人工智能和未来的工作 Artificial Intelligence and the future of work

SPECIALEUROBAROMETER554

Artificial

Intelligenceand

thefutureofwork

EUROBAROMETERREPORT

FIELDWORK:AprilMay2024

ThissurveyhasbeenrequestedbytheEuropeanCommission,Directorate-GeneralforEmployment,SocialAffairsandInclusion

(DGEMPL)

andco-ordinatedbytheEuropeanCommission,Directorate-GeneralforCommunication(DGCOMM'Mediamonitoringand

Eurobarometer'unit)

ThisdocumentdoesnotrepresentthepointofviewoftheEuropeanCommission.Theinterpretationsandopinionscontainedinitaresolelythoseoftheauthors.

ProjecttitleArtificialIntelligenceandthefutureofwork

Languageversion

English

Media/Volume

PDFWeb

Cataloguenumber

KE-01-24-018-EN-N

ISBN

978-92-68-21815-0

DOI

10.2767/8591026

©EuropeanUnion,2024

https://www.europa.eu/eurobarometer

Photocredit:GettyImages

TABLEOFCONTENTS

Introduction4

Keyfindings8

I.Generalperceptionsofdigitaltechnologies11

1.Impactofdigitaltechnologies12

a)Currentemployment13

b)Theeconomy14

c)Society15

d)Qualityoflife16

e)Socialsecuritybenefits17

II.Proficiencywithdigitaltechnologies20

1.Digitalskillsoverall21

a)Indailylife21

b)Digitalandlearningopportunities23

2.Digitalskillsandlabourmarket25

a)Currentemployment25

b)Futureemployment26

III.AttitudestowardsdigitaltechnologiesandArtificialIntelligenceintheworkplace29

1.PerceptionofrobotsandArtificialIntelligence30

a)Intheworkplace30

b)Inthelabourmarket33

2.PerceivedimpactofrobotsandArtificialIntelligence42

a)Overall42

b)Onspecificactivities48

3.Perceptionsofrulesondigitaltechnologiesintheworkplace59

IV.Experiencewithdigitaltechnologiesintheworkplace67

1.Awarenessoftheuseofdigitaltechnologies68

a)Overall68

b)Activitiesperformedbydigitaltechnologies71

c)Communicationaroundtheuseofdigitaltechnologies80

2.Provisionoftoolsandtrainingtoworkeffectivelywithdigitaltechnologies86

Conclusion88

TechnicalSpecificationsTS1

QuestionnaireQ1

Introduction

5

Artificialintelligence,orAI,referstocomputersystemscapableofperformingtasksthattypicallyrequirehumanintelligence..AsAIdevelops,itcanofferbenefitstocitizensandbusinessesacrossEurope,anditcanleadtoincreaseinproductivityandjobcreation.However,theriseofAIalsogivesrisetochallenges.ThestockofindustrialrobotsinEuropehasmorethanquadrupledinthepast25years.Technologicaladvancementgeneratesincreasinguncertainty.Technologymayhaveasignificantimpactonthequantityofjobsavailabletohumans,butitalsotransformsthem,changinghowjobsareperformed,with.

TheEuropeanCommissionrecognisedthispotentialearlyandistakingactiontofosterthetake-upofartificialintelligencebytheprivateandpublicsectors.InitsCommunicationofApril2018onArtificialIntelligenceforEurope,theCommissionoutlinesanumberofmeasuresandfinancinginstrumentsthroughwhichitwillpromotethisgoa

l1.

Moreover,linkingtotheEuropeanDigitalStrateg

y2,

inJuly2020,theEuropeanCommissionlaunchedtheEuropeanSkillsAgendaforsustainablecompetitiveness,socialfairnessandresilience,whichsetsambitiousobjectivesforupskilling(improvingexistingskills)andreskilling(traininginnewskills).Sincethen,muchprogresshasbeenmadeineachofthe12flagshipactionsidentifie

d3,

includingthepublicationinearly2022oftheupdatedDigitalCompetenceFrameworkcoveringthedigitalcompetencesneededforemergingtechnologiesandA

I4.

Theaccelerateddigitalisationofworkplacesalsoputsthespotlightonissuesrelatedtosurveillance,theuseofdata,andtheapplicationofalgorithmicmanagementtools.Algorithmscanbeusedinmanagementfunctions,suchasplanning,organisation,command,coordinationandcontrol.TheJointResearchcentre'SAMpworkstudyfindsthatarelativelyhighproportionsofworkersinSpainandGermanyusedigitaltoolsandaresubjecttodigitalmonitoringandalgorithmicmanagemen

t5.

AIsystemsarealsooftenappliedtoguiderecruitment,monitorworkloads,ordefineremunerationrates.

Addressingthechallengesofalgorithmicdecision-making,notablytherisksofbiaseddecisions,discriminationandlackoftransparency,canimprovetrustinAI-poweredsystems,promotetheiruptakeandprotectfundamentalright

s6.

ProposedbytheEuropeanCommissioninDecember2021andprovisionallyagreeduponbytheEuropeanParliament

1'communicationArtificialIntelligenceforEurope',COM(2018)237final:

https://eur-

lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0237.

2

https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies.

3'Factsheet-EuropeanskillsAgenda:progressonthellflagshipactions(2023.Availableat

:https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=1223.

4'DigitalcompetencesFramework(Digcomp2.2)updatepublished':

https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?langId=en&catId=89&newsId=10193&furtherNe

ws=yes.

andtheCouncilinFebruary2024,thePlatformWorkDirectivewillbethefirstEUinstrumenttotacklethechallengesarisingfromtheuseofAIintheworkplace.Oncefinallyadopted,itwillprovidemoretransparency,fairness,humanoversight,safetyandaccountabilityregardingalgorithmicmanagementondigitallabourplatformsbyhelpingpeoplebetterunderstandhowtasksareallocatedandpricesareset.Itwillalsoenablethemtocontestdecisionsthataffectworkingconditionsifneeded.

Againstthisbackdrop,thisSpecialEurobarometersurvey

aimstogaugeEUCitizens'perceptionsofandattitudes

towardsautomationandAIinworkinglife.Moreparticularly,thestudycoversthefollowingtopics:

■Generalperceptionsoftheimpactofdigitaltechnologies;

■Proficiencywithdigitaltechnologies;

■Awarenessofandexperiencewithdigitaltechnologies,includingAI,intheworkplace;

■Attitudestowardsthesedigitaltechnologiesandtheiruseintheworkplace.

Thesurveyfindsthat,whilepositiveperceptionsoftheimpactofthemostrecentdigitaltechnologieshavedeclinedoverthepastsevenyears,Europeansstillgenerallyhaveapositiveviewofsaidimpact.Specifically,whilecitizensgenerallyseethepositivepotentialoftechnologiesandspecificallyartificialintelligence,thisdoesnottranslatetounfetteredsupport.Notably,morethansixintenEuropeanssaytheythinkrobotsandartificialintelligenceareagoodthingforsociety,withthecaveatthataclearmajority(84%)alsosaysuchtechnologiesneedcarefulmanagement.Thesurveyhighlightsthatthepotentialofrobotsandartificialintelligencetolightenworkloadbydoingboringorrepetitivejobsorbeingusedtomakeaccuratedecisionsisappreciated,butrespondentsarewaryoftheirimpactonsocialareaslikecommunicationbetweencolleagues.

Lookingspecificallyatdigitalskillsandawareness,mostEuropeansthinkoftheircurrentskillsassufficientfortheirdailylifeandworkneeds.However,thisresultshouldbeseenincontext:asignificantnumberofEuropeanswholackevenbasicdigitalskills(almost45%

)7

andthenumberofICTspecialistsisgrowingbutstillrelativelylow(est.9.8million

)8.

useofdigitaltechnologiestomanageemployeeactivities.

5

https://joint-research-

centre.ec.europa.eu/scientific-activities-z/employment/algorithmic-management-

and-digital-monitoring-work_en.

6'TheEuropeanpillarofsocialRightsActionplan':

https://op.europa.eu/webpub/empl/european-pillar-of-social-rights/en.

7Digitalskillsin2023:impactofeducationandage:

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/ddn-20240222-1

8MorepeopleemployedinICTintheEUin2023,:

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/ddn-20240524-2

6

PatternsintheopinionsofEuropeansbasedontheirsocio-demographiccharacteristicsarealsohighlightedthroughoutthereport.Youngerrespondents,respondentswithlessfinancialdifficulties,respondentswhoarecurrentlyinemploymentorthosewithahighereducationleveltendtohavemorepositiveattitudestowardstechnologiesandartificialintelligence,forexample.

SomeofthequestionsinthisSpecialEurobarometerwereaskedinpreviousEurobarometersurveysconductedinMarch201

79

andinDecember201

910.

Wherepossible,theresultsofthecurrentsurveyarecomparedwiththoseofthetwopreviousstudies.

9specialEurobarometer460,'Attitudestowardstheimpactofdigitisationand

https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2160.

10specialEurobarometer503,'Attitudestowardstheimpactofdigitalisationondailylives':

https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2228.

7

Methodology

ThissurveywascarriedoutbytheVerianGroupinthe27EUMemberStatesbetweenthe25thofAprilandthe22ndofMay.Some26,415respondentsfromdifferentsocialanddemographicgroupswereinterviewedintheirmothertongue.ThissurveywascommissionedbytheEuropeanCommission,Directorate-GeneralforEmployment,SocialAffairsandInclusion(DGEMPL).

Note:Inthisreport,MemberStatesarereferredtobytheir

officialabbreviation,aslistedbelow:

BelgiumBELithuaniaLT

BulgariaBGLuxembourgLU

CzechiaCZHungaryHU

DenmarkDKMaltaMT

GermanyDENetherlandsNL

EstoniaEEAustriaAT

IrelandIEPolandPL

GreeceELPortugalPT

SpainESRomaniaRO

FranceENSloveniaSI

CroatiaHRSlovakiaSK

ItalyITFinlandFI

RepublicofCyprus*

CY*SwedenSE

LatviaLV

EuropeanUnion-weightedaverageforthe27MemberStatesoftheEuropeanUnion

EU27

BE,FR,IT,LU,DE,AT,ES,PT,IE,NL,FI,EL,EE,SI,CY,MT,SK,LV,LT,HR

euroarea

BG,CZ,DK,HU,PL,RO,SE

Non-euroarea

*Cyprusasawholeisoneofthe27EuropeanUnionMemberStates.

However,the"acquiscommunautaire"hasbeensuspendedinthepartofthecountrywhichisnotcontrolledbythegovernmentoftheRepublicofCyprus.Forpracticalreasons,onlytheinterviewscarriedoutinthepartofthecountrycontrolledbythegovernmentoftheRepublicofCyprusareincludedinthe"cy"categoryandintheEU27average.

Wewishtothankthepeoplethroughoutthe

EuropeanUnionwhohavegiventheirtimeto

takepartinthissurvey.

Withouttheiractiveparticipation,thisstudy

wouldnothavebeenpossible.

Special

ArtificialIntelligence

Keyfindings

SpecialEurobarometer554

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9

AtleasthalfofEuropeansbelievethemostrecentdigitaltechnologies,includingArtificialIntelligence,haveapositiveimpactoneachoftheareastested

■Twothirdsofrespondentscurrentlyinemploymentthinkthemostrecentdigitaltechnologies,includingArtificialIntelligence,currentlyhaveapositiveimpactontheirjob(66%).

■Ofalltherespondents,morethansixintenbelievethemostrecentdigitaltechnologiescurrentlyhaveapositiveimpactontheeconomy,theirqualityoflifeandsocialsecuritybenefits(all62%).

■Morethanhalf(56%)indicatethatthemostrecentdigitaltechnologieshaveapositiveimpactonsociety.

■Theproportionswhothinkthemostrecenttechnologieshaveapositiveimpactontheeconomy(-13percentagepoints),society(-8pp)andtheirqualityoflife(-5pp)havedeclinedsinceMarch2017.

■Youngerrespondents,thosewithahighereducationlevel,thosewiththeleastfinancialdifficulties,andthosewhoarecurrentlyworkingarethemostlikelytothinkthesetechnologieshaveapositiveimpact.

Largemajoritiesthinkthatrulesaddressingrisks

andmaximisingthebenefitsofdigitaltechnologies

intheworkplacewouldbeimportant

■Morethaneightinten(82%)sayprotectingworkers'privacywouldbeimportantinaddressingrisksandmaximizingthebenefitsofdigitaltechnologies,includingArtificialIntelligence,intheworkplace.

■Similarly,morethansevenintenthinkitwouldbeimportanttoinvolveworkersandtheirrepresentativesinthedesignandadoptionofnewtechnologies(77%),toenforcemoretransparencyintheuseofdigitaltechnologiestohandleHRdecision-making(75%),toprohibitfullyautomateddecision-makingprocesses(74%)andtolimittheautomatedmonitoringofemployees(72%).

Majoritiesconsiderthemselvestobesufficiently

skilledintheuseofthemostrecentdigital

technologies

■Aroundsevenintenconsiderthemselvestobe

sufficientlyskilledintheuseofthemostrecentdigitaltechnologies,includingArtificialIntelligence,tobeabletobenefitfromdigitalandonlinelearningopportunities(71%,+14percentagepointsinceMarch2017)andintheirdailylife(70%).Therespondentswhoanswered'Notapplicable'arenotincludedinthe

analysisofthisquestioninordertoensurethetrendcomparability.

■Amongthosecurrentlyinemploymentandwhodidnotanswer'Notapplicable'attheaforementionedquestion,threequartersfeeltheyhaveasufficientlevelofdigitalskillstodotheirjob(75%,-7pp).

■Morethansevenintenrespondentswhoarenotretiredanddidnotanswer'Notapplicable'believetheypossessanadequatedigitalproficiencytodoafuturejobiftheyweretofindajobortochangejobswithinthenexttwelvemonths(72%,+9pp).

■RespondentsinDenmark,Finland,Luxembourg,Malta,theNetherlandsandSwedenareamongthemostlikelytofeelconfidentabouttheirdigitalskills,whilethereverseistrueforthoseinGreece,Hungary,Italy,PortugalandRomania.

■Youngerrespondents,thosewithahighereducationlevel,thoseinabetterfinancialsituationandthosewhoarecurrentlyworkingarethemostinclinedtosaytheyhaveasufficientlevelofdigitalskills.

MostEuropeanshaveapositiveopinionofrobots

andArtificialIntelligenceintheworkplace,but

concernsabouttheirnegativeimpacton

employmentarestillpresent

■Morethansixinten(62%,+1pp)positivelyperceivetheuseofrobotsandArtificialIntelligenceintheworkplace,whileclosetoonethird(32%,+2pp)haveanegativeperception.Theseperceptionshowevervarynotablybycountry,with86%ofrespondentsinDenmarksayingtheyperceivethispositivelycomparedtolessthanhalfinPortugalorGreece(both48%).

■MajoritiesagreethatrobotsandArtificialIntelligenceincreasethepaceatwhichworkerscompletetasks(73%),thatArtificialIntelligenceisnecessaryasitcandojobsthatareseenasboringorrepetitive(66%)andthatrobotsandArtificialIntelligencecanbeusedtomakeaccuratedecisionsintheworkplace(53%).

■Atthesametime,66%believethatduetotheuseofrobotsandArtificialIntelligence,morejobswilldisappearthannewjobswillbecreated,andthatrobotsandArtificialIntelligencestealpeoples'jobs.However,boththeseproportionshavedeclinedsinceMarch2017(-8ppand-6pp,respectively).

■Inaddition,61%agreethatrobotsandArtificialIntelligencehaveanegativeimpactoncommunicationbetweencolleagues.

SpecialEurobarometer554

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LargemajoritiesthinkrobotsandArtificial

Intelligenceareagoodthingforsociety,butalso

thattheyshouldbecarefullymanaged

■Morethansixinten(63%)thinkthatrobotsandArtificialIntelligencehelppeopledotheirjobsorcarryoutdailytasksathome.ThisproportionshowsadecreaseoffivepercentagepointssinceMarch2017.

■Nonetheless,morethaneightinten(84%,-4pp)thinkthatthesetechnologiesrequirecarefulmanagement.

■Lessthanhalf(48%)indicatethatrobotsandArtificialIntelligenceshouldbeusedmorewidelyoutsidetheworkplace,while43%holdtheoppositeview.

Theuseofdigitaltechnologies,includingArtificial

Intelligence,formanyactivitiesintheworkplaceis

seeninanegativelight

■Overall,respondentsareconcernedabouttheuseofdigitaltechnologies,includingArtificialIntelligence,toautomaticallyfireworkers(78%),tomonitorworkers(63%),toassessworkers'performance(57%),toselectapplicantsforajob(57%),togatheradditionalinformationonapplicantsforajob(50%),andtocollect,process,andstoreworkers'personaldata(49%).

■However,aroundtwothirds(67%)positivelyperceivetheuseofsuchtechnologiestoimproveworkers'safetyandsecurity,andarelativemajoritypositivelyperceivetheirusetoallocatetaskstoworkersormanagetheirworkingschedulesandshifts(49%

positivelyvs44%negatively.

■Positiveperceptionsoftheuseofthesetechnologiesintheworkplacearemorewidespreadamongyoungerrespondents,thosewithahighereducationlevelandthosewhoarecurrentlyworking.

Amajorityisawareoftheusetheiremployermakes

ofdigitaltechnologiesandsizeableproportions

reportthatdigitaltechnologieshavebeenusedto

performactivitiesintheirworkplace

■Morethansixintenofthosewhoarecurrentlyinemployment(62%)saytheyareawareoftheusetheiremployermakesofdigitaltechnologies,includingArtificialIntelligence,tomanagetheirortheirco-workers'activities.

■Amongthosewhohaveacurrentorpastoccupation,30%reportthatdigitaltechnologies,includingArtificialIntelligence,haveenforcedsafetymeasuresintheircurrentorpreviousworkplaces,and29%say

thesetechnologieshavemanagedworktimeschedules.

■Morethanoneinfiveindicatethatmonitoringworkers'activities(24%),allocatingtaskstoworkers(22%)orassessingworkers'performance,includingimposingsanctionsorattributingrewards(21%)havebeenperformedbythesetechnologiesintheirworkplaces.Inaddition,18%indicatethatthesetechnologieshavebeenusedtohireworkers.

■Thereporteduseofthesetechnologiestendstobehigherinthelogisticssectorandinestablishmentsemployingatleasttenpeople.

Lessthanhalfofthosecurrentlyinemploymentsay

theiremployerinformedthemabouttheuseof

digitaltechnologies,whilemorethanhalfof

employersandmanagersreporthavingdoneso

■Amongrespondentswhoarecurrentlyinemployment,closetohalf(49%)saytheiremployerinformedthemabouttheuseofdigitaltechnologies,includingArtificialIntelligence,tomanageactivitiesintheirworkplace.

■Thisproportionincludes16%whosaytheyhavebeenmadeawareofthis,butwithoutfurtherdetails,and18%whoreporthavingreceivedadetailedexplanation,includinginformationaboutthebenefits,drawbacks,andtheirrights.

■Amongemployersandmanagers,53%reportthattheyhaveensuredthattheiremployeesorthepeopletheymanagehavebeeninformedabouttheuseofthesetechnologiesintheworkplace,including16%whosaytheyhavemadethemaware,butwithoutfurtherdetails,and22%whodeclarethattheyhavegiventhemadetailedexplanation.

■Employeesworkinginthelogisticssectorandinlargerestablishmentsarethemostinclinedtoreportthattheyhavebeeninformed.Employersandmanagersinlogisticsarethemostlikelytosaythattheyhaveensuredthatemployeesareinformed,whilethereisnoclearpatternintermsofestablishmentsize.

Alargemajorityofthosecurrentlyinemployment

feelstheiremployerequipsthemwiththenecessary

toolstoworkwithdigitaltechnologies

■Morethantwothirdsofthosecurrentlyinemployment(68%)agreethattheiremployerprovidesthemwiththenecessarytoolsortrainingtoworkeffectivelywiththemostrecentdigitaltechnologies,while28%disagreewiththestatement.

Eurobarometer

Intelligenceandthfutureofwork

2024

■Thelevelofagreementwiththisstatementamongthoselessthan55,those

educationlevel,andotherwhite

thoseworkingestablishments

I.Generalperceptionsofdigitaltechnologies

SpecialEurobarometer554

ArtificialIntelligenceandthefutureofwork

AprilMay2024

12

ThefirstchapterofthisreportdealswithEuropeans'perceptionoftheimpactofdigitaltechnologies.RespondentswerefirstprovidedwithadefinitionofdigitaltechnologiesandArtificialIntelligenc

e11,

andthentheywereaskedwhethertheythinkthesetechnologiescurrentlyhaveapositiveornegativeimpactonseveralarea

s12.

1.Impactofdigitaltechnologies

Majoritiesthinkdigitaltechnologieshaveapositive

impactonmostareastested,eventhoughthereisa

declineinpositiveviewssince2017

Twothirdsofrespondentswhoarecurrentlyworkingthinkthemostrecentdigitaltechnologies,includingArtificialIntelligence,currentlyhaveapositiveimpactontheirjob(66%),comparedtooneinfivewhosaytheyhaveanegativeimpact.

Morethansixintenoftotalrespondentsthinkthemostrecentdigitaltechnologies,includingArtificialIntelligence,currentlyhaveapositiveimpactontheeconomy,theirqualityoflifeandsocialsecuritybenefit

s13

(all62%),whilemorethantwointen(between22%and24%)saythesetechnologieshaveanegativeimpactontheseareas.

Morethanhalf(56%)considerthatthemostrecentdigitaltechnologieshaveapositiveimpactonsociety,while33%saythesehaveanegativeimpact.

ComparedtothelasttimethisquestionwasaskedinMarch2017,therehavebeendeclinesinthesharesofrespondentswhothinkthemostrecenttechnologieshaveapositi