考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷267

考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷267

一、阅读（常规阅读理解）（本题共20题，每题7.0

分，共20分。）

Neuroscientistshavelongunderstoodthatthebraincanrewireitselfinresponseto

experience—aphenomenonknownasneuroplasticity.Butuntilrecently,theydidn't

knowwhatcausesgraymattertobecomeplastic,tobeginchanging.Breakthrough

researchbyateamatMIT'sPicowerInstituteforLearningandMemoryhasdocumented

onetypeofenvironmentalfeedbackthattriggersplasticity:success.Equallyimportant

andsomewhatsurprising:Itsopposite,failure,hasnoimpact.EarlMiller,thelead

researcheronthestudy,saysunderstandingthelinktoenvironmentalfeedbackiscrucial

toimprovinghowpeopleteachandmotivatebecauseit'sabigpartofhowwelearn.But

wcabsorbmorefromsuccessthanfromfailure,accordingtothestudy.Miller's

researchersgavemonkeysasimplelearningtask:Theypresentedoneoftwopictures.If

itwasPictureA,themonkeysweresupposedtolooktotheleft;ifPictureB,totheright.

Whenthemonkeyslookedinthecorrectdirection,theywererewardedwithadropof

juice.Allthewhiletheteamrecordedbrainfunction."Neurons^ellsspecializedto

conductnerveimpulses）intheprefrontalcortexandstriatum,wherethebraintracks

successandfailure,sharpenedtheirtuningaftersuccess,"saysMiller.What'smore,those

changeslingeredforseveralseconds,makingbrainactivitymoreefficientthenexttime

themonkeydidthetask.Thereafter,eachsuccesswasprocessedmoreefficiently.Thatis,

themonkeyhadlearned."Butafterfailure,"Millerpointsout,"therewaslittlechangein

brainactivity."Inotherwords,thebraindidn'tstoreanyinformationaboutwhatwent

wronganduseitthenexttime.Themonkeyjusttried,triedagain.Millersaysthismeans

thatonaneurologicallevel,successisactuallyalotmoreinformativethanfailure.Ifyou

getareward,thebrainrememberswhatitdidright.Butwithfailure（unlessthereisa

clearnegativeconsequence,liketheshockachildfeelswhenshestickssomethinginan

electricaloutlet）,thebrainisn'tsurewhattostore,soitdoesn'tchangeatall.Docsthis

researchconfirmthemanagementtenetoffocusingonyour—andyourteam's—strengths

andsuccesses?Millercautionsagainstmakingtootidyaconnectionbetweenhisfindings

andanenvironmentliketheworkplace,butheoffersthissuggestion:"Maybethelesson

istoknowthatthebrainwilllearnfromsuccess,andyoudon'tneedtodwellonthat.You

needtopaymoreattentiontofailuresandchallengewhyyoufail."

1、WhichofthefollowingistrueofEarlMiller'sresearch?

A.Itdiscoversneuroplasticity.

B、Itisthefirststudyofthiskind.

C、Itstudiesoneenvironmentalfeedback.

D、Itatteststoonecauseofneuroplasticity.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：是非细节题。根据题目选项定位到第一段。由第一段可知，该研究确

认了一种可引起大脑神经可塑性变化的环境反馈，也就是确认了一种导致该可塑性

的原因，故D项正确。

2、AccordingtoMiller'sstudy,failureasanenvironmentalfeedback

A、hasagreatimpactonourneuro-system.

B、cancausegraymattertobecomeplastic.

C、playsamoreimportantroleinlearningthansuccess.

D、provideslessbenefitsthansuccess.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：细节理解题。根据failure定位至第一段最后一句话和第二段最后一

句话。由第二段可知相比失败，我们能从成功中学到更多，故D项正确。

3、Duringtheexperimenteachfailuremadethemonkey

A、repeatthetaskfruitlessly.

B、realizetherightwaytodothetask.

C、giveuptryingeventually.

D、becomemoreefficientandclosertosuccess.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：细节理解题。由第四段最后两句得知猴子的大脑根本不存储失败的信

息以备下次参照，只是一次又一次地尝试。这样的尝试，当然包括“无效的重复”，

故A项正确。

4、TheexampleofanelectricshocktoachildinParagraph5isgiventoshow

A、successismuchmoreinformativethanfailure.

B、failureisinstructiveifitisimpressive.

C>failureconfusesthestoringprocessofthebrain.

D、failureisstoredonlywhenitbringsobviousnegativeoutcomes.

标准答案：D--

知识点解析：例证细节题。根据题干定位到第五段。文章说，除非失败有明显的负

面结果，不然大脑不会有所改变，儿童遭电击作为有明显负而结果的例子就是为了

说明这一点，故D项正确。

5、Inthelastparagraph,Millersuggeststhatweshould

A、applyhisfindingstotheworkplace.

B、becautiouswhilepursuingsuccess.

C、notthinkaboutthesatisfactionofsuccess.

D、strivetolearnfromfailuresaswell.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：观点态度题。根据题干定位到最后一段。由最后一句话可知Miller建

议大家要更加关注失败并找出原因，也就是汲取失败的教训，故选D项。

Newspapersarebecomingmorebalancedbusinesses,v/ithahealthiermixofrevenues

fromreadersandadvertisers.Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheir

relianceonads.Fully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2006,accordingto

theOECD.InJapantheproportionis35%.Notsurprisingly,Japanesenewspapersare

muchmorestable.Thewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody.but

muchofthedamagehasbeenconcentratedinareaswherenewspapersareleast

distinctive.Carandfilmreviewershavegone.Sohavescienceandgeneralbusiness

reporters.Foreignbureaushavebeensavagelypruned.Newspapersarelesscompleteasa

result.Butcompletenessisnolongeravirtueinthenewspaperbusiness.Justlookatthe

fateofOtisChandler'screation.Thankstofamilyconnections,Chandlerendedupin

controloftheLosAngelesTimesinI960.Thepaperheinheritedwasparochialand

conservative,reflectingthecityitserved.Chandlerabandonedtheanti-uniondogmaand

setaboutbuildingawest-coastrivaltotheNewYorkTimes.Hispaperwasheavyon

foreignnewsandserious,objectivereporting.Theresultwashugelyimpressive-butnot,

asitturnedout,suitedtotheinternetera.Inthepastfewyearsthepaperhassuffered

repeatedstaffcuts.In2007itwasacquiredbyapropertymagnateandin2008filedfor

bankruptcyprotection.Theproblemwithsuchnewspapersisthat,althoughtheydomuch

thatisexcellent,theydolittlethatisdistinctiveenoughforpeopletopaylorit.TheLos

AngelesTimes'foreignreportingisextremelygood.Butitishardtoarguethatitisbetter

thanthestuffsuppliedbytheNewYorkTimesorforeignpapers.Similarly,ithasnever

beenclearwhyeachmajornewspaperneedsitsowncarrevieweraCorollaisaCorolla,

whetheritisdriveninAlbuquerqueorAtlanta.Papersshouldconcentrateonwhatthey

dobest,whichmeans,inmanycases,localnewsandsport.Iftherestisboughtinfrom

wireservicesornationalorganizations,readersarcunlikelytocomplain—aslongas

thereisenoughcompetitionbetweenthoselargerproviderstokeepupstandards.

Specializationgenerallymeanshigherquality.Itisgrimtoforecaststillmorewriters

losingtheirjobs.Butwhethernewspapersarethrownontodoorstepsordistributed

digitally,theyneedtodeliversomethingthatisdistinctive.NewtechnologieslikeApple's

iPadonlymakethismoretrue.Themereacquisitionofasmoothblockofmetalandglass

doesnotmagicallypersuadepeoplethattheyshouldstartpayingfornews.Theywillpay

fornewsiftheythinkithasvalue.Newspapersneedtofocusrelentlesslyonthat.

6、FromParagraph1welearnthatAmericannewspapers

A、arebalancedbusinessesnow.

B、aremorestablethanJapaneseones.

C、getmostrevenuesfromreaders.

D、havebeenheavilyrelyingonads.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：事实细节题。第一段提到美国报业的现状，指出其正在成为mo企

balancedbusinesses,但是还是严重依赖广告收入，不如日本报业稳定，所以正确

答案应为D项。

7、NewspapersinAmericaarebecominglesscompleteinthat

A^newspaperindustryisindepression.

B、newsroomshavesufferedawhirlwind.

C^manycolumnsandforeignagenciesarecut.

D、OtisChandler'screationhasfailed.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：推理判断题。根据complete定位到第二段，该段讲到报业面临危

机，对于许多没有特色的栏目，从业者纷纷被炒，国外办事处也遭到大肆削减，因

而导致报业不再那么完整。所以正确答案为C项。

8、LosAngelesTimesmanagedbyChandler

A、isnarrowandconservative.

B、nowisarivaltoNewYorkTimes.

C、oncewasverysuccessful.

D、isseriousandsubjective.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：根据LosAngelesTimes定位到第三段。从Theresultwashugely

impressive…可知.经过改革，该报纸曾获得成功；butnot...suitedtotheinternetera

是说《洛杉矶时报》不能适应互联网时代，由此也可倒推出，在互联网时代来临

前，它是成功的。所以C项正确。

9、Accordingtotheauthor,LosAngelesTimes'failureisduetoits

A、focusonforeignreport.

B、lackofuniquefeatures.

C、ignoranceofwireservice.

D、ignoranceofcomplaints.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：推理判断题。作者在第四段中分析了LosAngelesTimes这类报纸失

败的原因是theydolittlethatisdistinctive,即缺乏特色，所以正确选项为B项。

10、Theauthorwouldmostlikelyagreethat

A、newspaperindustrywilldisappearsoon.

B、newspapersshouldstrivetoattractpeople.

C、nomorewriterswouldlosetheirjobsinfuture.

D、technologyhelpsnewspaperattractmorereaders.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：作者观点题。最后两句作者说，人们只有在觉得新闻有价值时才会付

钱购买，报纸应该注重这一点。换句话说，报纸应该专注于为读者提供人们愿意付

钱购买的新闻，也就是，报业需要想办法吸引人。所以B项正确。

Manywilldoubttobaccoindustryclaimsthatitissharpeningitssciencetoevaluate

"healthiercigarettes".Butthat'swhatwillhappeniftheUSFoodandDrug

Administration(FDA)getsthejobofregulatingtheindustry,asaSenatevoteontheissue

wasexpectedtodecidethisweek.Thenthehealthagencywillbeplacedinthebizane

situationofdecidingwhe:hertoapprovenewversionsofproductsthathavekilled

millions.Radicalswillarguethattheonlywayofpreventingtobacco-relateddeathand

diseaseistobancigarettes,notencouragemoretobaccoproductsontothemarket—even

iftheymightbesafer.However,abanisunlikely,andsohelpingpeopletoquit,

dissuadingteensfromsmokinginthefirstplaceandhelpingpeopleavoidsecond-hand

smokeshouldremainattheheartofhealthpolicies.Suchmeasureshavealreadycutthe

numberofUSsmokersfromaround50percentofthepopulationinthe1960stoaround

20percenttoday-butthisisstillwellshortoftheUSgovernment'stargetof12percent

by2010.Abstinencecannotbetheonlypolicy,however.Pragmatistswillseethesense

ofsafercigarettes.Thereisahardcoreofpeoplewhocannotorwillnotgiveup,and

safercigarettescouldalsohelpinpoorerpartsoftheworld,wheremoreandmorepeople

aretakingupsmoking:theWorldHealthOrganizationpredictsthatby2030morethan

80percentoftobacco-rclatcddeathswillbeinlowtomiddle-incomecountries.Wcneed

tofindnewwaysofcuttingtherisksoftobacco.Nicotinereplacementsareonesolution;

reduced-harmproductslikemodifiedcigarettesmightbeanother.Withoutrobustscience

tobackuptheclaimsofsafety,however,theycouldmakethingsworse,ashashappened

before.Themarketingof"light1*,"ultra-light"and"low-tar"cigarettesledmanysmokers

tobelievethatthesewerehealthieralternativestostrongerbrands,yetwenowknowthat

theycausejustasmuchcancer.Thetobaccoindustryhasapoorhistoryoftransparency

whenitcomestoresearch.Tobaccocompaniesarenowdevelopingbiomarkerstoassess

riskmoreaccurately.Theyshouldbeapplauded,butonlyiftheyarepreparedtosubject

theirresearchtotoughexamination.FDAregulationmayforcethemtodothis.Itshould

alsomakethelabelingofcigarettesevenclearer,sothatconsumersunderstandthe

relativerisks.Onlygoodsciencecancutthroughthesmokescreenthatfbrdecadeshas

obscuredthehazardsofcigarettes.

11、Fromthefirsttwoparagraphsweknowthat

itisimpossibleforthetobaccoindustrytomakesafercigarettes.

BNtheUSFoodandDrugAdministrationisgoingtobansmoking.

C、discouragingpeoplefromsmokingshouldbethefirstpriority.

D^theUSgovernmenthasmetitstargetofreducingthesmokingpopulation.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：推理判断题。第二段讲到healthpolicies的核心之一在于帮助人们戒

烟，所以C项正确。

12、Whenitcomestosmoking,pragmatistsbelieve

A、peopleshouldbeencouragedtosmokeconsideringeconomicinterests.

itissensibletointroducesafercigarettessincemanypeoplewon'tquit.

C>theUSgovernmentshouldsparenoefforttobansmokinginpublic.

D、thetobaccoindustryshouldexportcigarettestoundevelopedcountries.

标准答案：B「

知识点解析：推理判断题。根据pragmatists定位到第三段，实用主义者的观点是

安全型香烟的存在有意义，因为总有顽固分子戒不掉也不肯戒烟，所以B项正

确。

13、Themarketingof"light","ultra-light"and"low-tar"cigarettesismentionedto

A、introducesomekindsofsafercigarettes.

provethatit'spossibletocuttherisksoftobacco.

C、illustratetheinabilityoftobaccoindustrytodoscienceresearch.

D^showthattheclaimedsafercigarettesarerisky.

标准答案：D」

知识点解析:推理判断题。根据“light”，3啥鹿山“皿(1”10亚心「”定位到第四段0第

四段提及了烟草业科研透明度很不够，一个表现就是误导吸烟者认为light,ultra­

lightandlow-tar香烟比浓烟更健康，其实同样有害，所以D项正确。

14、IlisimportantforFDAtoregulatethetobaccoindustryinthat

A、itwillimposetoughexaminationonthetobaccoindustryintheUS.

B、ithasstrongerscientificmethodstoboostAmerica^tobaccoindustry.

C^itcanevaluatetherisksinthetobaccoindustrymoreaccurately.

D^itwillintroducepoliciestobansmokinginthepublicplacesintheUS.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：推理判断题。根据FDA定位到最后一段，该段讲到烟草业研制安全

型香烟必须subjecttotoughexamination,并且FDA可能会迫使他们这样做，所以

A项正确。

15、Whichadjectivebestdescribestheauthor'sattitudetowardstobaccoindustry?

A、Radical.

B、Supportive.

C、Objective.

D、Disgustful.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：观点态度题。本题考的是作者对烟草业的态度。整篇文章作者都是以

事实为依据进行客观的论述，既有对烟草业一些不当行为的揭露和批评，也有对其

某些努力的褒奖，所以答案为C项。

Itwassupposedtobethenew-mediaelection.E-mail,blogging,socialnetworkingand

tweetingwereexpectedtosurgeinimportanceandperhapstodecidetherace.Something

elsehashappened.Britain'sfirsttelevisiondebate,onApril15th,wasfollowedbyaten-

pointswingtotheLiberalDemocrats.Thedebateanditsaftermathdominatedpolitical

newsforseveraldaysandhastransformedtherace.Itisatriumphforoldmedia.There

weresignsevenbeforethedebatethatnewmediawerenotlivinguptoexpectations.A

surveycarriedoutduringthefirstweekinAprilbytheNationalEndowmentforScience,

TechnologyandtheArts(NESTA)foundthat79%ofBritonscouldnotrecallseeingany

onlineelectioneering—notevenane-mail.Theorganizationconcludedthatpoliticians

werefailingtotakeadvantageofnewmedia'shugepotentialtoengagewithvoters.

Perhaps.Orperhapsthisistoconfusenoveltywithimportance.Forseveralreasons,

inidilionalmediaarerailiergoodaldeliveringpoliliccilmessages.Thefirsttelevision

debate,onITV,waswatchedby9.4mBritons.Thatworksoutto37%oftheprime-time

audience—betterthantheshareofAmericanswhowatchedthefirstroundbetweenJohn

McCainandBarackObamain2008.Televisionistheonlytechnologythatcanreachso

manypeopleinasingleday.Butothersarenotfarbehind.Althoughtheircirculationhas

declined,newspapersstillreachlargeaudiences.TheSun,whichsupportsthe

Conservatives,isreadby8mpeopleeachday.Bycomparison,much-toutedsocialmedia

likeTwitterarcsonicheastobealmostinvisible.Andoldmediatakeupabigproportion

ofpeople'sleisuretime.Eachteleviseddebatelastsfor90minutes.Theaveragereader

spends40minuteswithhisdailynewspaperandanhourwiththeSaturdayandSunday

papers.Ittakesjustsecondstoreadane-mailorapolitician^tweet.Onemustmake

someheroicassumptionsabouttheappealofdigitalmediatothinktheyinfluencepeople

asmuchastraditionaloutlets.Unliketheinternet,newspapersandtelevisiontilttowards

theold,withfully47%oftheaudienceforthefirstdebatebeingaged55orolder.

Advertisersarelesskeentoreachtheoldthantheyoung,whichisonereasonnewspapers

arclosingmoney.Butanagedaudienceispreciselywhatpoliticianswant.Theoldarc

muchmorelikelytovotethantheyoung.Ofcourse,thetelevisiondebateshavebeen

circulatedthroughtweetsande-mails,justastheyhavebeendissectedbynewspapers.

Newmediaarehandyforfiringupcommittedsupporters,too.Butwhenitcomesto

reachingthevoterswhomatter,theoldtechnologiesare