自考英语本科《0095、0834经贸知识》课文-问答-搭配-填空-翻译-全册22课

Lesson1InternationalBusiness

Inlernalion*businessreferstotransactionbetweenpartiesfromdifferent

countries.Sometimesbusinessacrossthebordersofdifferentcustomsareasof

thesamecountryisalsoregardedasimport,suchasbusinessbetweenHongKong

andTaiwan.

Internationbusinessinvolvesmorefactorsandthusismorecomplicatedthan

domesticbusiness.Thefollowingsaresomemajordifferencesbetweenthetwo:

1.Thecountriesinvolvedoftenhavedifferentlegalsystems,andoneormore

partieswillhavetoadjustthemselvestooperateincompliancewiththeforeign

law.

2.Differentcountriesusuallyusedifferentcurrenciesandthepartieswill

havetodecidewhichcurrencytouseanddoeverythingnecessaryasregards

conversionetc.Uncertaintiesandevenrisksareofteninvolvedintheuseof

aforeigncurrency.

3.Culturaldifferencesincludinglanguage,customs,traditions,religion,

value,behavioretc.oftenconstitutechallengesandeventrapsforpeopleengaged

ininternationalbusiness.

4.Countriesvaryinnaturalandeconomicconditionsandmayhavedifferent

policiestowardsforeigntradeandinvestment,makinginternationalbusinessmore

complexthandomesticbusiness.

Withthedevelopmentofeconomicglobalization,fewpeopleorcompaniescan

completelystayawayfrominternationalbusiness.Someknowledgeinthisrespect

isnecessarybothforthebenefitofenterprisesandpersonaladvancement.

Internationalbusinessfirsttooktheformofcommoditytrade,i.e.exporting

andimportinggoodsproducedormanufacturedinonecountryforconsumptionor

resaleinanother.Thisformoftradeisalsoreferredtoasvisibletrade.Later

adifferentkindoftradeintheformoftransportation,communication,banking,

insurance,consulting,informationetc.graduallybecamemoreandmoreimportant.

Thistypeoftradeiscalledinvisibletrade.Today,theyconstituteover60%

oftheirgrossdomesticproductsandaccountforanincreasingproportionofworld

trade.

Anotherimportantformofinternationalbusinessissupplyingcapitalby

residentsofonecountrytoanother,knownasinternationalinvestment.Such

investmentscanbeclassifiedintotwocategories.Thefirstkindofinvestments,

foreigndirectinvestmentsorFDIforshortismadeforreturnsthrough

controllingtheenterprisesorassetsinvestedinahostcountry.Thehostcountry

isaforeigncountrywheretheinvestoroperates,whilethecountrywherethe

headquartersofinvestorislocatediscalledthehomecountry.Thesecondkind

ofinvestment,portfolioinvestment,referstopurchasesofforeignfinancial

assetsforapurposeotherthancontrolling.Suchfinancialassetsmaybestocks,

bondsorcertificateofdeposit.Stocksarealsocalledcapitalstocksorbonds.

Bondsarepapersissuedbyagovernmentorafirmwithpromisetopaybackthe

moneylentorinvestedtogetherwithinterest.Thematurityperiodofabondis

atleastoneyear,oftenlonger,forexamplefive,oreventenyears.Certificates

ofdepositgenerallyinvolvelargeamounts,say25thousandUSdollars.

Besidestradeandinvestment,internationallicensingandfranchisingare

sometimestakenasameansofenteringaforeignmarket.Inlicensing,afirm

leasestherighttouseitsintellectualpropertytoafirminanothercountry.

Suchintellectualpropertymaybetrademarks,brandnames,patents,copyrights

ortechnology.Firmschooselicensingisbecausetheydon'thavetomakecash

paymenttostartbusiness,andcansimplyreceiveincomeintheformofroyalty.

Besides,theycanbenefitfromlocationadvantagesofforeignoperationwithout

anyobiigationinownershipormanagement.Theuseof1icensingisparticularly

encouragedbyhighcustomsdutyandnon-tariffbarriersonthepartofthehost

country.Howeveritisnotadvisabletouselicensingagreementincountrieswith

weakintellectualpropertyprotectionsincethelicensormayhavedifficultyin

enforcinglicensingagreement.

Franchisingcanberegardedasaspecialformoflicensing.Underfranchising,

afirm,calledthefranchisee,isallowedtooperateinthenameofanother,called

thefranchiserwhoprovidestheformerwithtrademarks,brandnames,logos,and

operatingtechniquesforroyalty.Incomparisonwiththerelationbetweenthe

1icenserandthe1icensee,thefranchiserhasmorecontroloverandprovidesmore

supportforthefranchisee.

Thefranchisercandevelopinternationallyandgainaccesstouseful

informationaboutthelocalmarketwithlittleriskandcost,andthefranchisee

caneasilygetintoabusinesswithsstablishedproductsorservices.Franchising

isfairlypopularespeciallyinhotelandrestaurantbusiness.

Otherformsforparticipatingininternationalbusinessaremanagement

contract,contractmanufacturing,andturnkeyprojecl.

Underamanagementcontract,onecompanyoffersmanagerialorother

specializedservicestoanotherwithinaparticularperiodforaflat(fixed)

paymentorapercentageoftherelevantbusinessvolnine.Sometimesbonusesbased

onprofitabilityorsalesgrowtharealsospecialized(specified)inmanagement

contracts.Whenagovernmentforbidsforeignownershipincertainindustriesit

considerstobeofstrategicimportancebutlackstheexpertiseforoperation,

managementcontractsmaybeapracticalchoicesenablingaforeigncompanyto

operateintheindustrywithoutowningtheassets.

Bycontractmanufacturing,afirmcanconcentrateontheirstrongestpart

inthevaluechain,e.g.marketing,whilecontractingwithforeigncompanies

forthemanufactureoftheirproducts.Suchfirmscanreducetheamountoftheir

resourcesdevotedtomanufactureandbenefitfromlocationadvantagesfrom

productioninhostcounties.However,lossofcontrolovertheproducingprocess

maygiverisetoproblemsinrespectofqualityandtimeofdelivery.

Foraninternational“、-■•：,■',afirmsignsacontractwithaforeign

purchaserandundertakesallthedesigning,contractingandfacilityequipping

beforehandingitovertothelatteruponcompletion.Suchprojectsareoften

largeandcomplexandtakealongperiodtocomplete.Paymentforaturnkeyproject

maybemadeatafixedtotalpriceoronacostplusbasis.Thelatterwayof

paymentshiftstheburdenofpossibleadditionalcostovertheoriginalbudget

ontothepurchaser.

BOTisapopularvariantoftheturnkeyprojectwhereBstandsforbuild,

0foroperateandTfortransfer.ForaBOTproject,afirmoperatesafacility

foraperiodoftimeafterbuildingitupbeforefinallytransferringittoa

foreigncompany.Makingprofitfromoperatingtheprojectforaperiodisthe

majordifferencebetweenBOTandthecommonturnkeyproject.Needlesstosay,

thecontractorhastobearthefinancialandotherrisksthatmayoccurinthe

periodofoperation.

Whatdoesinternationalbusinessreferto?Pleasetellthedifferencebetween

internationalbusinessanddomesticbusiness.

1.Internationalbusinessreferstotransactionsbetweenpartiesfromdifferent

countries.

Therearefourmajordifferencesbetweeninternationalbusinessanddomestic

business:

1)differencesinlegalsystem

2)differencesincurrencies

3)differencesinculturalbackground

4)differencesinnaturalandeconomicconditions

Pleaseexplainthedifferencesbetweenvisibletradeandinvisibletrade.Which

isbecomingmoreandmoreimportantandaccountsforanincreasingproportion

ininternationaltrade?

2.Commoditytrade,i.e.exportingandimportinggoodsproducedormanufactured

inonecountryforconsumptionorresaleinanother.Thiskindoftradeisalso

referredtovisibletrade.Invisibletradeisintheformoftransportation,

communication,banking,insurance,consulting,informationetc.Invisible

tradeisbecomingmoreandmoreimportantandaccountsforanincreasing

proportionininternationaltrade.

Canyoucitesomeexamplestoillustrateculturaldifferencesininternational

business?

3.Culturaldifferencesincludinglanguage,customs,traditions,religion,value,

behavioretc.

Pleaseelaborateonthetwocategoriesofinternationalinvestment.Whatistheir

majordifference?

4.ForeigndirectinvestmentsorFDIforshortismadeforreturnsthrough

controllingtheenterprisesorassetsinvestedinahostcountry.

Portfolioinvestmentreferstopurchasesofforeignfinancialassetsfora

purposeotherthancontrolling.

Whatislicensing?Whydofirmssometimeschooseitasmeansofenteringaforeign

market?

5.Inlicensing,afirmleasestherighttouseitsintellectualpropertytoa

firminanothercountry.

Firmschooselicensingbecausetheydonotwanttomakecashpaymentstostart

business,andcansimplyreceiveincomeintheformofroyalty.Besides,they

canbenefitfromlocationaladvantagesofforeignoperationwithoutany

obiigationsinownershipormanagement.

Whatisfranchising?Howisitdifferentfromlicensing?

6.Underfranchising,afirm,calledthefranchisee,isallowedtooperateinthe

nameofanother,calledthefranchiserwhoprovidestheformerwithtrademarks,

brandname,logos,andoperatingtechniquesforroyalty.

Incomparisonwiththerelationbetweenthelicenserandthe1icensee,the

franchiserhasmorecontroloverandprovidesmoresupportforthefranchisee.

Whatisamanagementcontract?Underwhatconditionsisitmostapplicable?

7.Underamanagementcontract,onecompanyoffersmanagerialorotherspecialized

servicestoanotherwithinaparticularperiodforaflatpaymentora

percentageoftherelevantbusinessvolume.

Whenagovernmentforbidsforeignownershipincertainindustriesitconsiders

tobeofstrategicimportancebutlackstheexpertiseforoperation,management

contractsmaybeapracticalchoiceenablingaforeigncompanytooperatein

theindustrywithoutowningtheassets..

Whatisaninternationalturnkeyproject?InwhatwayisitsvariantBOTdifferent

fromit?

8.Foraninternationalturnkeyproject,afirmsignsacontractwithaforeign

purchaserandundertakesallthedesigning,contractingandfacilityequipping

beforehandingitovertothelatteruponcompletion.

ForaBOTproject,afirmoperateafacilityforaperiodoftimeafterbuilding

itupbeforefinallytransferringittoaforeigncompany.

Makingprofitfromoperatingtheprojectforaperiodisthemajordifference

betweenBOTandthecommonturnkeyproject.

Franchise:anarrangementbywhichamonopolyproducerorownergivesanother

permissionfortheexclusiverighttomanufactureorselltheproductsincertain

area.

Royalty:moneypaidtotheownerofacopy-rightforpermissiontopublishcopy

rightmaterialandtotheownerofapatentforpermissiontouseapatenteddesign,

usu.atanagreedpercentageofthesellingpriceoftheproduct.

Patent:aspecialrighttoaninventortobetheonlypersontomakeandsell,

ortoauthorizeotherstomakeandsellanewly-inventedmachineorprocess.

Non-tariffbarrier:allformsofman-madeobstructionstointernationaltrade

otherthantariffs,includingprohibitionsandquotas,etc.

Portfolio:theentirecollectionofinvestmentsintheformofstocks,bonds,

orcertificateofdepositsforpurposesotherthancontrolling.

Turnkeyproject:oneinwhichoneofthepartiesagreestosupply,atthecontract

price,acompleteproductreadyforuse,suchasanewhome,factory,ship,etc.

Budget:anaccountofprobablefutureincomeandexpenditureduringastated,

period,usu,ayearusedasaguideinmakingfinancialarrangements.

Return:thegainfromaninvestment,eitherasincomeoryieldorasprofiton

thesaleoftheinvestment.

Expertise:expertknowledgeorskill,esp.inaparticularfield;know-how

Licensor:apersonorcompanygrantingalicense

3.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithanappropriateword:(Somewords

aregiventhefirstletterorletters)

Oneofthefastestgrowingareasofinterest.WithintheCollegeofBusiness

andPublicAdministrationisthemajorinInternationalBusiness.Thebusiness

arenainwhichtheCollege'sgraduateswillbeworkingisnolongerlocal,

regionalornationalinnature.Itisglobalandrequiresanunderstandingof,

andsensitivityto,differentculturesandbusinessenvironment.Thismajor

permitsstudentstodevelopasomewhatpersonalcourseofstudyininternational

business.Besidesinternationalbusinesscourses,thestudentsareabletofocus

onaparticularregionoftheworld.TheseregionsareEurope,EastAsiaand

LatinAmerica,andtheparticularregionalemphasiscarriedwithitaseriesof

geography,historyandpoliticalsciencecourseswhichrelatetothatparticular

regionaswellastotheglobalcommunity.Themajoralsocarriesarequirement

ofcompetencyin'aforeignlanguagespokenintheregionofchosenemphasis.

Studentschoosingthismajoralsohavemanyinterestingstudyabroad

opportunitieswhichtheyareexpectedtoparticipateHIforasummer,asemester

orevenayear.Itisalsopossibleforstudentsselectingthismajortominor

inafunctionalspecializationinbusinesstoenhancetheirattractivenessto

potentialemployers.Thisisanexcitingandchallengingmajorwhichoffers

studentsexcellentcareeropportunities.

4.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese:

Inthesecondhalfofthetwentiethcentury,internationalbusinesshasbecome

animportanteconomicforce.Todayfew,ifany,countriesareeconomically

self-sufficient.EvenChina,withitsvasthumanandnaturalresources,hasnot

beenabletoremainalooffromtheworldeconomy.IntheUnitedStates,

internationalbusinesstouchpeople's1ivesdaily.Commongoodsandservices

suchasShellgasolinestations,etc.,oftenidentifiedwiththeUnitedStates,

are,infact,foreignowned.

Internationalbusinessisbusinessconductedinmorethanonecountry,

includingbuyingandsellinggoodsandservices.Otherinternationalbusiness

activitiesincludemarketing,manufacturing,mining,andfarming.Insum,

internationalbusinessisal1thepracticesabusinessinasinglecountrydoes,

butattheinternationallevel.

Internationalbusinessdoesnotfunctioninavacuum.Itoperateswithinthe

contextofinternationaland,sometimes,regionalrulesandregulationssetby

appropriateorganizations.Althougheachorganizationisdistinct,someoftheir

commoncharacteristicsarefosteringtradeamongmembercountries,establishing

commonrulesandregulations,promotingfairtradepracticesamongmembers,and

protectingmembersfromcompetitionfromnon-membercountries.Other

organizationsexisttofacilitatefinancialtransactionsamongnationsorthe

particularinterestofmembers,suchastradeinaspecificcommodity.

20世纪的后半叶，国际商务成了推动经济发展的重要力量当今，世携，极少有什么国

家能够在经济上实现自给自足。即使是像中国这样有着丰富人力和自然资源的国家，也

不能孤立于世界经济之外。在美国，国际商务与人们的日常生活休戚相关。一些常见货

物和服务，例如壳牌加油站，通常认为是美国的，实际上为外国所拥有。

国际商务是两国或更多国家间进行的商务活动，包括买卖货物和服务。其他国际商务

形式还包括：营销，制造，采矿和农业。总之，国际商务包括一个国家内进行的所有的

商务活动；只不过这些活动是在国际间进行的。

国际商务不是在真空，进行的，而是在有关组织制定的国际性或区域，陶彦规的条件

下进行的。尽管这些组织不嗣，但是他们有一些共同的特征：发展成员国之间的贸易，

建立共同的法律法规，促进成员国之间进行公平贸易，保护成员国免受来自非成员国的

竞争。有些组织的存在是为了方便国家间的金融往来或是为了成员国的特别利益，比如

在某一特定商品上的贸易。

5.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish:

1.国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而比国内贸易

要复杂得多。

Internationalbusinessreferstotransactionbetweenpartiesfromdifferent

countries,itinvolvesmorefactorsandthusismorecomplicatedthandomestic

business.

2.随着经济一体化进程的发展，很少人和公司能完全独立于国际商务之外而存在。因此,

在此方面具有一定的知识是十分必要的，这既有益于企业的发展又有益于个人的进步。

Withthedevelopmentofeconomicglobalization,fewpeopleorcompaniescan

completelystayawayforminternationalbusiness.Someknowledgeinthisrespect

isnecessarybothforthebenefitofenterprisesandpersonaladvancement.

3.其他参与国际贸易的形式有管理合同、承包生产和“交钥匙”工程。

Otherformsforparticipatingininternationalbusinessaremanagementcontract,

contractmanufacturingandturnkeyproject.

4.国际贸易最初以商品贸易的形式出现，即在一国生产或制造商品而出口或进口到另一

国进行消费或转售。

Internationalbusinessfirsttooktheformofcommoditytrade,i.e.exporting

andimportinggoodsproducedormanufacturedinonecountryforconsumptionor

resaleinanother.

5.除了国际贸易和投资，国际许可和特许经营有时也是进入国外市场的一种方式。

Besidestradeandinvestment,licensingandfranchisingaresometimestakenas

ameansofenteringaforeignmarket.

Lesson2IncomelevelandtheWordMarket

Inassessing(evaluate)thepotentialofamarket,peopleoftenlookatits

incomelevelsinceitprovidesclues(ideas)aboutthepurchasingpowerofits

residents.Theconceptsnationalincomeandnationalproducthaveroughlythe

samevalueandcanbeusedinterchangeablyifourinterestisintheirsumtotal

whichismeasuredasthemarketvalueofthetotaloutputofgoodsandservices

ofaneconomyinagivenperiod,usuallyayear.Thedifferenceisonlyintheir

emphasis.Theformerstressestheincomegenerated(produced)byturningoutthe

productswhilethelatter,thevalueoftheproductsthemselves.GNP(Gross

NationalProduct)andGDP(GrossDomesticProduct)aretwoimportantconcepts

usedtoindicateacountry,stotalincome.GNPreferstothemarketvalueof

goodsandservicesproducedbythepropertyandlaborownedbytheresidentsof

aneconomy.Thistermwasusedbymostgovernmentbeforethe1990s.GDPmeasures

themarketvalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedwithinthegeographicarea

ofaneconomy.Ithasbeenpreferredbymostcountriessincethe1990s.

ThedifferencebetweenGNPandGDPisthattheformerfocusesonownership

ofthefactorsofproductionwhilethelatterconcentratesontheplacewhere

productiontakesplace.Forexample,thedividendreturnedbythesubsidiaryof

MicrosoftinChinaisincludedintheUSGNPbutnotinitsGDP.Andtheproduction

ofthesamesubsidiaryisincludedinChina,sGDPbutnotinitsGNP.The

differencebetweenGNPandGDPcanbeignoredsinceitisverysmal1inmostcases.

Peoplecanusewhichevertermthatismoreeasilyavailableandtheycancompare

acountryJsGNPandanothercountry7sGDPwithoutworryingthattheresultwould

beterriblydistorted.Forinstance,in1996,theUSGNPwas7,637.7billionUS

DollarsanditsGDPwas7,636billionUSDollar,adifferenceofonly0.02%.And

in1996,China'sGNPwas8,042.28billionyuanRenminbianditsGDPwas8,191.09

billionyuan,withadifferenceof1.8%,stillinsignificantthoughlargerthan

theUSfigure.

Inassessingthepotentialofacountryasamarket,peopleoftenlookat

percapitaincome.Similartothecaseofnationalincomeandnationalproduct,

percapitaincomeandpercapitaGDPdonothavemuchdifference.Solet'suse

pei-capitaGDI,toillustrateaneconomyJsincomelevel.Itiscalculatedby

dividingitstotalGDPbyitspopulation.TotalGDPindicatestheoverallsize

ofaneconomy,whichisimportantinmarketassessmentfordurableequipmentor

bulkgoodssuchasgrain,steel,orcement.PercapitalGDPreveals(shows)the

averageincomelevelofconsumers,whichisimportantwhenmarketingconsumer

durables.Forexample,ChinahasalargeGDPofroughlyUSD1.4trillionin2003,

beingtheseventhlargesteconomyintheworld.IfadjustedbyPPP,thefigure

wouldprobablybeaslargeasUSD6.4trillion,accountingfor12%oftheworld,s

totalandrankingthesecondonlyaftertheUSA.Sochinaisnotonlyanewly

emergingproducerbutalsoanewlyemergingmarket.HoweveritspercapitalGDP

isstillfairlylow,justabitoverUSD1100.Though$1000percapitalincome

isbelievedbyexpertstobelevelatwhichconsumerismbeginstoemerge(form),

theChinesefigureisstillratherlow,rankingonlythe1111intheworld.In

contrast,SingaporehasaGDPofroughlyabitover$100billion,butapercapital

incomeashighas$32810.ObviouslyChinaandSingaporerepresenttwodifferent

kindsofmarket.

Businesspeoplearealsoconcernedaboutthe：!(,<)meclislrilmii<ofamarket,

i.e.theproportionsofitsrich,middleincomeandpoorpeople.Producersof

qualityelectricalappliancessuchascolorTVsareinterestedinthesizeof

acountry'smiddleclass,whilemanufacturersofexpensivecarssuchas

Rolls-Roycesmaywanttoknowthenumberofitsmillionaires.

Countriesoftheworldaredividedby!"、WorLdintothreecategories

ofhigh-income,middle-incomeandlow-incomeeconomies.Thoseenjoyingannual

percapitalincomeof$9386andaboveareclassifiedashigh-incomecountries.

Thisgroupcompri(ismadeupof)threetypesofcountries.Thefirsttype

includesmostmembersoftheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationand

Dcvcl,二Thesecondtypearerichoi1producingcountriesoftheMiddle

EastsuchasKuwait,SaudiArabia,andtheUnitedArabEmirates.Thethirdtype

consistsofsmall-industrializedcountriesorregionssuchasIsrael,Singapore,

HongKongandTaiwan.High-incomecountriesoftenhavegoodinfrastructure,high

purchasingpower,advancedtechnology,efficientmanagement,andfavorable

environmentfortradeandinvestment.Theyofferprimemarketsforexpensive

consumergoodsandarebothattractivesourcesanddestinationsofinvestment.

Countrieswithannualpercapitaincomebelow$9,386butabove$765are

regardedasmiddle-incomecountries.IncludedinthiscategoryaremostEast

EuropeancountriesandmostmembersoftheCommonwealthofIndependentStates,

sixOECDmembersthatarenotuptothelevelofhighincomecountries,quite

anumberofLatinAmericancountriesandsomecomparativelydevelopedcountries

inAsia,suchasIndonesia,Malaysia,thePhilippines,andThailand.Amongthe

Africancountries,SouthAfricaandoil-producingLibya,NigeriaandAlgeria

belongtothiscategory.Chinawithapercapitaincomeofover$1100isa

middle-incomecountrythoughitwasalowincomecountryjustafewyearsago.

Lowerincomecountriesarethosethathavepercapitaincomesofonly$765

orevenless.MostAfricancountries,someAsiancountriesandafewLatinAmerican

countriesareincludedinthisgroup.Thesecountriesusuallyhavepoor

infrastructure,lowconsumerdemandandunfa