2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题及答案

2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题及答案

考试采取〃一题多卷〃模式，试题答案顺序不统一，请依据试题进行核对。

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark

A,BzCorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Fluidintelligenceisthetypeofintelligencethathastodowithshort-termmemory

andtheabilitytothinkquickly,logically,andabstractlyinordertosolvenew

problems.It

(l)inyoungadulthood,levelsoutforaperiodoftime,andthen(2)starts

toslowlydeclineasweage.But(3)agingisinevitable,scientistsarefindingthat

certainchangesinbrainfunctionmaynotbe.

Onestudyfoundthatmusclelossandthe(4)ofbodyfataroundtheabdomen

areassociatedwithadeclineinfluidintelligence.Thssuggeststhe(5)that

lifestylefactorsmighthelppreventor(6)thistypeofdecline.

Theresearcherslookedatdatathat(7)measurementsofleanmuscleand

abdominalfatfrommorethan4,000middle-to-older-agedmenandwomen

and(8)thatdatatoreportedchangesinfluidintelligenceoverasix-yearperiod.

Theyfoundthatmiddle-agedpeople(9)highermeasuresofabdominal

fat(10)worseonmeasuresoffluidintelligenceastheyears(11).

Forwomen,theassociationmaybe(12)tochangesinimmunitythatresulted

fromexcessabdominalfat;inmen,theimmunesystemdidnotappearto

be(13)ltishoped:hatfuturestudiescould(14)thesedifferencesand

perhapsleadtodifferent(15)formenandwomen.

(16)therearestepsyoucan(17)tohelpreduceabdominalfatand

maintainleanmusclemassasyouageinordertoprotectbothyourphysicaland

mental(18).Thetwohighlyrecommendedlifestyleapproachesare

maintainingorincreasingyour(19)ofaerobicexerciseandfollowing

Mediterranean-style(20)thatishighinfiberandeliminateshighlyprocessed

foods.

1.［题干］1.

【选项】

A.pauses

B.return

C.peaks

D.fades

2.【题干】2.

【选项】

A.alternatively

B.formally

C.dccidenldlly

0.generally

3.【题干】3.

【选项】

A.while

B.since

C.once

D.until

4.【题干】4,

【选项】

A.detection

B.accumulation

C.consumption

□.separation

5.【题干】5,

【选项】

A.possibility

B.decision

C.goal

0,requirement

6.【题干】6.

【选项】

A.delay

B.ensure

C.seek

□.utilize

7.【题干】7.

【选项】

A.modify

B.supported

C.included

0.predicted

8.【题干】8.

【选项】

A.devoted

B.compared

C.converted

□.applied

9.【题干】9.

【选项】

A.with

B.dbuve

C.by

D.against

10.【题干】10.

【选项】

A.above

B.managed

C.scored

D.played

11.【题干】11.

【选项】

A.ranout

B.setoff

C.drewin

D.wentby

12.【题干】12.

【选项】

A.superior

B.attributable

C.parallel

D.resistant

13.【题干】13.

【选项】

A.restored

B.isolated

C.involved

□.controlled

14.【题干】14.

【选项】

A.alter

B.spread

C.remove

0.explain

15.【题干】15.

【选项】

A.compensations

B.symptoms

C.demands

0.treatments

16.【题干】16.

【选项】

A.Likewise

B.Meanwhile

C.Therefore

□.Instead

17.【题干】17.

【选项】

A.change

B.watch

C.count

D.take

18.【题干】18.

【选项】

A.well-being

B.process

C.formation

0.coordination

19.【题干】19.

【选项】

A.level

B.love

C.knowledge

D.space

20.［题干］20.

【选项】

A.design

B.routine

C.diet

0.prescription

SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextby

choosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Howcanthetrainoperatorspossiblyjustifyyetanotherincreasetorailpassenger

fares?Ithasbecomeagrimlyreliableannualritual:everyJanuarythecostof

travellingbytrainrises,imposingasignificantextraburdenonthosewhohaveno

optionbuttousetherailnetworktogettoworkorotherwise.Thisyear'srise,an

averageof2.7percent,maybeafractionlowerthanlastyear's,butitisstillwell

abovetheofficialConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)measureofinflation.

Successivegovernmentshavepermittedsuchincreasesonthegroundsthatthecost

ofinvestinginandrunningtherailnetworkshouldbebornebythosewhouseit,

ratherthanthegeneraltaxpayer.Why,theargumentgoes,shouldacar-driving

pensionerfromLincolnshirehavetosubsidisethedailycommuteofastockbroker

fromSurrey?EquallythereisasensethatthetravailsofcommutersintheSouth

East,manyofwhomwillfaceamongthebiggestrises,havereceivedtoomuch

attentioncomparedtothosewhomustenduretherelativelypoorinfrastructureof

theMidlandsandtheNorth.

However,overthepastl2months,thosecommutershavealsoexperiencedsomeof

theworstrailstrikesinyears.Itisallverywelltrainoperatorstrumpetingthe

improvementstheyaremakingtothenetwork,butpassengersshouldbeableto

expectabasiclevelofserviceforthesubstantialsumstheyarenowpayingtotravel.

Theresponsibilityforthelatestwaveofstrikesrestsontheunions.However,there

isastrongcasethatthosewhohavebeenworstaffectedbyindustrialactionshould

receivecompensationforthedisruptiontheyhavesuffered.

TheGovernmenthaspledgedtochangethelawtointroduceaminimumservice

requirementsothat,evenwhenstrikesoccur,servicescancontinuetooperate.This

shouldformpartofawiderpackageofmeasurestoaddressthelong-running

problemsonBritain'srailways.Yes,moreinvestmentisneeded,butpassengerswill

notbewillingtopaymoreindefinitelyiftheymustalsoendurecramped,unreliable

services,punctuatedbyregularchaoswhentimetablesarechanged,orplanned

maintenanceismanagedincompetently.Thethreatofnationalisationmayhave

beenseenofffornow,butitwillreturnwithavengeanceifthejustifiedangerof

passengersisnotaddressedinshortorder.

21.[题T]Theauthorholdsthatthisyear'sincreaseinrailpassengersfares.

【选项】

A.willeasetrainoperation's'burden.

B.haskeptpacewithinflation.

C.isabigsurprisetocommuters.

0,remainsanunreasonablemeasure.

22.【题干】Thestockbrokerin2isusedtostandfor

【选项】

A.cardrivers

B.railtravellers

C.localinvestors

□.ordinarytaxpayers

23.【题干】Itisindicatedin3thattrainoperators.

【选项】

A.areofferingcompensationstocommuters.

B.dretryingtorepairreldtioriswiththeunions.

C.havefailedtoprovideanadequateservice.

D.havesufferedhugelossesowingtothestrikes.

24.【题干】Ifunabletocalmdownpassengers,therailwaysmayhavetoface

【选项】

A.thelossofinvestment.

B.thecollapseofoperations.

C.areductionofrevenue

D.achangeofownership.

25.【题干】Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

【选项】

A.WhoAretoBlamefortheStrikes?

B.ConstantComplainingDoesn'tWork

C.CanNationalizationBringHope?

D.Ever-risingFaresAren'tSustainable

LastyearmarkedthethirdyearinarowofthatIndonesia'sbleakrateof

deforestationhasslowedinpace.Onereasonfortheturnaroundmaybethe

country'santipovertyprogram.

In2007,Indonesiastartedphasinginprogramthatgivesmoneytoitspoorest

residentsundercertainconditions,suchasrequiringpeopletokeepkidsinschoolor

getregularmedicalcare.CalledconditionalcashtransfersorCCTs,thesesocial

assistanceprogramsaredesignedtoreduceinequalityandbreakthecycleof

poverty.They'realreadyusedindozensofcountriesworldwide.InIndonesia,the

programhasprovidedenoughfoodandmedicinetosubstantiallyreducesevere

growthproblemsamongchildren.

ButCCTprogramsdon'tgenerallyconsidereffectsontheenvironment.Infact,

povertyalleviationandenvironmentalprotectionareoftenviewedasconflicting

goals,saysPaulFerraro,aneconomistatJohnsHopkinsUniversity.

That'sbecauseeconomicgrowthcanbecorrelatedwithenvironmentaldegradation,

whileprotectingtheenvironmentissometimescorrelatedwithgreaterpoverty.

However,thosecorrelationsdon'tprovecauseandeffect.Theonlypreviousstudy

analyzingcausality,basedonanareainMexicothathadinstitutedCCTs,supported

thetraditionalview.There,aspeoplegotmoremoney,someofthemmayhave

moreclearedlandforcattletoraiseformeat,Ferrarosays.

Suchprogramsdonothavetonegativelyaffecttheenvironment,though.Ferraro

wantedtoseeifIndonesia'spoverty-alleviationprogramwasaffectingdeforestation.

Indonesiahasthethird-largestareaoftropicalforestintheworldandoneofthe

highestdeforestationrates.

Ferraroanalyzedsatellitedatashowingannualforestlossfrom2008to

2012-includingduringIndonesia'sphase-inoftheantipovertyprogram-in7,468

forestedvillagesacross15provincesandmultipleislands.Theduoseparatedthe

effectsoftheCCTprogramonforestlossfromotherfactors,likeweatherand

macroeconomicchanges,whichwerealsoaffectingforestloss.Withthat,"wesee

thattheprogramisassociatedwitha30percentreductionindeforestation/'Ferraro

says.

That'slikelybecausetheruralpoorareusingthemoneyasmakeshiftinsurance

policiesagainstinclementweather,Ferrarosays.Typically,ifrainsaredelayed,

peoplemayclearlandtoplantmorericetosupplementtheirharvests.Withthe

CCTs,individualsinsteadcanusethemoneytosuppementtheirharvests.

Whetherthisresearchtranslateselsewhereisanybody'sguess.Ferrarosuggeststhe

importanceofgrowingriceandmarketaccess.Andregardlessoftransferability,the

studyshowsthatwhat'sgoodforpeoplemayalsobegoodforthevalueofthe

avoideddeforestationjustforcarbondioxideemissionsaloneismorethanthe

programcosts.

26.【题干】Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,CCTprogramsaimto.

【选项】

A.facilitatehealthcarereform.

B.helppoorfamiliesgetbetteroff.

C.improvelocaleducationsystems.

D.lowerdeforestationrates.

27.【题干】ThestudybasedonanareainMexicoiscitedtoshowthat.

【选项】

A.cattlerearinghasbeenamajormeansoflivelihoodforthepoor.

B.CCTprogramshavehehelpedpreservetraditionallifestyles.

C.antipovertyeffortsrequiretheparticipationoflocalfarmers.

0.economicgrowthtendstocauseenvironmentaldegradation.

28.［题干］InhisstudyaboutIndonesia,Ferrarointendstofindout.

【选项】

A.itsacceptancelevelofCCTs.

B.itsannualrateofpovertyalleviation.

C.therelationofcctstoitsforestloss.

D.theroleofitsforestsinclimatechange.

29.[题I--]AccordingtoFerraro,theCCTprograminIndonesiaismostvaluablein

that.

【选项】

A.itwillbenefitotherAsiancountries.

B.itwillreduceregionalinequality.

C.itcanprotecttheenvironment.

D.itcanboostgrainproduction.

30.【题干】Whatisthetextcenteredon?

【选项】

A.Theeffectsofaprogram.

B.Thedebatesoveraprogram.

C.Theprocessofastudy.

D.Thetransferabilityofastudy.

Asahistorianwho'salwayssearchingforthetextortheimagethatmakesus

re-evaluatethepast,I'vebecomepreoccupiedwithlookingforphotographsthat

showourVictorianancestorssmiling(whatbetterwaytoshattertheimageof

19th-centuryprudery?).I'vefoundquiteafew,and-sinceIstartedpostingthemon

Twitter-theyhavebeencausingquitestir.Peoplehavebeensurprisedtosee

evidencethatVictorianshadfunandcould,anddid,laugh.Theyarenotingthatthe

Victorianssuddenlyseemtobecomemorehumanasthehundred-or-soyearsthat

separateusfadeawaythroughourcommonexperienceoflaughter.

Ofcourse,Ineedtoconcedethatmycollectionof'SmilingVictorians'makesuponly

atinypercentageofthevastcatalogueofphotographicportraiturecreatedbetween

1840and1900,themajorityofwhichshowsittersposingmiserablyandstifflyin

frontofpaintedbackdrops,orstaringabsentlyintothemiddledistance.Howdowe

explainthistrend?

Duringthe1840sand1850s,intheearlydaysofphotography,exposuretimeswere

notoriouslylong:thedaguerreotypephotographicmethod(producinganimageona

silveredcopperplate)couldtakeseveralminutestocomplete,resultinginblurred

imagesassittersshiftedpositionoradjustedtheirlimbs.Thethoughtofholdinga

fixedgrinasthecameraperformeditsmagicaldutieswastoomuchtocontemplate,

andsoanon-committalblankstarebecamethenorm.

Butexposuretimesweremuchquickerbythe1880szandtheintroductionoftheBox

Brownieandotherportablecamerasmeantthat,thoughslowbytoday'sdigital

standards,theexposurewasalmostinstantaneous.Spontaneoussmileswere

relativelyeasytocapturebythe1890s,sowemustlookelsewhereforan

explanationofwhyVictoriansstillhesitatedtosmile.

Oneexplanationmightbethelossofdignitydisplayedthroughacheesygrin.

“Naturegaveuslipstoconcealourteeth/ranonepopularVictorianmaxim,alluding

tothefactthatbeforethebirthofproperdentistry,mouthswereofteninashocking

stateofhygiene.Aflashingsetofhealthyandclean,regularpearlywhites'raresight

inVictoriansociety,thepreserveofthesuper-rich(andeventhen,dentalhygiene

wasnotguaranteed).

Atoothygrin(especiallywhenthereweregapsorblackenedteeth)lackedclass:

drunks,tramps,prostitutesandbuffoonishmusichallperformersmightgumand

grinwithasmileaswideasLewisCarroll'sgum-exposingCheshireCat,butitwasnot

abecominglookforproperlybredpersons.EvenMarkTwain,amanwhoenjoyeda

heartylaugh,saidthatv/henitcametophotographicportraitstherecouldbe

"nothingmoredamningthanasilly,foolishsmilefixedforever".

31.［题干］AccordingtoParagraph1,theauthor'spostsonTwitter.

【选项】

A.changedpeople'simpressionoftheVictorians.

B.highlightedsocialmedia'sroleinVictorianstudies.

C.re-evaluatedtheVictorians'notionofpublicimage.

0.illustratedthedevelopmentofVictorianphotography.

32.［题弓】WhatdoesauthorsayabouttheVictorianportraitshehascollected?

【选项】

A.Theyareinpopularuseamonghistorians.

B.Theyarerareamongphotographsofthatage.

C.Theymirror19th-centurysocialconventions.

D.Theyshoweffectsofdifferentexposuretimes.

33.［题干］WhatmighthavekepttheVictoriansfromsmilingforpicturesinthe1890s?

【选项】

A.Theirinherentsocialsensitiveness.

B.Theirtensionbeforethecamera.

C.Theirdistrustofnewinventions.

D.Theirunhealthydentalcondition.

34.［题I--］MarkTwainisquotedtoshowthatthedisapprovalofsmilesinpictures

was.

【选项】

A.adeep-rootbelief.

B.amisguidedattitude.

C.acontroversialview.

D.athought-provokingidea.

35.【题干】Whichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthetextanswer?

【选项】

A.WhydidmostVictorianslooksterninphotographs?

B.WhydidtheVictoriansstartviewphotographs?

C.WhatmadephotographydevelopslowlyintheVictorianperiod?

D.Howdidsmilinginphotographsbecomeapost-Victoriannorm?

Fromtheearlydaysofbroadband,advocatesforconsumersandweb-based

companiesworriedthatthecableandphonecompaniessellingbroadband

connectionshadthepowerandincentivetofavoraffiliatedwebsitesovertheirrivals.

That'swhytherehasbeensuchastrongdemandforrulesthatwouldprevent

broadbandprovidersfrompickingwinnersandlosersonline,preservingthefreedom

andinnovationthathavebeenthelifebloodoftheinternet.

Yetthatdemandhasbeenalmostimpossibletofill-inpartbecauseofpushbackfrom

broadbandproviders,anti-regulatoryconservativesandthecourts.Afederalappeals

courtweighedinagainTuesday,butinsteadofprovidingbadlyneededresolution,it

onlyprolongedthefight.AtissuebeforetheU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheDistrictof

ColumbiaCircuitwasthelatesttakeoftheFederalCommunicationsCommission

(FCC)onnetneutrality,adoptedonaparty-linevotein2017.TheRepublican-penned

ordernotonlyeliminatedthestrictnetneutralityrulestheFCChadadoptedwhenit

hadaDemocraticmajorityin2015,butrejectedthecommission'sauthorityto

requirebroadbandproviderstodomuchofanything.Theorderalsodeclaredthat

stateandlocalgovernmentscouldn'tregulatebroadbandproviderseither.

Thecommissionarguedthatotheragencieswouldprotectagainstanti-competitive

behavior,suchasabroadband-providingconglomeratelikeAT&Tfavoringitsown

video-streamingserviceattheexpenseofNetflixandAppleTV.YettheFCCalso

endedtheinvestigationsofbroadbandprovidersthatimposeddatacapsontheir

rivals'streamingservicesbutnottheirown.

OnTuesday,theappealscourtunanimouslyupheldthe2017orderderegulating

broadbandproviders,citingaSupremeCourtrulingfrom2005thatupheldasimilarly

deregulatorymove.ButJudgePatriciaMillettrightlyarguedinaconcurringopinion

that“theresultisunhingedfromtherealitiesofmodernbroadbandservice/'and

saidCongressortheSupremeCourtcouldinterveneto"avoidtrappingInternet

regulationintechnologicalanachronism."

Inthemeantime,thecourtthrewouttheFCC'sattempttoblockallstateruleson

netneutrality,whilepreservingthecommission'spowertopreemptindividualstate

lawsthatundermineitsorder.Thatmeansmorebattlesliketheonenowgoingon

betweentheJusticeDepartmentandCalifornia,whichenactedatoughnet

neutralitylawinthewakeoftheFCC'sabdication.

Theendlesslegalbattlesandback-and-forattheFCCcryoutforCongresstoact.It

needstogivethecommissionexplicitauthorityonceandforalltobarbroadband

providersfrommeddlinginthetrafficontheirnetworkandtocreateclearrules

protectingopennessandinnovationonline.

36.【题干】Therehaslongbeenconcernthatbroadbandprovideswould.

【选项】

A.bringweb-basedfirmsundercontrol.

B.slowdownthetrafficontheirnetwork.

C.showpartialityintreatingclients.

□,intensifycompetitionwiththeirrivals.

37.【题干】Facedwiththedemandfornetneutralityrules,theFee,

【选项】

A.Stickstoanout-of-dateorder.

B.Takesananti-regulatorystance.

C.Hasissuedaspecialresolution.

D.Hasallowedthestatestointervene.

38.【题干】WhatcanbelearnedaboutAT&TfromParagraph3?

【选项】

A.Itprotectsagainstunfaircompetition.

B.ltengagesinanti-competitivepractices.

C.ltisundertheFCC'sinvestigation.

D.ltisinpursuitofqualityservice.

39.【题干】JudgePatriciaMillettarguesthattheappealscourt'sdecision.

【选项】

A.focusesontrivialities.

B.conveysanambiguousmessage.

C.isatoddswithitsearlierrulings.

D.isoutoftouchwithreality.

40.【题干】Whatdoestheauthorargueinthelastparagraph?

【选项】

A.Congressneedstotakeactiontoensurenetneutrality.

B.TheFCCshouldbeputunderstrictsupervision.

C.Rulesneedtobesettodiversifyonlineservices.

0.Broadbandproviders'rightsshouldbeprotected.

SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartB

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youare

requiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfrorrthe

listA-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsCandFhavebeen

correctlyplaced.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Inthemoviesandontelevision,artificialintelligenceistypicallydepictedas

somethingsinisterthatwillupendourwayoflife.WhenitcomestoAlinbusiness,

weoftenhearaboutitinrelationtoautomationandtheimpendinglossofjobs,but

inwhatwaysisAlchangingcompaniesandthelargereconomythatdon/tinvolve

doom-and-massunemploymentpredictions?

ArecentsurveyofmanufacturingandserviceindustriesfromTataConsultancy

ServicesfoundthatcompaniescurrentlyuseAlmoreoftenincomputer-to-computer

activitiesthaninautomatinghumanactivities.Onecommonapplication?Preventing

electronicsecuritybreaches,which,ratherthaneliminatingITjobs,actuallymakes

thosepersonnelmorevaluabletoemployers,becausetheyhelpfirmsprevent

hackingattempts.

HereareafewotherwaysAlisaidingcompanieswithoutreplacingemployees:

Betterhiringpractices

Companiesareusingartificialintelligencetoremovesomeoftheunconsciousbias

fromhiringdecisions."Thereareexperimentsthatshowthat,naturally,theresults

ofinterviewsaremuchmorebiasedthanwhatAldoes,"saysPedroDomingos,

authorofTheMasterAlgorithm:HowtheQuestfortheUltimateLearningMachine

WillRemakeOurWorldandacomputerscience(41)0necompanythat'sdoing

thisiscalledBlendoor.Itusesanalyticstohelpidentifywheretheremaybebiasin

thehiringprocess.

Moreeffectivemarketing

SomeAlsoftwarecananalyzeandoptimizemarketingemailsubjectlinestoincrease

openrates.OnecompanyintheUK,Phrasee,claimstheirsoftwarecanoutperform

humansbyupto10percentwhenitcomestoemailopenrates.Thiscanmean

millionsmoreinrevenue.(42)Thereare“toolsthathelppeopleusedata,nota

replacementforpeople/saysPatrickH.Winston,aprofessorofartificialintelligence

andcomputerscienceatMIT.

Savingcustomersmoney

EnergycompaniescanuseAltohelpcustomersreducetheirelectricitybillssaving

themmoneywhilehelpingtheenvironment.Companiescanalsooptimizetheirown

energyuseandcutdownonthecostofelectricity.Insurancecompaniesmeanwhile,

canbasetheirpremiumsonAlmodelsthatmoreaccuratelyaccessrisk."Before,

theymightnotinsuretheoneswhofeltlikeahighriskorchargethemtoomuch/'

saysDomingos,(43)

Improvedaccuracy

Machinelearningoftenprovidesamorereliableformofstatistics,whichmakesdata

morevaluable/'saysWinston.It"helpspeoplemakesmarterdecisions."(44)

Protectingandmaintaininginfrastructure

Anumberofcompanies,particularlyinenergyandtransportation,useAlimage

processingtechnologytoinspectinfrastructureandpreventequipmentfailureor

leaksbeforetheyhappen."Iftheyfailfirstandthenyoufixthem,it'svery

expensive,"saysDomingos.(45)

[A]Ireplacestheboringpartsofyourjob.Ifyou'redoingresearch,youcanhaveAl

gooutandlookforrelevantsourcesandinformationthatotherwiseyoujust

wouldn'thavetimefor.

[B]Oneaccountingfirm,EY,usesanAlsystemthathelpsreviewcontractsduringan

audit.Thisprocess,alongwithemployeesreviewingthecontracts,isfasterandmore

accurate.

[C]TherearealsocompanieslikeAcquisio,whichanalyzesadvertisingperformance

acrossmultiplechannelslikeAdwords,Bingandsocialmediaandmakesadjustments

orsuggestionsaboutwhereadvertisingfundswillyieldbestresults.

[D]Youwanttopredictifsomethingneedsattentionnowandpointtowhereit's

usefulforemployeestogoto.

[E]Before,theymightnotinsuretheoneswhofeltlikeahighriskorchargethem

toomuch,ortheywouldchargethemtoolittleandthenitwouldcost[thecompany]

money.

[F]We'realsogivingourcustomersbetterchannelsversuspickingupthephoneto

accomplishsomethingbeyondhumanscale.

[G]Allooksatresumesingreaternumbersthanhumanswouldbeableto,and

selectsthemorepromisingcandidates.

41.【题干】41..

【选项】

A.A

B.B

C.C

D.D

E.E

F.F

G.G

42.【题干】42.

【选项】

A.A

B.B

C.C

D.D

E.E

F.F

G.G

43.【题干】43..

【选项】

A.A

B.B

C.C

D.D

E.E

F.F

G.G

44.【题干】44.

【选项】

A.A

B.B

c.c

D.D

E.E

F.F

G.G

45.［题干］45..

【选项】

A.A

B.B

C.C

D.D

E.E

F.F

G.G

SectionIIITranslation

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto

Chinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10

points)

WorldwarwasthewatershedeventforhighereducationinmodernWestern

societies(46)Thosesocietiescameoutofthewarwithlevelsofenrollmentthathad

beenroughlyconstantat3-5%oftherelevantagegroupsduringthedecadesbefore

thewar.Butafterthewar,greatsocialandpoliticalchangesarisingoutofthe

successfulwaragainstFascismcreatedagrowingdemandinEuropeanandAmerican

economiesforincreasingnumbersofgraduateswithmorethanasecondaryschool

education.(47)Andthedemandthatroseinthosesocietiesforentrytohigher

educationextendedtogroupsandsocialclassesthathadnotthoughtofattendinga

universitybeforethewar.Thesedemandsresultedinaveryrapidexpansionofthe

systemsofhighereducation,beginninginthe1960sanddevelopingveryrapidly

(thoughunevenly)duringthe1970sand1980s.

Thegrowthofhighereducationmanifestsitselfinatleastthreequitedifferentways,

andtheseinturnhavegivenrisetodifferentsetsofproblems.Therewasfirstthe

rateofgrowth:(48)inmanycountiesofWesternEurope,thenumbersofstudentsin

highereducationdoubledwithinfive-yearperiodsduringthe1960sanddoubled

againinseven,eightor10yearsbythemiddleofthe1970s.Secondgrowth

obviouslyaffectedtheabsolutesizebothofsystemsandindividualinstitutions.And

thirdgrowthwasreflectedinchangesintheproportionoftherelevantagegroup

enrolledininstitutionsofhighereducation.

Eachofthesemanifestationsofgrowthcarrieditsownpeculiarproblemsinits

wake/Forexample,ahighgrowthrateplacedgreatstrainsontheexistingstructures

ofgovernance,ofadministration,andaboveallofsocialization.Whenafacultyor

departmentgrowsfrom,say,fiveto20memberswithinthreeorfouryearsz(49)and

whenthenewstaffpredominantlyyoungmenandv/omenfreshfrompostgraduate

study,theylargelydefinethenormsofacademiclifeinthatfaculty.Andifthe

postgraduatestudentpopulationalsogrowsrapidlyandthereislossofaclose

apprenticeshiprelationshipbetweenfacultymembersandstudents,thestudent

culturebecomesthechiefsocializingforcefornewpostgraduatestudents,with

consequencesfortheintellectualandacademiclifeoftheinstitution-thiswasseenin

AmericaaswellasinFrance,Italy,WestGermany