(D)commission

3)平行结构中的指代

平彳亍结构主要包括some/most/many/such/each…，othersnotonly...butalso

theformer...thelatter等。在这种结构中,平行结构两个部分的两个代词经常指代同一

对象：前一句中的名词主语。

例一,

AnimalslivevirtuallyinanyplacethatwelookatonEarth.Fromthetopsof

mountainstothebottomoftheoceans,wefindanimals.Theyhaveadaptedtoawide

varietyofclimatesandconditions.Sometolerateextremeheat.Othersarefoundinex­

tremecold,suchastheArticCircle.Wormshaveevenbeenfoundlivinginglacialice.

Theword“others”inthepassagerefersto

(A)mountains

(B)oceans

(C)animals

(D)worms

例二

Inthe1940s,playingchildreninSouthwestFrancefoundLascauxGrotto,ase­

riesofnarrowcavechambersthatholdhugeprehistoricpaintingsofanimals.Manyof

thesebeastsare16feetinsize.Somefolloweachotherinstatelyparades,butothers

twistaround,sidewardandupsidedown.

Theword"others0inthepassagerefersto

(A)parades

(B)beasts

(C)chambers

(D)animals

4)所有格的指代

所有格代词经常指代其前面与其最接近的名词。例如，

Folk-madeobjectsarereplacedbytheirpopularequivalent,oftenbecausethe

popularitemismorequicklyorcheaplymanufactured,iseasiertouse,orendowsthe

ownerwithgreaterprestige.

Theword°theirHrefersto

(A