考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷290

考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷290

一、阅读（常规阅读理解）（本题共20题，每题7.0

分，共20分。）

AllmenarccreatedequalorsoreckonedThomasJeffersonashedraftedAmerica's

DeclarationofIndependencein1776.SubsequentAmericanshavehadreasontoquestion

thefoundingfather.Sotoohavepeopleinthelandfromwhichthenewnationgainedits

freedom.AmericaandBritainareamongthemostunequalcountriesintherichworld

andBritain,atanyrate,ismoreunequalnowthanitwasagenerationago.Thatisthe

conclusionofastudycommissionedbyHarrietHarman,theequalitiesminister.Class

andmoneyhavealwaysstronglyaffectedhowpeopledoinlifeinBritain,withwell-

heeledfamiliesbreedingaffluentchildrenjustastheoffspringofthedesperatelypoor

tendtoremainpoor.AllthatwassupposedtohaveceasedattheendoftheSecondWorld

War,withthebirthofawelfarestatedesignedtomeetbasicneedsandpromotesocial

mobility.Butdespitedevotingmuchthoughtandmoremoneytoimprovingthelotofthe

poor,governmentshavefailedtoboostthosealthebottomofthepileasmuchasthoseal

thetophaveboostedthemselves.Thenewstudy,ledbyJohnHillsoftheLondonSchool

ofEconomics,found,forexample,thattherichesttenthofhouseholdsreceivedincome

morethanfourtimesthatofthepooresttenth;justagenerationago,itwasthreetimesas

much.Internationally,onlysixofthe30membersoftheOECD,aclubofmainlyrich

countries,showgreaterinequality.Wealthisdistributedfarmoreunequallythanincome,

withtherichesttenthinBritainholdingassetsworthalmost100timesthoseofthe

poorest.Althoughthestudyfoundthatsomeofthewidestgapsbetweensocialgroups

havediminishedovertime,deep-seateddifferencesbetweenhavesandhave-notspersist,

ruiningthelifechancesofthelessfortunate.Politiciansofallstripestalkupequalityof

opportunity,arguingthatitmakesforafairerandmoremobilesociety,andamore

prosperousone.Thegoalofgreaterequalityofoutcomesalsohasitsboosters.In"The

SpiritLevel",epidemicdiseaseexpertsKatePickettandRichardWilkinsonclaimthat

moreequalsocietiesarehealthierthanunequalones,aswellashappier.Notallagree,but

inacountrywheretheNationalHealthServiceaccountsforalmostafifthofpublic

spending,itisworthconsidering.Thedifficultyarisesinputtingthesenotionsinto

practice,throughseveretaxincreasesforthemiddleclassandwealthy,orexpanding

governmentintervention.Thesehavenotrecentlybeenvote-winningpropositions,but

therecessionthatBritainisnowlimpingawayfrommayhavechangedthings.

1、AccordingtoHarrietHarman,inBritain,

A^inequalityhasdisappeared.

B、therich-poorgaphasnarrowed.

C、varioussocialinequa'itiesspringup.

D^theunequalsituationhasworsened.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：事实细节题。由HarrietHannan定位至第一段后半部分，其中④句讲

到英围社会贫富差距比几十年前更大，即不平等现象加剧了，D项与之相符。

2、WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph2?

A、ClassandmoneydetermineeverythinginBritain.

B、GapbetweenpoorandrichremainsafterWorldWarII.

C、BasicneedsaremetinBritainthankstothewelfarepolicy.

D、TheBritishgovernmentmakesfeweffortstohelp(hepoor.

标准答案：B-

知识点解析：段落理解题。从第二段整段可以看出，英国贫富差距的问题并没有随

着政府的努力而消失，这个问题时至今口依然存在，而③句的But更是表明贫富

差距并没有因为二战而结束，故选B项。

3、JohnHills,studyhasfoundthat

A、therichestreceiveincomefourtimesmorethanthepoorest.

B、BritainisanOECDmemberwiththehighestrateofinequality.

C、wealthdistributionismoreunequalthanincomedistribution.

D、mostgapsbetweensocialgroupshavedisappearedovertime.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：事实细节题。由JohnHil©smdy迅速定位至第三段，该段③句指明

英国财富的不均衡比收入不均衡更加显著，C项与之相符,为正确答案。

4、ItisindicatedinParagraph4thatBritishpoliticians

A、onlyindulgeinemptytalks.

B、advocatefaireropportunities.

C、boosttheequalityofoutcomes.

D、ignoretherealneedofthepoor.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：推理判断题。第四段②句表明，政客们都大肆宣扬机会均等能带来

更加平等、流动性更强和更加繁荣的社会.由此不难判断B项为正确答案。

5、KatePickettandRichardWilkinsonholdthatfairercountries

A、enjoyahigherlevelofwell-being.

B、areoftenmoremobileandprosperous.

C>featurestrongergovernmentintervention.

D、canberealizedbyseveretaxincreases.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：事实细节题。由KatePickett和RichardWilkinson定位至第四段④

句，该句中claim后面的小凯从句表明，生活在更加平等社会的人更健康.更愉

快，故选A项。

On26March,theItalianSenateapprovedabillthatwouldgivephysiciansinthecountry

therighttooverridethelivingwillsofpeoplewhoarcinapersistentvegetativestate,and

totrytokeepthepatientsalivethroughartificialnutrition.Themeasurehascaused

intensecontroversy.Manycountrieshavelaws,orestablishedcodesofmedicalpractice,

thatprotecttheexpressedwishesofanindividualtodeclinetreatmentiftheybecome

severelyincapacitatedandincapableofcommunicating.InmostUSstates,forexample,a

doctormustnegotiatewithrelativesviaanethicscommitteeifheorshebelievesthata

patientincapacitatedinthiswaycouldbenefitfromadditionaltreatment.TheItalianbill,

however,explicitlyallowsphysicianstooverrulesuchlivingwills.Italsodeclaresthat

artificialnutritionisnotaclinicalintervention.Curiously,theproposedlawappliesonly

topatientsinthetypeofprolonged,deepcomaknownasapersistentvegetativestate,

andnotto(hosewithother,similarlyincapacitatingillnesses.Thisisbecausethebillhas

beenpromptedbytherecentandmuch-publicizeddeathofEluanaEnglaro,whospent17

yearsinavegetativestateafteracaraccidentattheageof21.Herfather,arguingthathis

daughterhadvoicedadesiretobeallowedtodieifincapacitated,hadpressedher

reluctantdoctorstoceaseartificialfeeding.Heeventuallytooklegalaction,winningin

onecourtafterthenextinfightingoffallthedoctors'appeals.InFebruary,hefinallyhad

hermovedtoahospitalthatwaspreparedtoremovethe1cedingtube.PrimeMinister

SilvioBerlusconiissuedanemergencydecreetoblocktheprocess,buttheItalian

presidentrefusedtosignit.TheconstitutionalcrisiswasavertedwhenEnglarodiedon9

February.SurveyshaveindicatedthatalargemajorityofItaliansdonotsupporttheidea

thatlivingwillscouldbeignoredButmostrelevantscientificsocietieshavebeenquiet

TheFederationofItalianPhysicianspublishedonlyamildstatement,aftertheSenate

vote,suggestingthatitshouldhavebeenconsulted.AstragicasEnglaro'ssituationwas,

media-fuelledemotionisnotagoodbasisfbrlawmaking.TheItalianconstitutionsays

thatnoonecanbeforcedtoundergomedicaltreatmentwithouthisorherapproval.The

Italianparliamentmustnowensurethatthebillisimbuedwithasuitablelevelof

scientificandlegalsophistication,andthatitmeetsthisconstitutionalprovision.

Discussionneedstoembracetherequestedwiderconsultationwiththemedical

communityandprovisionsshouldbemadeforcare-givers'conscientiousobjection.Buta

physicianwhoseconscienceprecludeshisorherpersonallyremovingafeedingtuhe

shouldnothavethelastsayinthelifeordeathofapatientwhosewishesareclearly

stated.

6、Theword"override"(Line2,Paragraph1)mostprobablymeans

A、protect.

B、scorn.

C^ignore.

D、respect.

标准答案：c

知识点解析：词义理解题，这类题型需要根据上下文推断出词义。本段讲到法案规

定医生有权——病人的死亡意愿，而下段讲到此法案引起了激烈争论，因为很多国

家支持个人放弃治疗的意愿，两者意思相反，故判断此处是赋予医生“忽视”病人意

愿的权力，C项正确。

7、InParagraph2,USstatesarecitedasanexampletoshowthat

A、theexpressedwishesofanindividualareprotectedbylawsorcodesofmedical

practice.

adoctormustdiscusswithrelativesofthepatientwhenprovidingadditional

treatment.

C、adoctorhastherighttoletthepatientwhodeclinestreatmentcontinuetobetreated

medically.

D^intensecontroversyaboutthelivingwillofthepatienthasbeencaused.

标准答案：A:

知识点解析：事实细节题，考查例证细节。③句讲到美国的例子，目的在于说明

②句的观点，即在某些前提下，许多国家的法律支持个人放弃治疗的意愿，故A

项正确。

8、Itcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraphthat

A、EluanaEnglarodiedbecauseahospitalremovedherfeedingtube.

B、thebillcouldbeappliedtopatientswithallkindsofincapacitatingillnesses.

C、theSenatepassedthebillinhonorofEluanaEnglaro.

D、thebillcouldbeappliedtopatientssufferingdeepcoma.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：推理判断题0①句讲到，此法律适用于长期处于深度昏迷状态，即

持续性植物人状态的病人，这与D项表述一致，故D项正确。

9、Aphysiciandoesnothavetherighttodecidethelifeordeathofapatientif

A、thereisnosuitablelevelofscientificandlegalsophistication.

B、thepatientexpresseshisownlivingwillinaclearway.

C、thephysiciandoesnothaveclearconscience.

D、thereisnowiderconsultationwiththemedicalcommunity.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：事实细节题。根据题干Ihelifeordeathofapalient定位到第五段。该

段⑤句提到，在病人明确表示自己的意愿时，医生不应该替病人做最后的决定，

故B项与之相符。

10、Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthistext?

A、TheLivingWillofPatients

B、TheDeathofEluanaEnglaro

C、ABillagainstRights

D、TheIntenseControversy

标准答案：C

知识点解析：主旨大意题。从全文大意和第段①句及最后段③句可以推断

出，全文围绕意大利出台的一项法案进行讨论，故C项与之相符。

Whenitcomestojealousy,menandwomenaren'talwaysonthesamepage.Previous

studieshaveshownthat,whilemenaremorelikelytoseeredoverapartner'ssexual

infidelity,womenaremoreupsetbyemotionalcheating.Evolutionarypsychologists

theorizethatthedifferenceisrootedinthesexes*historicalroles—menwantedto

guaranteethattheirpartnerswerecarryingtheirchildren,whilewomenneededtofeel

securethattheyandtheirchildrenwouldbecaredforbyacommittedpartner.Yet,that

evolutionaryexplanationdoesn'taccountforalargegroupofmenwhosaythatemotional

disloyaltyismoreupsettingthansexualinfidelity,andwomenwhoaremoreupsetby

sexualbetrayal.Togainamorethoroughunderstandingofgenderandjealousy,

researchersfromPennsylvaniaStateUniversity(PSU)approachedtheissuewithsome

modernpsychology.InastudypublishedinthejournalPsychologicalScience,

researchersfoundthat,whilegenerallyspeaking,theevolutionaryexplanationofgender

andjealousyheldup;whenviewedthroughthelensofattachmenttheory—broadly,the

psychologicaltheoryaboutourtendencytotbsterintimaterelationshipswithother

people-bothmenandwomenwithsecureemotionalhistoriesweremorelikelyto

experiencejealousyoveremotionalinfidelity,andthosewhowereinsecureor

dismissing,weremorelikelytobevexedbysexualcheating.Totackletheissue,

researchersrecruited416collegestudentsfromNewYorkCity,whoseattachmentstyles

wereassessedthroughquestionnairescontainingascriesofvigncttes(shortdescriptions

orpictures)―eachreflectingeithersecure,fearful,preoccupied,ordismissingattachment

styles.Participantswereinstructedtoselectthestorythatmostaccuratelyreflectedtheir

ownattitudeaboutromanticrelationships,andwerecategorizedaccordingly.Ina

subsequentquestionnaire,participantswereaskedwhethertheywouldbemoreupsetby

theirpartner"havingpassionatesexualintercoursewithanotherperson,"or"forminga

deepemotionalattachmenttoanotherperson."Theyfoundthat,regardlessofgender,

77.3%ofsecurelyattachedparticipantsviewedemotionalinfidelityasmoreupsetting,

while64.8%ofinsecureordismissingparticipantsthoughtsexualcheatingwasworse.

Thesefindings,theauthorssay,shedlightontheintricatepsychologicalnatureof

jealousy,andmayhelptodeveloptechniquestodeterminetheunderlyingdynamicsof

sexualjealousy—awell-documentedcauseofspousalabuse,beatingandevenmurder.

Theauthorssuggestthat,gainingabetterunderstandingofnotonlythebroaddifferences

injealousybetweenthesexes,butofthedifferencesinjealousywithingenders,mayhelp

toidentifymethodsforinterruptingabusebyfosteringstable,secureattachments.

11、Thetheoryputforwardbyevolutionarypsychologists

A、maintainsthatmenandwomenaredifferentwhenitconiestojealousy.

B、assertsthatthegenderdifferenceinjealousyshapedthesexes'historicalroles.

C、failstoobtainathoroughunderstandingofgenderandjealousy.

D、isbyandlargeinfluencedbyDarwin'sevolutionarytheory.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：事实细节题。根据关键词evolulionarypsychologist定位到文章第一

段。其中③句提到，进化心理学家提出理论说男女在嫉妒方面的不同源于他们性

别的历史角色不同，但是紧接着④句以Yel转折，指出这种理论不够全面，不够

透彻，因而在第二段①句话才会说“为了更加透彻地了解性别与嫉妒的关

系，……由此可知，进化心理学家并没有全面了解性别和嫉妒的关系，C项正

确。

12、ThestudyconductedbyresearchersfromPSUhasshownthat

A、theevolutionarytheoryofgenderandjealousyisvalidandtrue.

B>moreparticipants(77.3%to64.8%)viewedemotionalinfidelityasmoreupsetting.

C、theevolutionaryexplanationisuntruewhenviewedfromtheangleofattachment

theory.

D^asidefromgender,attachmentstylescontributetothedifferenceintermsofjealousy.

标准答案：D

知识点解析•：事实细节题。根据专有名词PSU定位到文章第二段。通过题干可知

本题主要考查PSU的研究结果，正确解答本题关键在于理解该段的②句。根据“难

句2”的分析可以发现，进化心理学家对于性别与嫉妒的理论基本正确，但同时还

必须考虑情感依附类型这一因素，据此可知，D项是正确的。

13、Theword"vexed'\Line7,Para.2)mostprobablymeans

A、bewildered.

B、haunted.

C、irritated.

D、troubled.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：词义理解题。根据第二段以及上下文可以推出vexed一词与第一段中

的seered以及upset意思相近，意为“恼火，恼怒”，故C项irritated为正确选项。

14、Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?

A、Jealousyhasnothingtodowithgender,butwithattachmentstyles.

B、Thefindingshelptoexplainthenatureofjealousy,especiallysexualjealousy.

C、Recordshaveshownthatsexualjealousyisacauseofmaritalviolence.

D、Abetterknowledgeofjealousycanavoidspousalabuseanddomesticviolence.

标准答案：c

知识点解析：推理判断题。最后一段②句破折号后的内容提到“性嫉妒已经被充分

证明是导致配偶虐待、殴打甚至谋杀的原因”，该句中的causeofspousalabuse,

beatingandevenmurder与C项的causeofmaritalviolence对应.选C项。

15、Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthistext?

A、EmotionalDisloyaltyvs.SexualInfidelity

B、GenderandJealousy

C、AttachmentStylesandJealousy

D、DynamicsofJealousy

标准答案：B

知识点解析：主旨大意题。通过阅读全文，尤其是第一段①句和第二段的开头①

句的内容，可以发现本文主要探讨男性和女性在嫉妒方面的不向表现，所以B项

是最恰当的文章标题。

Hereyouare.Everymorning,youreluctantlyreturntothesame6x6cube.Yougraba

coffee,surfanewssite,andchitchatwithapeer.Thenit'sontothatattackofcallsande-

mailscomingyourway.Buttheworkloaddoesn'tbotheryou.Stayingbusysavesyou

fromsomethingworse.Andthatsomethingworsehappenseachmonthwhenthe

promotionannouncementscomeout.Youreadwhatyourpeershaveaccomplished,here

andelsewhere.Reflectingonwhatyoudidduringthatsametime,yourealizehowfar

you'vefallenbehind.Sometimesyouwhisper,"Thatshould'vebeenme."Yearsago,you

marchedintothiscubedreamingofbeingabigshot.Youdidn'tplantostayherelong;it

wasaplacetolearntheropesandbuildyourreputation.Earlyon,thehigher-upsraved

aboutyournaturaltalentandupside.Butthosequalitiesonlytakeyousofar.Now,you

holdaceremonial"Senior"title.Yourplaceissecureandyoumakeadecentliving.Still,

youfeeltrappedandrestless.Youfollowthesametiredroutines.Andyouwonderif

you'vesettled,ifthisisallthereisandallyou'lleverbe.Youoncelivedlikeyouhadall

thetimeintheworld.Thenyoulosttrackofitasyearspassed.Now,youfeelitsweight

andpassingmoreintimately,knowinghowmuchyou'vewasted.Wewanttobelieveour

careerswillunfoldlogically.Weseeourselvesasspecial,possessingamanifestdestiny

tosomedaycreate,change,andlead.Soweputourlivesonholdandsacrificeforthe

greatergoodatwork,certainoureffortswilleventuallyberewarded.Weimagine

climbingtheproverbialladder,notwanderingthroughamaze.Sowhathappened?You'd

liketobelieveitwasonemoment——amajoroversightormissedopportunity——thatled

youhere.Deepinside,youknowthetruth.Youwrotelistsandplans,knowingyou'd

neverputthemintomotion.Youwaitedforsomethingtohappentoyou...andgotleft

behind.Despitethegruelinghours,youwentthroughthemotions,subconsciously

knowingyourpathwaswelcomesceneryandexercise.Butlednowhere.Inourpersonal

narratives,wenaturallymakeourselvestheheroes.Weseekoutvillainsandscapegoats

tojustifywhyourliveshaven'tpannedoutUnfortunately,thetruthisfarless

melodramatic.Itisusuallyaseriesofevasions,badhabits,fears,comprom