2024北京丰台区高二（下）期中英语（B卷）及答案

试题PAGE1试题2024北京丰台高二（下）期中英语（B卷）考试时间：90分钟第一部分知识运用（共两节，30分）第一节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。ForalittlegirlgrowingupinColombia,asciencecareerwithNASAmayseemimpossible.Trujillo,however,isanaerospace

engineerwholeadsateamattheNASAlaboratory1fortheroboticarmofthelatestMarsrover(火星探测器).

exploringit?That’sataleof

3

writteninthestars.Bornin1983,evenasayounggirlTrujillowas

certain

ofherpassionforscience.Butshedoubtedhowfarshe’dbeableto

4

inamale-dominatedfield.ThenherdadofferedtosendhertoMiami.Only17atthetime,she

5

theoffer.Trujillotookaseriesofhousekeeping

6

toputherselfthroughMiamiDadeCollege.Sometimesshewascleaningbathroomstohelppayherwaythroughher

studies.Butshedidn’t

7“Isaweverythingcomingmywayasanopportunity”.

Thencameanotherlife-changingmoment.ShebecamethefirstHispanic(西班牙语国家的)womantobe

8

totheNASAAcademy.Later,shebecameanengineeratNASA’sGoddardSpaceFlightCenter.

ThisFebruary,whenthePerseverancerover

landed

onthesurfaceofMars,itwas

9

bycommentary(解说)fromTrujilloinNASA’sfirst-everSpanish-language

broadcast.Trujillo’sownstoryis

10

thatjustbeyondthebarrierliesanentireuniverseofopportunitieswaitingforanyonewillingtoworkhardenoughtoreachforthestars.1.A.eager B.responsible C.concerned D.grateful2.A.actually B.hardly C.precisely D.repeatedly3.A.innocence B.kindness C.perseverance D.sympathy4.A.respond B.rise C.invest D.apply5.A.madeup B.turnedup C.pickedup D.tookup6.A.measures B.activities C.jobs D.courses7.A.skip B.panic C.explain D.complain8.A.applied B.admitted C.assigned D.introduced9.A.accompanied B.restricted C.enhanced D.teased10.A.theory B.information C.competence D.proof第二节(共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分)阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题纸指定区域作答。AMangroves,knownas“redforest”inChina,growbetweenlandandsea,charaterisedbytheircomplexroots.When11(see)fromafar,themangroveforestsappearmoresplendid.Mangrovescanhelpsoftenwavesandprotectcitiesfromcoastalwinds.Forthesereasons,they12(praise)as“coastalguardians”.Uptonow,China13(establish)anumberofprotectedareaswithmangroves.BBeforeIwenttomiddleschool,Ihaddreamedofbecomingateacher.Iamsurethatittakesgreateffortstomakemydreamcometrue.SoIlearnasmuchasIcanfromteachersandtextbooks.Imakefulluseofmysparetimetoreadbooks14(acquire)moreknowledge.Ihavetoworkhardtowalkintomyidealuniversity.Therewillbemanydifficulties,15I’msureIwillgetthemover.Ibelievemydream16(come)trueinfuture.C(century)allovertheworld.LiBai,oneofChina’s18(great)poets,wrotepoetryageof25,hebegantravellingaroundthecountry.Hemadefriendswithscholarsandkeptjournals.Histravelswerethebasisforhisworksofmorethan2000poems,20wereaboutbeautifulnaturalscenesandthepeoplewhotouchedhisheart.阅读理解（共两节，38分）第一节（共14小题；每小题2分，共28分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。AForhighschoolstudents,justthinkingaboutyourcareerprobablyisn’tenough.Youhavetoactivelydosomeresearchandplan.Herearesomeofthebestcareersforthefutureandhowyoucangetyourfootinthedoor.RegisteredNursesTobecomeregisterednurses,you’regoingtoneedeitheranassociatedegreeinnursing,aBachelorofScienceinnursing,oranotherofficiallyapproveddiploma(文凭)fromanursingprogram.Ifyouwanttobeapracticingphysician,you’llneedamedicaldegreeinyourchosenfieldontopofyourfour-yeardegree.DataAnalystsBigdataisagrowingfieldwithprofitableopportunitiesforcollegegraduates.Youarerequiredtohaveamaster’sdegreeincomputerscienceoranotherrelatedfield.Datascienceisatraditionallymale-dominatedindustryandonly26percentareheldbywomen.Thankfully,itisholdingoutanolivebranchtofemalesandtherearesometerrificprogramsspeciallydesignedforthemtobreakintothisdynamicfield.PlumbersandElectriciansNotallofthebestcareersforthefuturewillrequireafour-yearundergraduatedegree.There’saseriousdemandforskilledpositionsjobslikeplumbersandtechnicians.Manyofthesepositionsrequireahighschooldegreeandoftenanassociatedegreeinarelatedfield,butdon’tnecessarilyrequiregraduationfromafour-yearuniversity.CybersecurityExpertsTheaveragesalariesforcybersecurityexpertscanstartat$80,000forITSecurityConsultantsandcanreachsixfiguresforotherpositionssuchasasecuritydirector.Thebestwaytostartyourpathincybersecurityiswithabachelor’sdegreeincomputerscience,informationtechnology,engineering,orotherrelatedfields.21.Inwhichjobwillthegender(性别)distributionprobablybemorebalanced?A.DataAnalysts. B.RegisteredNurses.C.CybersecurityExperts. D.PlumbersandElectricians.22.Tobeacybersecurityexpert,whichisthebasicrequirement?A.Amaster’sdegreeincomputerscience.B.Acertificateofhighschoolgraduation.C.Abachelor’sdegreeininformationtechnology.D.Adiplomaofficiallyapprovedfromamedicalprogram.23.Whereisthetextprobablytakenfrom?A.Ahealthlecture. B.Aschoolwebsite.C.Ajobadvertisement. D.Asciencemagazine.BWorkingatacommercialbankinNewYorkCityinthemid-2010s,AnnaSackssensedalackofmeaninginherlife.Shewantedtodosomethingmorefulfilling.Somepeopleseekingmeaningmightreadaself-helpbook,orperhapsvolunteerafewhoursaweek.SackspackedupherlifeandmovedtoConnecticutforthreemonthstoparticipateinAdamah,afarmingprogramthatfocusesonsustainablelivingandgrowingsustainablefood.ReturningtoNewYork,Sackscarriedwithheranewfoundpurposeandasetofskillstoturnherdreamsintoreality.“OneofthethingsthatreallystuckwithmefromAdamahwashowlittlewastetheyproducedandhowtheyhandledthewastetheydidhave,mostlythroughcomposting(堆肥),”shesays.“AndIjustthought,‘Whyaren’twedoingthathere?Whatisactuallyinallthosebagsandrecyclingbinsattheroadsides?’”TheAdamahprogramopenedSacks’seyestothedamageconsumercultureisdoingandtheneedtofindsolutions.Soin2016,shestartedworkingwithafoodrescueprogram,andin2017,shefoundhertruecalling—whatshecalls“trashwalking”.Duringwalksaroundherneighborhood,Sacks,31,pickedthroughtrashtolookforreusableitems.Soonhertrashwalksexpandedtoincluderecyclingbinsinbigcompanies.Surprisingly,shediscoveredreallygreatstuff—likeclothingandfood—allofwhichshedocumentsonInstagramandTikTok.UnderthenameTheTrashWalker,Sacksquicklygainedpopularityforhereducational,funny,andsurprisingvideosthathighlighttheproblemswithconsumerismandshareinformationabouthowtoliveamoresustainablelifestyle.“Therootissueisoverproduction,whichleadstoover-consumption,whichleadstoalargeamountofwaste,”shesays.Sacksisoneofthemostinfluentialclimatechangeactivistsonsocialmediatoday.Thelessonfromhertrashwalkingisn’tjustthatweneedtoproducelessstuff.It’sthatweneedtostopthrowingperfectlygooditemsinthetrashtoo.WhatmotivatedAnnaSackstogetinvolvedinAdamah?Aself-helpbooksheread. Herjobatacommercialbank.C.Herdesireforameaningfullife. D.Thevolunteerexperienceshehad.25.WhatdidAnnaSacksfindimpressiveaboutAdamah?A.Fast-growingfoodoutput. B.Eco-friendlylivingpractices.C.Advancedfarmingtechniques. D.Variouswastemanagementmethods.26.WhydidAnnaSacksstarther“trashwalking”?A.Toimproveherlivingconditions. B.Togainpopularityonsocialmedia.C.Toadvertiseherfoodrescueprogram. D.Tohandlethedamagebyconsumerculture.27.Whatdoestheauthoradvocatetoreducewaste?A.Raisingpricesonproducts. B.Collectingsecond-handitems.C.Producinghigh-qualitygoods. D.Makingfulluseofproducts.CTryHard,butNotThatHard.Somanyofuswereraisedwiththebeliefofhardworkandmaxeffort,taughtthatwhatweputinwaswhatwegotout.Now,somecoachesandcorporateleadershaveanewmessage.Tryingtorunattopspeedwillactuallyleadtoslowerrunningtimes.Liftingheavyweightsuntilyouabsolutelycan’tanymorewon’tsparkmoremusclegainthanstoppingalittlesooner.Thetrick—beitinexercise,oranything—istotryfor85%.Aimingforperfectionoftenmakesusfeelawful,burnsusoutandbackfires.Instead,countthefactthatyouhiteightoutof10ofyourtargetsthisquarterasawin.“Ialreadymesseditup,”SherriPhillipswouldregretaftermissingoneofherdailypersonalgoals.

Lastyear,theCOOofaManhattanphotographybusinessbegantrackingmetricslikehersleepqualityandexercisetime.Itwasonlyaftersheswitchedtoaimingfor85%successoveraweekthatshestuckwithherefforts,insteadofgivingupwhenshemissedamark.

Dialinginonthesweetspotof85%canhelpusgrow.Ina2019paper,researchersusedmachinelearningtotrytofindtheidealdifficultyleveltolearnnewthings.Theneuralnetworktheycreated,meanttomimicthehumanbrain,learnedbestwhenitwasfacedwithqueries(疑问)setto85%difficulty,meaningitgotquestionsright85%ofthetime.Ifataskistoohard,humansgetdemotivated,saysBobWilson,anauthorofthestudy.“Ifyounevermakeanyerrors,you’re100%accurate,well,youcan’tlearnfromthemistakes.”RonShaich,afounderandformerCEOofrestaurantchainPanera,isskepticalofpeoplewhohit100%onsalestargets.Hewondersifthegoalsaretoolow.Theyshouldbeambitiousenoughthatyouwon’talwaysgetthere,hesays.Nowaninvestor,boardmemberandauthorofacomingbusinessbookthatstresses80%equalssuccess,Shaichisconvincedmostcompaniesdon’tevenhitthatnumber.Yearsago,asaconsultant,GraceUenglearnedthe“80-20rule.”Theideawastostoponceyouwere80%completeonaproject,shesays.Uengrecentlytookuppiano.Shepracticedforlonghoursandstillgrimacedwhensheperformedforhermusicgroup.Thenshestartedtacklingsmallchunksofapieceinsteadofrunningthroughthewholethingagainandagain.Beforearecentperformance,shereadabookandwenttochurchinsteadofputtinginextrahoursatthepiano.Whenitwastimetoperform,sheplayedwell—andactuallyenjoyedit.“Youhavetohavethewisdom,”shesays,“toknowwhentostop.”28.Whatisthemainmessageofthepassage?A.Maximumeffortiskeytosuccess.B.Strivingforperfectionleadstoburnout.C.Consistenthardworkguaranteessuccess.D.Properaimsandeffortenhanceperformance.29.AccordingtoRonShaich,whatdoesconsistentlyhitting100%targetssuggest?A.Exceptionalperformance.B.Perfectstrategicplanning.C.Goalsnotambitiousenough.D.Highlevelsofemployeemotivation.30.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A.BobWilsonthinks100%accuracygetspeoplefullofmotivation.B.SherriPhillipswouldnotregretanymoreaftertracking85%metrics.C.GraceUengfeltoptimisticaftersheplayedthepianoforalongtime.D.Researchersbelievetheideallearningwayistofacedifficultqueries.DCertainformsofAIareindeedbecomingubiquitous.Forexample,algorithms(算法)carryouthugevolumesoftradingonourfinancialmarkets,self-drivingcarsareappearingoncitystreets,andoursmartphonesaretranslatingfromonelanguageintoanother.Thesesystemsaresometimesfasterandmoreperceptivethanwehumansare.Butsofarthatisonlytrueforthespecifictasksforwhichthesystemshavebeendesigned.ThatissomethingthatsomeAIdevelopersarenoweagertochange.Someoftoday’sAIpioneerswanttomoveonfromtoday’sworldof“weak”or“narrow”AI,tocreate“strong”or“full”AI,orwhatisoftencalledartificialgeneralintelligence(AGI).Insomerespects,today’spowerfulcomputingmachinesalreadymakeourbrainslookweak.AGIcould,itsadvocatessay,workforusaroundtheclock,anddrawingonallavailabledata,couldsuggestsolutionstomanyproblems.DM,acompanyfocusedonthedevelopmentofAGI,hasanambitionto“solveintelligence”.“Ifwe’resuccessful,”theirmissionstatementreads,“webelievethiswillbeoneofthemostimportantandwidelybeneficialscientificadvancesevermade.”SincetheearlydaysofAI,imaginationhasoutpacedwhatispossibleorevenprobable.In1965,animaginativemathematiciancalledIrvingGoodpredictedtheeventualcreationofan“ultra-intelligentmachine…thatcanfarsurpassalltheintellectual(智力的)activitiesofanyman,howeverclever.”Goodwentontosuggestthat“thefirstultra-intelligentmachine”couldbe“thelastinventionthatmanneedevermake.”Fearsabouttheappearanceofbad,powerful,man-madeintelligentmachineshavebeenreinforced(强化)bymanyworksoffiction—MaryShelley’sFrankensteinandtheTerminatorfilmseries,forexample.ButifAIdoeseventuallyprovetobeourdownfall,itisunlikelytobeatthehandsofhuman-shapedformslikethese,withrecognizablyhumanmotivationssuchasaggression(敌对行为).Instead,IagreewithOxfordUniversityphilosopherNickBostrom,whobelievesthattheheaviestrisksfromAGIdonotcomefromadecisiontoturnagainstmankindbutratherfromadoggedpursuitofsetobjectivesattheexpenseofeverythingelse.ThepromiseanddangeroftrueAGIaregreat.Butalloftoday’sexciteddiscussionaboutthesepossibilitiespresupposesthefactthatwewillbeabletobuildthesesystems.And,havingspokentomanyoftheworld’sforemostAIresearchers,IbelievethereisgoodreasontodoubtthatwewillseeAGIanytimesoon,ifever.31.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“ubiquitous”inParagraph1probablymean?A.Stableinquality. B.Changeabledaily. C.Enormousinquantity. D.Presenteverywhere.32.WhatcouldAGIdoforus,accordingtoitssupporters?A.Helptosolveproblems. B.Makebrainsmoreactive.C.Benefitambitiouspeople. D.Setuppowerfuldatabases.33.AsforIrvingGood’sopiniononultra-intelligentmachines,theauthoris.A.supportive B.disapproving C.fearful D.uncertain34.WhatcanbeinferredaboutAGIfromthepassage?A.Itmaybeonlyadream.B.Itwillcomeintobeingsoon.C.Itwillbecontrolledbyhumans.D.Itmaybemoredangerousthanever.第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，共10分）根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。请在答题纸指定区域作答。How

to

bemoreresilient

(适应力强的)?,

to

resisttheshockwhenlifethrows

us

curveballhow

likely

we

are

to

crumble(崩溃)orthriveinthesesituations.36Adversesituationscantake

us

bysurprise.Intheworkplace,itcouldbeintheform

of

alayoff,thecompanyweworkforgoingunderorbeingrestructured,orevenmissingoutonapromotion.Failedfriendships

and

relationships,hardfinancialtimesand

evenloss

of

belovedones

are

thingsthatcanoccuroutside

of

work.

37Sohowcanwelearn

to

bemoreresilient?Luckily,therearesomestepsyoucantaketohelpyoubemoreresilientandadaptableinthefaceofadversity,accordingtoDrShahramHeshmat,professorofhealtheconomics.38

Resilientpeopleoften

have

anaim

and

are

able

to

concentratemoreonadesiredoutcome,seeingnegativesituationsasabumpintheroadontheway

to

achievingtheirgoal.Learning

to

relax

and

regulate

your

emotions

isanotherkeystep—oneway

to

helpis

to

practisebreathingexercises.Likewise,dwellingonthings

and

lettingthemget

to

you

cancause

you

to

bestressed.Soseedifficultiesmoreasanopportunity

to

learn

and

growemotionally.

39

Beingable

to

talkwithsomeoneaboutthechallengeswefacecanhelp.First,try

and

findameaningfulgoal.Thingsthathappeninlife

are

notalwayspleasant.Finally,makesure

you

have

agoodsocialsupportnetwork.However,takingafewsteps

to

bemoreresilientcanmakethemalittleeasier

to

getthrough.AQstandsforAdversityQuotient

and

measuresourability

to

dealwiththeups

and

downs

of

life.Beingable

to

handletheseroughtimesisimportantnotonlyinourpersonallives

but

inourprofessionallivestoo.Itcanalsobe

used

to

predictourattitudes,perseverance,longevity,

and

thewayswelearnfromchangesintheenvironment.第三部分书面表达(共两节，32分)第一节（共4小题；第40、41题各2分；第42题3分；第43题5分；共12分）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题纸指定区域作答。Robotshelpusinmanyways—fromassemblylinestolookingaftertheelderly.Nowthey’returningtheirattentiontocopingwithclimatechangebyhelpingtoplanttrees.MilremRobotics,anEstoniancompany,hasdevelopedanautonomousrobotforester.Thenewrobotforestercanplantahectareofforestinlessthansixhours.TheroboticplantersareequippedwithLidar(LightDetectionandRanging)whichuseslaserpulsestobuildupathree-dimensionalimageoftherobots’surroundingsandglobalpositioning(GPS)tonavigateprecisely.Thepositionofeachsaplingisrecordedinadatabaseasitisplanted,whichmeansthataspecializedbrushcutterversionoftherobotforestercanreducecompetitivegrowthwithoutharmingtheyoungtrees.Therobotforesterisdesignedforworkingincommercialforestsanditcouldbeusedtorestorenaturalforests,too.Deforestation(滥伐)contributes15%ofallglobalgreenhousegasemissions.Conservationistssay,“Welose10millionhectaresoftreeseveryyeartoagricultureandloggingandweneedtoplantatrilliontreestoreverseforestcoverlosstohelpslowdownclimatechange.”Amaturetreecancaptureanaverageof0.62metrictonsofcarbondioxideoveritslifetime—equivalenttothecarbonemissionsfromdrivingacar2,400kilometres.Treeplantingisjustoneofarangeofmeasuresneededtofightclimatechangeandscientistssayit’simportanttoplanttherighttreesintherightplaceforittobeeffective.Theseroboticplantersarejustoneofthemanynewsolutionsbeginningtosurfaceintimeforthedecadeofdeliveryonclimatechange.Wecandoalottohelpinourdailylife.40.Whatcantherobotforesterdo?41.Accordingtoconservationists,howcanwehelpslowdownclimatechange?42.Pleasedecidewhichpartisfalseinthefollowingstatement,thenunderlineitandexplainwhy.MilremRoboticsdesignedtherobotforesterstohelpspeedupdeforestation.43.Whatelsecanyoudoinyourdailylifetohelpslowclimatechange?(Inabout40words)第二节（20分）假设你是高二（1）班学生李华，你校英语协会招聘志愿者，接待来访的国外中学生。请你写信应聘，内容包括：应聘目的；应聘理由。注意：1．

词数100左右；2．

信的开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。DearSir/Madam,______________________________________________________________________________________________