考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷617

考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷617

一、阅读（补全短文）（本题共20题，每题7.0分，共

20分。）

[A]Oneofthereasonsmakingaircleanercanhavesoimmediateaneffectisthatevena

littledirtcandoalotofdamage.Areductionofjust10micrograinsofpollutionpercubic

meterofair—adegreeofimprovementmanyofthesurveyedcitieswereabletoattain

duringthetwo-decade-plusperiod-couldextendhumanlife-spansafullninemonths.

Howsmallis10microgramspercubicmeter?Considerthatsimplybylivingwitha

cigarettesmoker,you'reexposedtoadailydoseof20to30.[B]Aswithsomanyother

things,PresidentBarackObama'scomingintopowerhaspeoplehopingthatthesekinds

ofquestionswillbemoreaggressivelyaddressedthantheywereoverthepasteightyears.

Evenduringthemostheateddaysofthefallcampaign,neithercandidatewentsofarasto

promiselongerlifeinexchangeforavote.Butasmartenvironmentalpolicycould

deliverjustthat.|C]Thebenefitsofcleanerairmayevenbefeltintownswhoseskies

weren'tthatdirtytobeginwith.Thosethatbeganwiththeverylowestlevelsstillsaw

healthbenefitsfromsmallimprovements.Theevidenceisn'tyettheretodetermine

whetherthosebenefitswouldcontinuegrowinguntilthefine-particlepollutiongotdown

tozero;oneofthecitiesclosesttothat,Albuquerque,NewMexico,stillhoversaround5

microgramspercubicmeter.Butatthispoint,itdocsiftseemthatthebenefitsdecrease.

"Ifitcontinuestofollowwhatwe'veobserved,itappearsthattherearehealthbenefits

downtoverylowlevelsofexposure,"saysDr.Pope,thestudy'sleadauthor.|D|Nobody

pretendsthatpollutedairisn'tterribleforyourhealth.Cleanuptheskiesoveranydirty

city,andthepeoplewholivetherewillallbutcertainlybecomehealthier.That,atleast,

hasbeenpopularwisdom,butuntilnow,noonehadeverputittoastatisticaltest.Now

someonehas,andtheresultsarestriking:accordingtoastudyjustpublished,whenlocal

governmentsdecidetoremovethesmog,localresidentsactuallyliveanaverageoffive

monthslonger.[E]Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania,forexample,isonecityinthesurveythat

wasatthe30-microgramlevelbeforethedeclineofthesteelindustryinthe1980sdrove

thedirtoutoftheskies-evenasitdrovejobsoutoftown.Pittsburghwasoneofthe

biggestwinnersinthenewstudy,withresidentsgainingroughly10monthsinlife

expectancyoverwhattheyhadwhenthemillswerestillchurning.[F]Thenextstepfor

bothresearchersandpolicymakersisdeterminingwhichsourcesofdirt-powerplants,

motorvehicles,otherindustrialpolluters—makethebiggestcontributionstoparticle

levelsandthusshouldbemostaggressivelytargeted."Inadifficulteconomicsituation,"

asksDr.DouglasDockery,"wherecanwespendthedollarsthatwouldhavethemost

benefit?1*|G）Inordertoreachsopreciseafinding,thestudy'sauthorshadtodosome

exhaustivenumber-crunching,surveyingpollutionralesandlongevityin51citiesacross

theU.S.overa21-yearperiodfrom1979to2000.Overall,theyfoundthatlifespaninall

oftheareasincreasedbyanaverageofnearlythreeyears—from74to77-asaresultof

ahostoffactors,mostnotablyreducedsmokingandimprovedincome.But15%ofthe

changewasattributabletocleanerair.

D—*1.2.一►3.—►4.t5・—*B

标准答案：G

知识点解析：D为首段，其末句引用了一个study得出的结果，可推测后一段应该

会详细介绍该研究，比如方法、过程和结果等。G恰恰给出了该项研究的相关信息

和数据，并且G首句中的sopreciseafinding和前文中具体的数字(anaverageoffive

months)对应，因此G应紧跟在D之后。

2、

标准答案：A

知识点解析：根据英语文章惯用的“话题——分析问题一解决问题”结构，在前两

段提出问题或现象之后，接下来的段落应该要开始分析该问题了。A首句提到了

“改善空气质量之所以能产生如此立竿见影的效果(soimmediateaneffect),其原因

之一……”，可见该段开始分析问题的原因了。A很好地衔接了前段的逻辑关系，

故本题答案选A。

3、

标准答案：E

知识点脑析：E和C都以城市的情况举例，说明净化空气对人体健康产生的有益影

响。而E的首句恰好谈到“参与调查的匹兹堡曾经空气中的污染物含量为30微克/

立方米(atthe30-microgramlevel)”，这正好衔接了A最后一句提到的you're

exposedtoadailydoseof20to30,即：上段提到减少10毫克/立方米如此小的

量，就有延长9个月寿命之效，末句讲到可以想象一下减少20-30毫克/立方米的

量会有多好的延寿效果；E紧接着结合与上述污染程度相当的匹兹堡改善空气后的

效果，对上段观点进行说明。可见E应紧接在A之后。

4、

标准答案：C

知识点解析：从C的首句Thebenefitsofcleanerairmayevenbefeltintownswhose

skiesweren'tthatdirtytobeginwith.可以发现，该段是对上文例证的进一步补充，

结合另一类城市的情况，说明就算城镇空气中的污染物含量非常低，空气质量的小

小改善同样会给人们带来健康红利。而且，与匹兹堡相比，C所讲的阿尔伯克基市

本来的空气就比较干净，故C首句说的ihaldirty即回指上段中讲述的像匹兹堡那

样的城市，因此C紧跟E之后，衔接紧密，逻辑合理。

5、

标准答案：F

知识点解析：文章末段B中提到人们希望新政策能解决thesekindsofquestions,可

见前一段应提出了具体待解决的问题。F首句指出研究人员和决策者下一步要做的

就是共同决定哪种污染源是最大的元凶(wherecanwespendthedollarsthatwould

havethemostbenefit?),这就是具体要做的事情，要解决的问题。故F应为B的前

一段。

[A]TheresearchwasbasedonresponsestotheEnglishLongitudinalStudyofAging

(Elsa)一whichgathersdatafromarepresentativesampleofmenandwomenaged50and

over—in2008/9and2010/11.[B]Thereportsaysthatalcoholconsumptionisgrowing

amongolderpeopleinEngland.Bycontrast,theproportionofBritishadultssayingthey

donotdrinkandtheproportionwhosaytheybinge-drankhavebothfallen.[C]Alcohol

Concern'schiefexecutiveJackieBallardsaid:"Harmfuldrinkingisarealissuefbr

middle-agedandolderpeople,manyofwhomareregularlydrinkingaboverecommended

limits,oftenintheirownhomes.Thesearethepeoplewho,iftheydevelopalcohol

relatedillnesses,tendtorequirethemostcomplexandexpensivehealthcareduetothe

mentalandphysicalproblemscausedbydrinkingtoomuch.Unlesssocietystartstotake

thisseriouslyandacknowledgesthehealthproblemsandthecosttosocietywhichtoo

muchalcoholcancause,thesituationwillonlygetworse."[D|AgeUK'schief

economist,ProfessorJoseIparraguiiTe,authoroftheresearch,publishedinonlinejournal

BMJOpen,writes:"Ourfindingssuggestthatharmfuldrinkinginlaterlifeismore

prevalentamongpeoplewhoexhibitalifestyleassociatedwithaffluenceandwitha

'successful'ageingprocess.Harmfuldrinkingmaythenbeahiddenhealthandsocial

probleminotherwisesuccessfulolderpeople.Consequently,andbasedonourresults,we

recommendtheexplicitincorporationofalcoholdrinkinglevelsandpatternsintothe

successfulageingparadigm."|E|Incomewasalsoassociatedwithhigherrisk,butonly

forwomen.Neitherbeingdepressedorlonelywerelinkedtoincreasedriskofharmful

drinking,althoughbeingsingle,separatedordivorcedwas,althoughonlyformen.

Analysisoftheresponsesshowedthattheriskofharmfuldrinkingpeakedformenin

theirearly60sandthengraduallytailedoff,whereasforwomenriskydrinkingfellas

theyaged.Iparraguirresuggestedthatthecurrentgroupofover50smaybecarryingon

levelsofhigherconsumption,developedintheiryoungeryears,intolaterlife.[F]People

over50whoarchealthy,active,sociableandhighlyeducatedarcatmoreriskofharmful

drinkingthantheirlesswell-offpeers,accordingtoresearch.Astudyofmorethan9,000

peoplehasconcludedthatdrinkingamongtheover-50sisahidden"middleclass1'

phenomenon,whichshouldbetargetedwithexplicitage-specificguidelineson

consumption.[G]Iparraguirrefoundthatreportingbetterhealthandhighereducational

attainmentwerepositivelyassociatedwithanincreasedriskofharmfuldrinking.

"Becausethisgroupistypicallyhealthierthanotherpartsoftheolderpopulation,they

mightnotrealisethatwhattheyarcdoingisputtingtheirhealthindanger,"hesaid.[H]

Thestudyusednationalguidanceondrinking,whichsaysthatconsumptionof22unitsor

overformen,or15unitsoroverfbrwomen,carries"increasingrisk"or,ifover50or35

unitsrespectively,"higherrisk".TheRoyalCollegeofPsychiatristshaspreviouslysaid

thatthereshouldbeaseparaterecommendedsafedrinkinglimitforover-65sof1.5units

ofalcoholaday.

FIT|1.II匚HZT「IT「]fLA]-「|

6、

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题是文章最后一段。C提出饮酒过量对老年人群的危害，并呼吁社

会对这个问题给予足够重视。在分析问题后提出呼吁，是比较常见的文章结尾的写

法。C在前文分析的基础上，进一步指出了前文所述问题的危害性，并以此呼吁社

会重视这个问题，作为结尾很恰当。再者，C提到的recommendedlimits刚好可以

对应H的recommendedsafedrinkinglimit。故确定本题选Co

[A]Peoplewhodeceivethemselvesalsotendtobehappierthanpeoplewhodonot.

Therearesocialprofits,too:Studieshaveshownthatpeoplewholiefrequentlyare

viewedasfriendlierandmoreamiablethantheirmoretruthfulcounterparts.Still,lyingis

generallyregardedasimmoralandunpleasant."Noonelikesbeingliedto,"saysformer

FBIagentandlyingexpertJoeNavarro."Wefeelbetrayed.Whenisitthattheyare

tellingthetruth?"Andpeopledoreallywanttoknowthetruth.AnewFoxdrama,Lieto

Me,whichfeaturesasteelyBritishdeceptionexpert,hasbecomeoneofthemostpopular

showsontelevision.[B]Ithasneverbeeneasyforpeopletosortoutfactfromfiction.

Studieshaveshownthatpeoplecanidentifyliesonlyabout50percentofthetime,or

aboutthesameaschance.Tobesure,researchershavebeenabletofigureoutsomeclues

touncoverdeception.Whenpeopletellasignificantlie,forinstance,theytypically

gesturelessandtheirarmsmayappearstiff.Peopletellingliesalsomighthavedilated

pupilsbecausetheyfeelnervousaboutspinninganuntruth.|C]Researchershavebeen

studyingdeceptionfordecades,figuringoutwetellliesforallsortsofreasons.Wemight

wanttogainaraiseorareward,forexample,ortoprotectfriendsoralover.Such

constantliesmightbeanecessarysocialevil,andresearchershaverecentlydiscovered

thatsomesmallunimportantliesmightactuallybegoodforyou."Weuseliestogrease

thewheelsofsocialdiscourse,"sayspsychologistRobertFeldman."It'ssociallyusefulto

telllies."[D]Don'tfeelbad.You'reingood,dishonestcompany.Aresearchshowsthat

peoplelieconstantly,thatdeceptionisexistingeverywhereineverydaylife.Onestudy

foundthatpeopletelltwotothreeliesevery10minutes,andevenconservativeestimates

indicatethatwelieatleastonceaday.Ourcapacityfordeceitappearsnearlyendless,

fromaddinguntruedetailstostoriestowearingfakeeyelashestoasking"Howareyou?"

whenwedon'tactuallycare.Weevenlietoourselvesabouthowmuchfoodweeatand

howoftenwcvisitthegym,butwhydowcspinfactsandmakeupfictions?[E]Small

decorationscanhavepositivepsychologicaleffects,expertssay.Researchersfoundthat

collegestudentswhoexaggeratedtheirGPAininterviewslatershowedimprovementin

theirgrades.Theirfiction,inotherwords,becameself-fulfilling.MExaggeratorstendto

bemoreconfidentandhavehighergoalsforachievement,"explainsRichardGramzow,a

psychologistattheUniversityofSouthampton."Positivebiasesabouttheselfcanbe

beneficial."[F]Admitit:You'velied.Youtoldafriendthathisshirtlookedstylishwhen

youactuallythoughtitwasshabby.Ormaybeyousaidtoyourbossthatherpresentations

werefascinatingwheninfacttheyweremindless.Orperhapsyoutoldyourlandlordthat

therentcheckwasinthemail.|G]Evenwiththesefindings,there'snosurefirewayto

catchaliar.Butsomeonewithaknowntrackrecordoflyingislikelytopayaprice.

"Liesaddup,"saysFeldman."Themoreyouknowthatsomeoneisnottellingyouthe

truth,thelesstrustworthytheyare.They'rejusttellingyoustuffyouwanttohear,and

youwon'tlistentothemanymore."

1.—♦^2.-3.—E—4.—♦15.一]一|GI

11、

标准答案：F

知识之解析：本题为文章首段，通常起到引题的作用。A首句的also说明会有上文

与之衔接，故排除。B讲到研究发现的一些能够帮助识别谎言的线索。注意，G开

头的Evenwiththesefindings...catchaliar暗示上文提到了有关判断一个人是否

说谎的方法，而各段中只有B涉及到这样的方法，B应该很靠近G,故排除B。D

开头便说“不要感到难过，你身边有很多不诚实的人“，暗示上文会提到一个负面的

现象(会让你感到难过)，故不能为文章首段。D木尾提出疑问(whydowe

spin...fictions?),[ftC是对这个问题的解答(…wetellliesforallsortsof

reasons),可见C应在D的后面，C也不能为首段。由此，初步圈定F为答案。F

通过举例说明一个现象：说谎充斥着我们的口常生活，并由此现象引题，符合文章

首段的行文特征。故确定答案为F。

12、

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题在F之后。F开篇引题，指出说谎是一种普遍存在的现象。A开

头谈到了谎言的积极影响，且首句的also提示上文亦同样会提到这一点，但F没

有提到相关信息，故排除A。B谈论如何辨别谎言(somecluestouncover

deception),同样提到这个话题的是G(nosurefirewaytocatchaliar),囚此B应该靠

近G,位于文章靠后的位置，故排除B。C谈到了人们撒谎的各种原因，而D在段

末提出疑问：人们为什么要撤谎?可以看出，D应该会在C之前，故排除C。D承

接F举出的例子，引用研究来证实人们经常撒谎这个现象，其开头的Don'tfecl

bad即承接上文“你”说谎的例子，开始进一步的讨论。D跟F联系紧密，语义连

贯。故本题选D。

13、

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题在D之后.C开头提到人们说谎的各种原因.能回答D末尾处

的疑问，两段构成因果关系，过渡连贯自然，故选C。

14、

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题在E之后。E提到了小谎可以带来积极的心理效果：自我实现、

更自信、设立更高目标。而A开头便提到自我欺骗的人会更幸福、更友好和善，

这同样是谎言的积极效用，两段逻辑联系紧密。而且，A首句的also说明A应在

E之后。故本题选A。

15、

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题在A之后、G之前。A谈到尽管撒谎有着积极效用，但人们还

是不喜欢被骗，并借一位测谎专家的话提出疑问：人们什么时候才会说真话呢?而

B讲到一些辨别谎言的线索(人的姿势与瞳孔)，可视为对这个问题的反向回答。

A、B两段语义衔接。此外，本段在G之前，可通过G的内容反向推断。G的首句

Evenwiththesefindings...catchaliar说明G的前一段应该会提到一些辨别谎言

的方法，B满足这个要求。综上所述，确定B为答案。

[A]Excesssupplyhasforcedthepricesofsolarpanelsdownbymorethan40%thisyear.

InAsiafactoriesthatrecentlycroppeduparerunningat40%ofcapacity,withahuge

shakeoutexpected.ButJapanesemakersareprotectedbecausetheycanmanufacture

cellslessexpensivelythanEuropeanfirmsandhavebettertechnologythanChineseones.

Theyarealsoshelterediniheirhomemarket,wherecustomerspreferdomesticproducts.

[B]Factorieshavemushroomedallovertheworldinrecentyears,ontheassumptionthat

subsidiesandloansforsolarpowerwouldcontinuetogrow,alongwiththeworld

economy.Chinesemanufacturers*sharegrewsixfoldinthepastfouryears,capturing

morethanone-thirdoftheglobalmarket.ThispromptedfearsthatJapan'sstrengthin

solarwouldgothewayofcomputerchipsandtelevisionscreens,inwhichJapanesefirms

havelosttheirdominanceoverrivalsfromelsewhereinAsia.[C]Additionally,Japanese

companiesarefollowingsomeAmericanandEuropeanrivalsintoelectricitygeneration.

Sharp,forexample,isnegotiatingadealwithEnel,Italy'sbiggestpowercompany,under

whichitwillbuildsolarpanelsforuseinEnel'ssolar-powerplants.Enelwillhelpto

financethepanelfactoryandSharpwilltakeastakeintheplants.InMarchMitsubishi,a

largetradingcompany,acquired34%ofAmperCentralSolar,apowerplantinPortugal.

|D]loavoidthisfate,Japanesefirmshaveconcentratedonimprovingtheirtechnology

andadjustingtheirbusinessmodels.Theyhavethemostsophisticatedkit,respected

brandsandhealthybalancesheets.Allthisshouldsparethemtheworstamidthepresent

solaroversupply.Theentireindustry'ssalesareexpectedtobebelow7,000megawatts

thisyear.Thatisroughlyhalfofitscapacity.Theeconomiccrisishasledtothe

cancellationofmanybigprojects,andsubsidiesforsolarpowerinGermanyandSpain

arebeingreduced.[E]ManyJapanesesolarfirmsareinfactexpanding.Thecountry's

fourbiggestpowercompaniesarcinvestingbillionsofdollarstodoubletheirproduction,

atleast,overthenextthreeyears.Theyexpectanincreaseindemandowingtogrowing

subsidieslorrenewableenergyinAmericaandJapan.TheJapanesegovernment

reintroducedgeneroushandoutsforsolarpowerthisyear.Thesehadstoppedthreeyears

ago,whenithadseemedthatthemarketcouldsupportitself.BetweenAprilandJune

domesticsalesincreasedby80%involume,whilesaleselsewhereskimped.[F]Until

fiveyearsagoJapanmadearoundhalfoftheworld'ssolarcells,thankstoitsthirstfor

nativeenergyanditsexpertiseintherelatedfieldsofcomputerchipsandflatscreensfor

televisions.Sharp,whichalonehasmadeaquarterofallthesolarcellseverproduced,

dominatedtheindustry.Butassolartechnologymaturedanddemandgrew,new

companiesemerged,notablyinChina,erodingJapanesefirms'shareofthemarketto

around20%.Sharpslippedtofourthplaceamongmanufacturersinthepreviousyear.[G]

AttheMotosumiyoshicommuter-trainstationinKawasaki,asuburbofTokyo,sleek

solarpanelsserveasanawningovertheplatform.Onarecentsunnyday,they