2022届 高考英语一轮复习 阅读之说明文基础训练（四）

2022高考英语阅读之说明文基础训练（四）

（A）

Nowadayssomecompaniesareattemptingtogrowseafoodfromcellsina

laboratory,ratherthanharvestingitfromtheoceans.

Withmassiveproblemswithoverfishingworldwideandgrowingdemandfor

suppliesofseafood,thewayfishcurrentlymakesitswaytoourplatesisunableto

worklong-term.Between1961and2016,theaverageannualincreaseinglobalfood

fishconsumptionoutpacedpopulationgrowth.Thisisn'tgoodforus,thefish,orthe

environmentasawhole.

Cellular（细胞）seafoodcouldbetheanswer.Justdon'tmakethemistakeof

callingitlab-grownfish."Noneofusintheindustrywouldcallitlab-grown

seafood,“saysMikeSelden,CEOofFinlessFoods."FinlessFoodsisn'tlab-grown.

Weexperimentandcreateourscienceinthelab,butdon'tproducethere.Ourproducts

comefromaproductionfacilitymuchlikeafarm.Wejustdon'tneedtheanimalsto

createthenutrition/'

FinlessFoodsisabiotechcompanylocatedinSanFrancisco.Since-2017,it's

beenworkingtobringtomarketaspeciesofculturedbluefintuna（人工养殖的蓝鳍

金枪鱼）createdusingcellulartechnology.Shortlyafterthat,thecompanyproduced

itsfirstpoundofbluefintunameatforacostofabout$19,000.Sincethen,however,

it'sbeenworkingtobringthatpricedown.

SeldentermswhatFinlessFoodsisdoingas“cell-basedseafood^."We're

growingseafoodfromrealseafoodcells,MSeldenexplained.nWctakecellsfroma

fishonce,andthengrowthemendlesslyfromthat.Wedothesameprocessthat

happensinsideofafishandmakeithappenoutsideofafish.”

Thegoalofcellularseafoodisn't,itssupportersclaim,toentirelydisturbthe

currentseafoodindustry.Instead,it'sintendedtoaugmentit-andperhapstohelp

reduceoverfishingandillegalfishing.Andwhenitcomestocertainseaspecies,this

laboratory-basedapproachcouldhelpcreateaplentifulsupplyofcertainfishwithout

endangeringthesurvivalofcertainoverfishedspeciesasawhole.

1.Whatisthesecondparagraphintendedtoshow?

A.Theproblemwithglobaloverfishing.

B.Thedecreasingfoodfishconsumption.

C.Thenegativeenvironmentaleffectsofseafood.

D.Theimportanceofproducingcellularseafood.

2.WhyisMikeSeldenmentionedinthepassage?

A.Toexplaintheconceptoflab-grownseafood.

B.Toshowpeople'spassionforcellularseafood.

C.Todescribehiscompany'sdevotiontocellularseafood.

D.Tointroducethefeaturesofproducingcellularseafood.

3.WhatproblemisFinlessFoodstryingtosolvewithcellularseafood?

A.Itspoornutrientcontent.

B.Thehighcostofitsproduction.

C.Itspotentialnegativehealtheffects.

D.Thecomplicatedproductionprocess.

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4.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“augment”inthelastparagraphmean?

A.Cancel.B.Replace.C.Expand.D.Tolerate.

（B）

Jimmyisanautomotivemechanic（汽修工）buthelosthisjobafewmonthsago.

Hehasgoodheart,butalwaysfearedapplyingforanewjob.

Oneday,hegatheredupallhisstrengthanddecidedtoattendajobinterview.

Hisappointmentwasat10amanditwasalready8:30.Whilewaitingforabustothe

officewherehewassupposedtobeinterviewed,hesawanelderlymanwildly

kickingthetyreofhiscar.ObviouslytherewassomethingwrongwithIhecar.Jimmy

immediatelywentuptolendhimahand.WhenJimmyfinishedworkingonthecar,

theoldmanaskedhimhowmuchheshouldpayfortheservice.Jimmysaidtherewas

noneedtopayhim;hejusthelpedsomeoneinneed,andhehadtorushforan

interview.Thentheoldmansaid,“Well,Icouldtakeyoutotheofficeforyour

interview.It'stheleastIcoulddo.Please.Iinsist.'Uimmyagreed.

Uponarrival,Jimmyfoundalonglineofapplicationswaitingtobeinterviewed.

Jimmystillhadsomegrease（润滑油）onhimafterthecarrepair,buthedidnothave

muchtimetowashitofforhaveachangeofshirt.Onebyone,theapplicantsleftthe

interviewer'sofficewithdisappointedlookontheirfaces.Finallyhisnamewascalled.

Theinterviewerwassittingonalargechairfacingtheofficewindow.Rockingthe

chairbackandforth,heasked,<4Doyoureallyneedtobeinterviewed?''Jimmy'sheart

sank/'WiththewayIlooknow,howcouldIpossiblypassthisinterview?”hethought

tohimself.

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4.WhatcanwelearnfromJimmy'sexperience?

A.Twoheadsarebetterthanone.

B.Goodisrewardedwithgood.

C.Wherethere'sawill,there'saway.

D.Afriendinneedisafriendindeed.

(C)

Fortwocenturies,thefamousUniversityofCambridgedebatingsocietyhas

hostedmanyprominentfigures,fromworldleaderstoscientiststocomedians.

OnNov21,theCambridgeUnionhosteditsfirst-evernon-humanguest.

DesignedbyIBM,ProjectDebaterisamachinethatusesArtificialIntelligence(AI)

toformaspokenargument.Itcanevenlistenandanswertoopposingstatements,

muchlikearealperson.

SpeakingwithavoicesimilartoSiri,ProjectDebaterusesAItosearchjournals,

newspapersandotherinformationsources.Itthenfiltersout(过滤)useless

information,picksthestrongestarguments,andarrangesthemintoapersuasive

arJgument.

“IntheCambridgetestdebate,itarguedthetopic:AIwillultimatelydomore

harmthangood.AccordingtoIBM,itisthefirstmachinethatcandebatecomplicated

topicswithhumans.

Beforethedebate,morethan1,100argumentsforthepositivesandnegativesof

AIweresubmittedtotheIBMwebsite.Themachinethenanalyzedthesesourcesand

formedthebasisofitsargumentsinminutes.ProjectDebaterthenshowedoffitsAI

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byarguingforbothsidesofthedebate.

Overafour-minutespeech,itarguedfirstthat,UAIcanonlymakedecisionsthat

ithasbeenprogrammedtosolve,whilehumanscanbeprogrammedforallplots,

possibleevents.^^

InsupportofAI,itthenarguedthatAIwouldcreatenewjobsand“bringalot

moreefficiency“totheworkplace.

Thisisn'tthefirsttestfbrProjectDebater.InJune2018,themachinewent

back-and-forthfor20minutesagainstchampiondebaterHarishNatarajan.

AccordingtoNewScientist,onbothoccasions,ProjectDebaterrepeatedpoints

anddidn'talwayssufficientlysupportthem.

SpeakingtoCambridgeIndependent,NoamSlonim,theproject'sleadengineer,

said,uTheAIisnotperfect,butit'sgoingintherightdirection?'Theteamhopesto

improvetheAIbyresearchingwhyhumansfindcertainargumentsmorepersuasive

thanothers.

1.InwhichwaydoesProjectDebaterbehavelikearealperson?

A.Itcanlistenandanswertoopposingstatements.

B.ItcanspeakwithavoicesimilartoSiri.

C.Itcancreatevarioususefulsources.

D.Itcandealwithanysituation.

2.WhatwerepreparedfbrthemachinebeforetheCambridgetestdebate?

A.Analyzedsources.

B.Uselessmessages.

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C.Materialsforarguments.

D.Itemsabouthumandebaters.

3.Wecaninferfromthetextthat.

A.AIdidbetterthanhumansinarguments

B.themachinehadrichideastosupportitspoints

C.themachinebeatHarishNatarajaninthefirsttest

D.AIneedsmorepersuasiveargumentsindebates

4.WhatisNoamSlonim'sattitudetotheAI?

A.Supportive.B.Unconfident.C.Negative.D.Indifferent.

(D)

Startedin1636,HarvardUniversityistheoldestofallthemanycollegesand

universitiesintheUnitedStates.Yale,Princeton,ColumbiaandDartmouthwere

openedsoonafterHarvard.

Intheearlyyears,theseschoolsweremuchsimilar.Onlyyoungmenwentto

college.Allthestudentsstudiedthesamesubjects,andeveryonelearnedLatin,Greek

andHebrew.Littlewasknownaboutsciencethen,andonekindofschoolcouldteach

everythingthatwasknownabouttheworld.Whenthestudentsgraduated,mostof

thembecameministersorteachers.

In1782,Harvardstartedamedicalschoolforyoungmenwhowantedtobecome

doctors.Later,lawyerscouldreceivetheirtraining(训练)inHarvard'slawschool.In

1825,besidesLatinandGreek,Harvardbeganteachingmodernlanguages,suchas

FrenchandGerman.SoonitbeganteachingAmericanhistory.

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Asknowledgeincreased.Harvardandothercollegesbegantoteachmanynew

subjects.Studentswereallowedtochoosethesubjectsthatinterestedthem.

Today,therearemanydifferentkindsofcollegesanduniversities.Mostofthem

aremadeupofsmallerschoolsthatdealwith（涉及）specialfieldsoflearning.There's

somuchtolearnthatonekindofschoolcan'tofferitall.

1.TheoldestuniversityintheUSis.

A.YaleB.HarvardC.PrincetonD.Columbia

2.Fromthesecondparagraph,wecanseethatintheearlyyears,.

A.thosecollegesanduniversitieswerealmostthesame

B.people,youngorold,mightstudyinthecolleges

C.studentsstudiedonlysomelanguagesandscience

D.whenthestudentsfinishedtheirschool,theybecamelawyersorteachers

3.Asknowledgeincreased,collegesbegantoteach.

A.everythingthatwasknown

B.lawandsomethingaboutmedicine

C.manynewsubjects

D.thesubjectsthatinterestedstudents

4.Onthewhole,thepassageisabout.

A.howtostartauniversity

B.theworld-famouscollegesinAmerica

C.howcollegeshavechanged

D.whatkindoflessoneachcollegeteachesnow

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(E)

OneoftheexecutivesgatheredattheAspenInstituteforaday-longleadership

workshopusingtheworksofShakespearewasdiscussingtheroleofBrutusinthe

deathofJuliusCaesar."Brutuswasnotanhonourableman,"hesaid."Hewasa

traitor(叛徒).Andhemurderedsomeoneincoldblood.nTheagreementwasthat

Brutushadactedwithcrueltywhenotheroptionswereavailabletohim.Hemadea

baddecision,theysaid-atleastasitwaspresentedbyShakespeare-totakethe

leadinmurderingJuliusCaesar.Andthoughoneoftheexecutivesacknowledgedthat

Brutushadthegoodoftherepublicinmind,Caesarwasneverthelesshissuperior.

“Youhavetounderstand,vtheexecutivessaid,44ourpolicyistoobeythechainof

command.”

Duringthelastfewyears,businessexecutivesandbookwriterslookingfora

newwaytoadvisecorporateAmericahavebeenexploitingShakespeareJswisdom

forprofitableends.NonemoresothanhusbandandwifeteamKennethandCarol

Adelman,well-knownformeradviserstotheWhiteHouse,whostartedupatraining

companycalleduMoversandShakespearesTheyareamateurShakespearescholars

andShakespearelovers,andtheyhavecombinedtheirpassionandtheirhigh-level

contactsintoamanagementtrainingbusiness.Theyconductbetween30and40

workshopsannually,dealingwithhalfadozendifferentplays,mostlyforcorporations,

butalsoforgovernmentagencies.

Theworkshopsalltakethesameform,focusingonasingleplayasakindof

casestudy,andusingindividualscenesasspecificlessons.InJuliusCaesar,for

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example,Cassius'sslyprovocation（狡诈的挑唆）ofBrutustotakeuparmsagainst

Caesarwasthebasisforadiscussionofmethodsofteambuildingandgrassroots

organizing.

AlthoughneitheroftheAdelmansisacademicallytrainedinliterature,the

programscontainplentyofShakespearetraditionandbackground.Theirworkshopon

HenryV,forexample,includesahelpfulexplanationofHenry'swinning

strategyattheBattleofAgincourt.Buttheydocometothetextwithafew

biases（偏向）：theirreadingofHenryVminimizeshismisuseofpower.Instead,they

emphasizethestoryoftheyouthwhoseizesopportunityandbecomesamasterful

leader.AndattheworkshoponCaesar,Mr.Adelmanshadlittlegoodtosayabout

Brutus,saying“thenoblestRomanofthemall“couldn'tmakehismindupabout

things.

Manyoftheparticipantspointedtoveryspecificelementsintheplaythatthey

felttoberelated.Caesar,spride,whichledtohismurder,andBrutus'smistakesin

leadingthetraitorsafterthemurder,theysaid,raisevital