胡壮麟语言学教程5版期末考研题

1章练习题

I.Fillintheblanks.

1.Arbitrarinessoflanguagemakesitpotentiallycreative,andoflanguagemakeslearningalanguagelaborious.

Forlearnersofaforeignlanguage,itisthisfeatureoflanguagethatismoreworthnoticingthanitsarbitrariness.（大连

外国语学院2008研）

【答案】Conventionality

【解析】语言学习过程中学习者必须识记一些固定搭配或约定俗成的习语谚语等，因此使得语言学习比较费力。

2InSaussure'sview,therelationshipbetweensignifier（soundimage）andsignified（concept）is.（北二外2005

研）

【答案】Arbitrary

【解析】索绪尔认为符号的形式或声音与其意义之间没有逻辑联系，所以两者之间的关系是任意的。

3Humanlanguageisarbitrary.Thisreferstothefactthatthereisnologicalorintrinsicconnectionbetweenaparticular

soundandtheitisassociatedwith.（人大2007研）

【答案】Meaning

【解析】参见第2题解析。

4Thefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguagescanbecalledfeatures.（北二夕卜2006研）

【答案】Design

【解析】人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点是语言的区别特征，是人类语言特有的特征。

5Humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent（intimeandspace）

atthemomentofcommunication.Thisqualityislabeledas.（北二夕卜2007研）

【答案】Displacement

【解析】移位性是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、事件和观点。

6Byismeantthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposed

ofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.（北二夕卜2005研）

【答案】duality

【解析】双重性是指拥有两层结构的这种属性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层都有自身的组合规则。

7Hallidayproposesatheoryofmetafunctionsoflanguage,thatis,languagehas,interpersonalandtextual

functions.（中山大学2008研）

【答案】ideational

【解析】韩理德将儿童的语言功能范围逐渐缩小，简化成为一套高度符号化和抽象化的功能：概念、人际、语篇

功能。

8Ourlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself.Thisisthefunctionoflanguage.（中山大学2005研）

【答案】metalingual

【解析】语言的元语言功能是指语言可以用来讨论语言本身。

9functionisrealizedbymoodandmodality.（中山大学2006研）

【答案】Interpersonal

【解析】人际功能通过语气情态实现。

10referstotherolelanguageplaysincommunication（e.g.toexpressideas,attitudes）orinparticularsocial

situations（e.g.Religious,legal）.（北二夕卜2016研）

【答案】Function

【解析】本题考查语言学中对“语言的功能”的定义。功能指的是语言在沟通中（例如表达观点、态度）或在特定

社交场合（如宗教、法律）中所起的作用。

ILSomesentencesdonotdescribethings.Theycannotbesaidtobetrueorfalse.Theutteranceofthesesentencesisor

isapartofthedoingofanaction.Theyarecalled.（大连夕卜国语学院2008研）

【答案】Performative

【解析】施为句是用来做事的，既不陈述事实，也不描述情况，且不能验证其真假。

12Whenlanguageisusedforestablishinganatmosphereormaintainingsocialcontactratherthanexchanging

informationorideas,itsfunctionisfunction.（北二夕卜2005研）

【答案】phatic

【解析】寒暄功能是指那些有助于确立和维持人际关系的表达，例如俚语、玩笑、行话、礼节性的问候、社会方

言或地域方言的转用等。

13Linguisticsisusuallydefinedasthestudyoflanguage.（」匕二夕卜2003研）

【答案】scientific

【解析】语言学通常被定义为研究科学的语言，或对语言的科学研究

14Thebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthesoundpattemsofalanguageiscalled.（北二夕卜2003研）

【答案】phonology

【解析】音系学研究支配语音分布和排列的规则以及音节的形式。

15Thebranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsiscalled.（北二夕卜2004研）

【答案】morphology

【解析】形态学研究词语的内部结构组织。

16mainlystudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classification

andtranscriplion.（北二外2005研）

【答案】Phonetics

【解析】语音学研究语音，以及语音的描写和分类。

17Semanticsandinvestigatedifferentaspectsoflinguisticmeaning.（W匕二夕卜2007研）

【答案】pragmatics

【解析】语义学研究词作为词的意义，语用学是在语境中研究意义。

18Inlinguistics,referstothestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesina

language,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationassentence.（中山大学2008研）

【答案】syntax

【解析】句法学研究形成正确句子的规则。

19canbedefinedasthestudyoflanguageinuse.Sociolinguistics,ontheotherhand,attemptstoshowthe

relationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.

【答案】Pragmatics

【解析】语用学是在语境中研究意义。

2）Thebranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofsentenceiscalled.（J匕二夕卜2008研）

【答案】syntax

【解析】句法学研究语言中组合成句子的支配规则，或简单地说，研究句子的构造。

2LPsycholinguisticsisconcernedprimarilywithinvestigatingthepsychologicaloflinguisticstructures.（中山大

学2006研）

【答案】reality

【解析】心理语言学研究语言与意识之间的联系，实质就是心理活动与语言结构之间的关系。

22Saussuredistinguishedthelinguisticcompetenceofthespeakerandtheactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics

（utterances）asand.Theformerreferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofa

speechcommunity,andthelatteristheconcretemanifestationoflanguageeitherthroughspeechorthroughwriting.

（人大2006研）

【答案】langue:parole

【解析】语言指一个语言集团的所有成员共享的抽象语言系统，言语是指语言在实际使用中的实现。

25grammarsattempttotellwhatisinthelanguage,whilegrammarstellpeoplewhatshouldbeinthe

language.Mostcontemporarylinguistsbelievethatwhateveroccursnaturallyinthelanguageshouldbedescribed.

（人大2006研）

【答案】descriptive;prescriptive

【解析】描述性语言记录语言共同体的成员所遵循的规则，规定式的语言学目的在于为正确使用语言定下各种规

则。

21Oneoftheimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsisandperformance.（人大2006研）

【答案】competence

【解析1语言能力指理想的语言使用者关于语言规则的语言知识，语言应用指语言交际中关于语言规则知识的实

际使用。

KAnapproachinlinguisticstudywhichattemptstolaydownnilesofcorrectnessastohowlanguageshouldbeusedis

.（北二外2008研）

【答案】prescriptive

【解析】规定式的语言学目的在于为正确使用语言定下各种规则。

由Chomskyinitiatedthedistinctionbetweenandperformances.（北二夕卜2007研）

【答案】competence

【解析】乔姆斯基提出了语言能力和语言应用的根本区别。

2ZBy,wemeanlanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness.（北二夕卜2013研）

【答案】creativity

【解析】本题考查语言的定义特征中的创造性。创造性指语言的能产性，它能够使人造出和理解无穷的长句，其

中很多句子是以前从未听过的。

25TheideaofwasfirstdevelopedbyRomanJacobson（1896-1982）inthe1940sasameansofworkingouta

setofphonologicalcontrastsoroppositionstocaptureparticularaspectsoflanguagesounds.（lil^^2011年研）

【答案】distinctivefeatures

【解析】区别性特征第一次由RomanJacobson提出。

3Theorythatprimitivemanmadeinvoluntaryvocalnoiseswhileperformingheavyworkhasbeencalledthe

theory.

【答案】yo-he-ho

【解析】语言的起源有“汪汪”理论，“噗噗”理论和“哟嘿吼”理论。“哟嘿吼”理论语言起源于原始人共同劳动时

发出的有节奏的哼哟声。

23Modemlinguisticisinthesensethatthelinguisttriestodiscoverwhatlanguageisratherthanlaydownsome

rulesforpeopletoobserve.

【答案】descriptive

【解析】把语言说成描述性的科学是说语言学家试图发现和记录一语言共同体的成员所遵循的规则，并不是强加

给他们其他规则或正确的标准c

3LThedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisastudy.

【答案】diachroniclinguistic

【解析】历时语言学集中研究几卜年或几百年的时期内两个或比两个更多的语言状况的差异。

32LinguisticpotentialissimilartoSaussure'slangueandChomsky's.

【答案】competence

【解析】索绪尔的语言与乔姆斯基的语言能力相似，因为二者都指抽象的语言知识，不是实际使用中的语言。

31Oneoftheimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsisandparole.TheformeristheFrenchword

for-languageII,whichistheabstractknowledgenecessaryforspeaking,listening,writingandreading.Thelatteris

concernedabouttheactualuseoflanguagebypeopleinspeechorwriting.Paroleismorevariableandmaychange

accordingtocontextualfactors.

【答案】langue

【解析】索绪尔用语言和言语来区分说话者的语言能力和言语上（表达的）的实际表现或语料。

II.MultipleChoice

1.WhichofthefollowingisNOTafrequentlydiscusseddesignfeature?（大连外国语学院2008研）

A.Arbitrariness

B.Convention

C.Duality

【答案】B

【解析】语言的区别性特征主要是指任意性，双重性，创造性和移位性。

2.Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?（西安交通大学2008研）

A.tree

B.crash

C.typewriter

D.bang

【答案】A

【解析】crash是一个缩略语，lypewriler是复合词，bang是拟声词，所以只有tree的形成比较任意。

3.Bywemeanlanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdu<dityandrecursiveness.（西安夕卜国语学院2006研）

A.arbitrariness

B.duality

C.creativity

D.displacement

【答案】C

【解析】创造性指语言的能产性，它能够使人造出和理解无穷的长句，其中很多句子是以前从未听过的。

4.Whenlanguageisusedtogetinformationfromothers,itservesanfunction.（d匕二夕卜2003研）

Ainformative

B.directive

C.interrogative

【答案】C

【解析】疑问功能是指以语言为媒介探求信息，一般用于疑问句中。信息功能是指语言用来陈述某件事情，提供

信息或用作推理。信息功能是语言最重要的功能，一般出现在陈述句中。

5.ThefunctionsoflanguagedoNOTinclude.（大连外国语学院2008研）

A.informativefunction

B.interpersonalfunction

C.metacognitivefunction

【答案】C

【解析】语言的主要功能包括信息功能，人际功能，施为功能，感情功能，寒暄功能，元语言功能和娱乐功能。

6.Thestudyofphysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeechiscloselyconnectedwith.（大连夕卜国语学院

2008研）

Aarticulatoryphonetics

B.acousticphonetics

C.auditoryphonetics

【答案】B

【解析】声学语音学研究语音的物质特征。

7.Whichofthefollowingisamainbranchoflinguistics?（大连外国语学院2008研）

A.Macrolinguistics

B.Psycholinguistics

C.Sociolinguistics

【答案】A

【解析】语言学主要分为宏观语言学和微观语言学，宏观语言学又包括社会语言学，心理语言学和人类语言学。

8.Saussureiscloselyconnectedwith.（大连外国语学院2008研）

A.Langue

B.Competence

C.Etic

【答案】A

【解析】索绪尔提出了言语与语言，乔姆斯基提出了语言能力与语言应用。

9.Saussuretooka（n）viewoflanguage,whileChomskylooksatlanguagefromapointofview.（西安交通大学

2008研）

A.sociological...psychological

B.psychological...sociological

C.applied...pragmatic

D.semantic...linguistic

【答案】A

【解析】索绪尔的语言指语言社团中的语言，所以是从社会的角度研究语言。乔姆斯基是从使用者本身掌握的语

言知识研究语言，是从心理角度研究语言。

10.AccordingtoF.deSaussure,referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeech

community.（西安交通大学2008研）

Aparole

B.performance

Clangue

D.Language

【答案】c

【解析】参见第9题解析。

11.referstothesystemofalanguage,i.e.thearrangementofsoundsandwordswhichspeakersofalanguage

haveasharedknowledgeof.（西安外国语学院2006研）

A.Langue

B.Competence

C.Communicativecompetence

D.Linguisticpotential

【答案】A

r解析】语言指一个言语社团所有成员共享的抽象语言系统。

12.Theactualproductionandcomprehensionofthespeechbyspeakersofalanguageiscalled.（北二夕卜2010

研）

A.grammarrules

B.competence

C.performance

D.languagedevice

【答案】C

【解析】语言应用指在语言交际中关于语言规则知识的实际使用。

13.Thestudyoflanguageatonepointintimeisastudy.（北二夕卜2010研）

A.historical

B.synchronic

C.descriptive

D.diachronic

【答案】B

【解析】在某一时间点上对语言的描写是一种共时研究。

14.WhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofJacobson'sframeworkoflanguagefunctions?

A.Thereferentialfunctionistoindulgeinlanguageforitsownsake.

B.Theemotivefunctionistoconveymessageandinformation.

C.Theconativefunctionistoclearupintentions,wordsandmeanings.

D.Thephaticfunctionistoestablishcommunionwithothers.

【答案】D

【解析】所指功能是指用语言来传达信息，情感功能是表达一种态度，感受；意动功能是通过命令和恳求说服影

响他人。

15.—AnrefertoConfuciuseventhoughhewasdead2,000yearsago.IIThisshowsthatlanguagehasthedesignfeature

of.

A.arbitrariness

B.creativity

C.duality

D.displacement

【答案】D

【解析】移位性是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、事件和观点。

16.Thefunctionofthesentence-Waterboilsat100degreeCentigradeIIis____.

A.interrogative

B.directive

C.informative

D.performative

【答案】C

【解析】语言的信息功能是指语言用来陈述某件事情，提供信息或用作推理。

III.TrueorFalse

LItisconclusivethatChineseisregardedastheprimevallanguage.（清华2000研）

【答案】F

【解析】汉语是经过长期发展而来的高级语言而不是一种原始语言。

2Whereverhumansexist,languageexists.（对夕卜经贸2006研）

【答案】F

【解析】语言是在人类出现相当一段时间之后才出现的。

3AccordingtoSaussure,therelationbetweenthesignifiedandthesignifierisarbitrary.（大连夕卜国语学院2008研）

【答案】T

【解析】索绪尔认为语言符号的形式与意义没有天然联系，两者之间的联系是任意的。

4ThefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguagescanbecalledDESIGNFEATURES.（大连夕卜国语学院2008研）

【答案】T

【解析】能定义人类语言的特点就是语言的基本特征。

5Onomatopoeicwordscanshowthearbitrarynatureoflanguage.（清华2000研）

【答案】F

【解析】拟声词表明语言并不是完全任意的，一些拟声词的发音与其意义还是有一定联系的。

6Thebow-wowtheoryisatheoryontheoriginoflanguage.（大连外国语学院2008研）

【答案】T

【解析】语言的起源包括“汪汪”，“噗噗”等理论。

7Whenlanguageisusedtogetinformationfromothers,itservesaninformativefunction.（，青华2001研）

【答案】F

【解析】语言是用来陈述某件事情，提供信息或用作推理，信息功能是语言最重要的功能，一般出现在陈述句中。

8Historicallinguisticsequalstothestudyofsynchronicstudy.

【答案】F

【解析】历史语言学相当于历时研究。

QDualityisoneofthecharacteristicsofhumanlanguage.Itreferstothefactthatlanguagehastwolevelsofstructures:

thesystemofsoundsandthesystemofmeanings.

【答案】T

【解析】二重性是人类语言的一个基本特征，因为语言有两层结构：声音系统和意义系统。

K）Prescriptivelinguisticsismorepopularthandescriptivelinguistics,becauseitcantellushowtospeakcorrectlanguage.

【答案】F

【解析】描写式和规定式的语言学是分析语言的两种不同的方法，不能简单的说谁好谁坏之说。

IV.Explainthefollowingterms.

1.Displacement（南开大学2010研；清华2001研）

【答案】Displacement:Languagecanbeusedtorefertowhatispresent,whatisabsent,whathappensatpresent,what

happenedinthepast,whatwillhappeninthefutureorwhathappensinafar-awayplace.Thispropertyoflanguage

enableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace.Forexample,wecantalkaboutSapir,whois

alreadydead;wecaneventalkaboutnextweek,whichisinthefuture.

2.Duality（北二外2010研；南开大学2010研;西安交通大学2008研）

（答案】Dualityreferstothefactthatinalllanguagessofarinvestigatedtherearetwolevelsofstructureorpatterning.

Atthefirst,higherlevel,languageisanalyzedintermsofcombinationsofmeaningfulunits（suchasmorphemes,words

etc.）;atthesecond,lowerlevel,itisseenasasequenceofsegmentswhichlackanymeaninginthemselves,butwhich

combinetoformunitsofmeaning.Forexample,asyllableisthesmallestunitthatisnormallyspokenbyitself,and

scoresofsyllablesbecomethecarriersofhundredsofmeaningfulsegmentsofwordsthatarecalledmorphemes.

3.Arbitrariness（四川大学2006研）

【答案】Arbitrariness:Arbitrarinessreferstothefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignshavenonaturalrelationshipto

theirmeaning.Arbitrarinessoflanguagemakesitpotentiallycreative,aconventionalityoflanguagemakesalanguage

bepassedfromgenerationtogeneration.Forexample,itisunabletoexplainwhyabookiscalleda/buk/andapena

/pen/.

4.Phaticfunction（communion）（武汉大学2005研）

【答案】Phaticfunction:Thephaticfunctionoflanguagereferstotheuseofthelanguagewhichoftenconsistsofsmall,

seeminglymeaninglessexpressionlorsettingupacertainatmosphereormaintainingsocialcontactsratherthanfor

exchanginginfomiationorideas.Forexample,greetings,farewells,andcommentsontheweatherinEnglishcouldserve

thisfunction.

V.Shortanswerquestions

1.Whatisthedirectivefunction?（西安交大2008研）

【答案】Directivefunctionisoneoffunctionsoflanguage.Languageisusedtogetthehearertodosomething.Most

imperativesentencesareofthisfunction.Forexample,thesentence-Closeyourbookandlistentome

carefully!IIperformsadirectivefunction.Othersyntacticstructuresorsentencesofothersortscan,accordingtoJ.

AustinandJ.Searle's-IndirectspeechacttheoryIIatleast,servethepurposeofdirectiontoo,e.g.,-IfIwereyou

Iwouldhaveblushedtothebottomofmyears!II

2.Howwell,inyouropinion,doestheword-communicationIIrepresentthefunctionofhumanlanguage?（北二夕卜2008

研）

【答案】Weuselanguageforanalmostinfinitenumberofpurposes,fromwritingletterstogossipingwithourfriends,

makingspeechesandtalkingtoourselvesintheinirror.Buttheprimaryfunctionoflanguageistotransmitinformation

andtoconveycommands,feelingsandemotions.Thatis,languageisatoolofcommunication.Theterm

-communicationIIcanbeusedtocovermuchofthefunctionoflanguage.Thisfunctioncanbefurtherdividedinto

morespecificfunctions,suchasphaticfunction/communion,directivefunction,informativefunction,interrogative

function,expressivefunction,evocativefunction,performativefunctionetc.

3.Brieflyexplainwhatphoneticsandphonologyareconcernedwithandwhatkindofrelationshipsholdbetweenthetwo.

（北外2002研）

【答案】Bydefinition,phoneticsisthestudyofspeechsounds,includingtheproductionofspeech,whilephonologyis

thestudyoftherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.

Bothphoneticsandphonologyareconcernedwithspeech.Phoneticsisthestudyoftheproduction,perception,and

physicalpropertiesofspeechsounds;phonologyattemptstoaccountforhowtheyarecombined,organized,andconvey

meaninginparticularlanguages.Phoneticsisthestudyofactualsounds,thatis,theanalysisandmodelingthespeech

signal;phonologyisconcernedwithamoreabstractdescriptionofspeechsoundsandtriestodescribetheregularitiesof

soundpatternsindifferentlanguagesorwithinalanguage.Inthissense,phoneticsisconcrete,whilephonologyis

abstract.Whatphoneticsstudiesisthespeechsound,namelyphone,whatphonologystudiesisphoneme.

4.Whatmakeslanguageuniquetohumanbeings?（北航2010研）

【答案】

Thedesignfeaturesoflanguagewhichrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagetellthedifference

betweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunication.

Arbitrarinessisacorefeatureoflanguage,whichmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsand

sounds.Duality,whichmeansthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelare

composedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.Creativity

meanslanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness.Becauseofdualitythespeakerisableto

combinethebasiclinguisticunitestoformaninfinitesetofsentences,mostofwhichareneverheardbefore.

Displacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmatters,

inthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Soallthesefeaturesmakelanguageuniquetohumanbeings.

5.Whatarethemajordifferencesbetweenphonologyandphonetics?（西安交通大学2008研）

【答案】Phoneticsstudiesspeechsounds,includingtheproductionofspeech,thatishowspeechsoundsareactually

made,transmittedandreceived,thesoundsofspeech,thedescriptionandclassificationofspeechsounds,wordsand

connectedspeech,etc.Phonologystudiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeech

soundsandtheshapeofsyllables.Putitsimply,phoneticssimplydescribesthearticulatoryandacousticpropertiesof

phones（speechsounds）whilephonologystudieshowsoundsinteractasasysteminaparticularlanguage.

6.Whydopeopletakedualityasoneoftheimportantdesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?Canyoutelluswhatlanguage

willbeifithasnosuchdesignfeature?（南开大学2004研）

【答案】

Dualitymakesourlanguageproductive.Alargenumberofdifferentunitscanbeformedoutofasmallnumberof

elements—forinstance,tensofthousandsofwordsoutofasmallsetofsounds.Andoutofthehugenumberofwords,

therecanbeastronomicalnumberofpossiblesentencesandphrases,whichinturncancombinetoformunlimited

numberoftexts.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemsdonothavethisdesignfeatureofhumanlanguage.

Iflanguagehadnosuchdesignfeature,thenitwouldbelikeanimalcommunicationalsystemwhichconsistsofonly

anumberofbasicsoundsandthiswouldbehighlylimited.Thenwewouldnotbeabletoproduceaverylargenumberof

soundcombinations（e.g.words）,whicharedistinctinmeaning.Inotherwords,thenumberofmessagesonecansend

wouldberestrictedtothenumberofbasicsounds.

7.Whydowesaylinguisticsisascience?（北外2011研）

【答案】

Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Ittriestoanswerthebasicquestions-Whatis

language?IIand-Howdoeslanguagework?IILinguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,e.g.English,

Chinese,Arabic,andLatin,butitstudieslanguagesingeneral.Itisascientificstudybecauseitisbasedonthesystematic

investigationoflinguisticdata,conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure.Inorderto

discoverthenatureandrulesoftheunderlyinglanguagesystem,whatthelinguisthastodofirstistocollectandobserve

languagefacts,whicharefoundtodisplaysomesimilarities,andgeneralizationsaremadeaboutthem;thenhe

formulatessomehypothesesaboutthelanguagestructure.Butthehypothesesthusformedhavetobecheckedrepeatedly

againsttheobservedfactstofullyprovetheirvalidity.Inlinguistics,asinanyotherdiscipline,dataandtheorystandina

dialecticalcomplementation;thatis,atheorywithoutthesupportofdatacanhardlyclaimvalidity,anddatawithout

beingexplainedbysometheoryremainamuddledmassofthings.

(此题考查语言学作为一门学科其科学性，为开放性试题，从其研究内容及方法角度作答即可。)

8.Oneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguageiscreativity.Whatisit?Andwhatmakesitpossible?

【答案】

Thecreativityoflanguagemeansthatuserscanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.

Creativityisapropertyuniquetohumanlanguage.Itisoneofdesignfeaturesthatonlyhumanlanguagehas.

Humanlanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness.Thespeakerisabletocombinethebasic

linguisticunitstoFormallinfinitesetsofsentences,mostofwhichareneverbeforeproducedorheard.Thefhclthat

humanlanguageisrecursivecouldbeshowninthatwordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthings,andcanbe

instantlyunderstoodbypeoplewhohavenevercomeacrossthatwordbefore.Forexample,Icouldmakeasentencelike

Theoldladywhoiswaitingforthegirlwhoistalkingtotheboywhoisplayingwithabasketballismygrandma.

Recursivenessalsoincludescoordinationandsubordination,conjoiningandembedding,hypotacticandparatactic,

recursiveness,togetherwithopenness,isgenerallyregardedasthecoreofcreativityoflanguage.

9.Explainthecharacteristicofarbitrariness.Whataretherelationshipsbetweenarbitrariness&onomatopoeicwordsand

arbitrarinessconvention?

［答案】Arbitrarinessreferstothefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.

Onomatopoeicwordsarethewordsthatsoundlikethesoundstheydescribe.Onlywhenpeopleknowthemeaningcan

theyinterthatthelinguisticsignisappropriatefortheexactsound.Arbitrarinessoflanguagemakesitpotentiallycreative,

andconventionalityoflanguagemakesalanguagebepassedfromgenerationtogeneration.

VI.Essayquestions

1.Whatarethesevenfunctionsofhumanlanguage?(人大2006研)

【答案】

AccordingtoHuZhuanglin,languagehasatleastsevenfunctions,andtheyareillustratedasfollows:

(1)Informativefunction.Itmeansthatlanguageistheinstrumentofthoughtandlanguageservesaninfbnnational

functionwhenusedtotellsomething.Ilisalsocalledideationalfunctionintheframeworkoffunctionalgrammar.

Thedeclarativesentencessuchas-Thisisabook.IIarethetypicalillustrationofthisfunction.

(2)Interpersonalfunction.Theinterpersonalfunctionmeanspeoplecanuselanguagetoestablishandmaintaintheir

statusinasociety.Itisthemostimportantsociologicaluseoflanguage.Intheframeworkoffunctionalgrammar,

thisfunctionisconcernedwithinteractionbetweentheaddresserandaddresseeinthediscoursesituationandthe

addresser'sattitudetowardwhathespeaksorwritesabout.Forexample,thewaysinwhichpeopleaddressothers

andrefertothemselves(suchasDearSir,DearProfessor,Johnny,yours,yourobedientservant)indicatethe

variousgradesofinterpersonalrelations.

(3)Performativefunction.Theperformativefunctionoflanguageisprimarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersons,

asinmarriageceremonies,thesentencingofcriminals,theblessingofchildren,thenamingofashipata

launchingceremony,andthecursingofenemies.Thekindoflanguageemployedinperformativeverbalactsis

usucdlyquiteformalandevenritualized.Theperformativefunctioncanextendtothecontrolofrealityason

somemagicalorreligiousoccasions.Forexample,inChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplate,thehost

orthepeoplepresentarelikelytosaysuisuipingan(everyyearbesafeandhappy)asameansofcontrolling

theforceswhichthebelieversfeelmightaffecttheirlives.

(4)Emotivefunction.Theemotivefunctionisoneofthemostpowerfulusesoflanguagebecauseitissocrucialin

changingtheemotionalstatusofanaudiencefororagainstsomeoneorsomething.Itisameansofgettingridof

thenervousenergywhenpeopleareunderstress,forexample,swearwords,obscenities,involuntaryverbal

reactionstobeautifulartorscenery;conventionalwords/phrases,lorexample,God,My,Damnit.Wow,Ugh,Ow,

etc.

(5)Phaticcommunion.Thephaticcommunionreferstothesocialinteractionoflanguage.Peoplealwaysusesome

small,seeminglymeaninglessexpressionssuchasGoodmorning,Godblessyou,Niceday,etc.,tomaintaina

comfortablerelationshipbetweenpeoplewithoutanyfactualcontent.

(6)Recreationalfunction.Therecreationalfunctionmeanspeopleuselanguageforthesheerjoyofusingit,suchas

ababy'sbabblingorachanter'schanting.

(7)Metalingualfunction.Themetalingualfunctionreferstothefactthatpeoplecanuselanguagetotalkaboutitself.

Forexample,Icanusetheword-bookIItotalkaboutabook,andIcanalsousetheexpression-theword

bookIItotalkaboutthesign-b-o-o-kIIitself.

2.Isitpossibletoseparatesemanticsandpragmatics?Whyorwhynot?Whataretheimplicationsofyouranswerfor

secondlanguageteaching?(北外2005研)

【答案】

Thoughbothsemanticsandpragmaticshavetodowiththemeaningoflanguage,andlinklanguagetotheworld,we

thinkitispossibletoseparatesemanticsandpragmaticsinlinguisticstudy.Semanticsisthestudyofliteralmeaningof

linguisticexpressions,particularlymeaningofwords,phrasesandsentences.Inusingthetermsenseratherthan

reference,thefocusofsemanticsisonthewaypeoplerelatewordstoeachotherwithintheframeworkoftheirlanguage.

Pragmaticsstartsfromtheobservationthatpeopleuselanguagetoaccomplishmanykindsofacts,broadlyknownas

speechactstliusitisthestudyofhowtodothingswithwordsorofthemeaningoflanguageincontext.