英语词汇学教程（第四版）课件：Meaning

WordMeaning5.1TheMeaningsof‘meaning’Meaningisreference.Whatisreference?5.1.1.Referencecat/kæt/train/trein/referencereferentreferencereferent所指对象所指关系5.1.1.ReferenceReferenceistheconnectionbetweenwordformandwhattheformreferstointheworld.Referenceistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheworld.Meaningisconcept.Whatisconcept?5.1.1.Referenceconcepttrain/trein/referencereferent1235.1.2ConceptConceptistheresultofhumancognition.Conceptisbeyondlanguage.认知5.1.2Conceptwoman妇女Fraufemmeconceptlanguage5.1.2ConceptConceptisuniversaltoallmanalikeregardlessofculture,race,language.不管5.1.2Concept多

conceptmuch

manyalot plentyalargenumber/quantity/amount….

Meaningissense.

Whatissense?5.1.3.SenseSenseismeaningofawordwithinthelanguage.5.1.3.SenseEverywordthathasmeaninghassense,butnotreference.

probable,nearly,and,if,but,yesTask1Blank-fillingThreetypesRelationshipwithlanguageMeaningbeyondconnectedwithinsenseconceptreferenceTask1BlankfillingThreetypesRelationshipwithreferenceconnectedlanguageconceptbeyondsensewithinMeaning=beyondconnectedwithinsenseconceptreference5.1.3.SenseDifference:Referenceisconnectedwithlanguage.Concept

isbeyondlanguage.Sense

iswithinthelanguage.Motivation

Whatismotivation？

5.2MotivationMotivation

explainstheconnectionbetweentheword

anditsmeaning.

Fourtypes：

OnomatopoeicMotivation

MorphologicalM SemanticM EtymologicalM

5.2MotivationOnomatopoeicMotivation/

ɔnə

mætə`pi:k/5.2MotivationThesoundofawordsuggestsitsmeaning.=onomatopeicwordsTwotypesofonomatopeicwords1.Primaryonomatopoeia2.Secondaryonomatopoeia1.OnomatopoeicMotivation1.OnomatopoeicMotivation1.

Primaryonomatopoeia

bowwow hahahaping-pong miaowcuckoo tick-tuck1.OnomatopoeicMotivation2.

Secondaryonomatopoeia

cock—crow

duck—quack

dog—bark

Thesewordsarepartiallysymbolic.MorphologicalMotivation2.MorphologicalMotivationExamples:airmail:mailbyairreading-lamp:lampforreadingminiskirt:smallskirtThemorphologicalform

suggeststhemeaningofaword.2.MorphologicalMotivationBUTblackmail讹诈≠mailblackincolourgreenhand新手≠handgreenincolourTheyarenotmorphologicallymotivated.SemanticMotivation3.SemanticMotivationExamples:

thetongueofthebell themouthoftheriver

Theliteralmeaningsuggestsitsfigurativemeaning.Similarity相似性mouthEtymo'logicalMotivation词源Examples:pen=feather→quillpen→writingtool笔=bamboo+hair→writingtoolThe

origin

ofawordsuggestsitsmeaning.Task2MatchingOnomatopoeicMminibusfoot(ofthehill)MorphologicalMbantingquackSemanticMeye(ofneedle)dogearEtymologicalMe-eraticktuckTypesofMeaning5.3TypesofMeaningWord-meaningfallsintodifferenttypesbasedontheircharacteristics.5.3.1Grammatical&LexicalMeaninggrammaticalmeaningword-meaninglexicalmeaning

Task3Workoutgrammaticalmeaning.

book,bookseat,

ate,haveeaten,iseatinghappy,happier,happiestmuchwater,manyflowers

solvetheproblem,workontheproblemTask3Workoutgrammaticalmeaning.book,booksate,haveeaten,iseating

happy,happier,happiest

muchwater,manyflowers

solvetheproblem,workontheproblemsingular,pluraltensecomparativedegree,superlativedegreeuncountable,countabletransitive,intransitive5.3.1GrammaticalmeaningGrammaticalmeaningrefersto

grammaticalconceptsorrelationships.Therestofthewordmeaningislexicalmeaning.5.3.1GrammaticalMeaningCharacteristicsofgrammaticalmeaning:1. Differentwords,whichhavedifferent lexicalmeanings,canhavethesame grammaticalmeaning:

tables,men,oxen,potatoes

5.3.1GrammaticalMeaning2. Thesamewordmayhavedifferent grammaticalmeaning:

forget,forgets,forgot,forgotten, forgetting5.3.1LexicalMeaningconceptualmeaning(CM)lexicalMassociativemeaning(AM)5.3.2Conceptual&associativemeaningconceptualmeaning（概念意义）(denotativemeaning)meaninggiveninthedictionarycoreofword-meaning5.3.2Conceptual&associativemeaningas`sociativemeaning（联想意义）/ə`səuʃiətiv/[BrE]/ə`səuʃieitiv/[AmE]associations

suggestedbytheconceptualmeaning5.3.2Conceptual&associativemeaningCompare:

CM AMbasicsupplementary（附加）universalcontextualstablechangingAssociativemeaningmaychangeaccordingtocontextualfactorssuchas:

socialbackground,rolerelationship,culture,age,time….5.3.2Associativemeaning

connotativeM（内涵） stylisticM （文体）affectiveM（情感）

collocativeM（搭配）associativeM5.3.2Associativemeaning1.Con`notativemeaningovertones（言外之意）orassociations

‖connotations（内涵意义）5.3.2AssociativemeaningExample:龙=dragon

Chinese Western

Chinesearethedescendantsofthedragon.violencepowermonsterprosperitygoodfortuneroyaltykillingdeath5.3.2AssociativemeaningBeaman.=maleadult?

strength decisiveness果断，坚定 wisdom智慧 courageetc.Task4Identifythemeaningofeachredword.Boys1areboys2.Inthoseharddays,men1werereallymen2.Task4Identifythemeaningofeachredword.Boys1areboys2.

Inthewest，men1aremen2.boys1conceptual:youngmaleboys2connotative:naughty,disobedient不听话men1conceptual：maleadultmen2connotative:brave,adventurous富有冒险精神5.3.2Associativemeaning2.StylisticmeaningThestylisticmeaningofawordisitsstylisticfeature:formal,informal,neutral.

room chamberfinish complete send dispatch

neutralformal5.3.2AssociativemeaningMartinJoos’fivescales:

frozen拘谨体formal正式体consultative会话体casual随便体intimate

亲密体formalneutralinformal5.3.2Associativemeaninghorse

charger frozen

steed formal

horse consultative

nag casual

plug intimate5.3.2Associativemeaningpappa,daddy亲密，儿语

pa,dad亲密，随便

father协商，较正式

maleparent拘谨，学术

governor俚语5.3.2Associativemeaning3.AffectivemeaningAffectivemeaningindicatesthespeaker’sattitude.Thismeaningcanbeimplicit暗orexplicit明.love,hate,anger,happy（explicit)5.3.2Associativemeaningappreciative pejorativefamous notoriousdetermined stubbornslim/slender skinny/bony/skeletal5.3.2Associativemeaning4.CollocativemeaningThepartoftheword-meaningisreflectedinthecollocation.5.3.2Conceptualand associativemeaningExamples:greenonthejob (inexperienced)greenfruit (unripe)greenwithenvy (jealous)green-eyedmonster (greencolour)5.3.2Conceptualand associativemeaning

handsomewoman/man

beautifulwoman/girl/*man

pretty/*handsomelittlegirlTask5Tellthedifference.

finish completeslender skinnyresolute stubbornmother mummystylisticaffectiveaffectivestylisticTask6Tellthedifferenceinmeaning.

greenfruit

greenhand

greengrasscollocativenotripeinexperiencedgreencolour

ComponentialAnalysis

5.4 ComponentialAnalysis Inalanguage,asimplewordmayhaveanexplicitsetoftraits.Thesetraitsarecalledsemanticfeatures.

Diggingthemoutandshowingtheirrelationshipsistermedcomponentialanalysis.

1．OperationLookatagroupofhumannouns:

man,woman,boy,girlmanwomanboygirl1．Operationmanwomanboygirladultyoungmalefemalehuman1．OperationSothesenseofeachwordcanbedescribedas:man=human+male+adultwoman=human+female+adultboy=human+male+younggirl=human+female+young1．OperationThefeaturesarecommonlydescribedbyusingcapitalletterssuchashuman→HUMAN.Anotherkindofpracticeistousebinarycontrast.1．OperationIfawordhasaparticularfeature,itisindicatedby+feature,theoppositeisindicatedby–feature.manhas+ADULTboyhas–ADULT.Ifafeatureisabsentinthecaseofchildwithregardtosex,thesymbol±isused.1．Ooperationman

[+HUMAN+MALE+ADULT]woman

[+HUMAN–MALE+ADULT]boy

[+HUMAN+MALE–ADULT]girl

[+HUMAN–MALE–ADULT]child

[+HUMAN±MALE–ADULT]2. MeritsanddemeritsComponentialanalysis(CA)

hasatleastthreestrongpoints:

1. CAisaneconomicalwayofanalysing themeaningofwords. Semanticfeaturesareabstractedfrom wordsandareuniversaltoall languages.

2. MeritsanddemeritsSensesofwordsareindefinite,butsemanticfeaturesarelimitedinnumber.Itisconvenienttousethislimitednumberoffeaturestodescribeanindefinitenumberofsensesindifferentlanguages.

2. Meritsanddemerits2.CAcantestthecorrectuseofwords

andtheacceptabilityofan expression.

?

Thehammerenteredthehouse.3.CAcanhelpinferthemeaningofaword

oncethesemanticfeaturesare

described.2. MeritsanddemeritsButmanyothersemanticistssaynotothethreepoints.

1.Itis

notclear