中考英语-构词法（讲练）

构词法考情分析考点分布构词法是英语学习的重要内容，主要涉及单词的构成方式，包括转化法、派生法、合成法等。在中考英语中，构词法的考点主要分布在词汇拼写、单选、阅读理解和综合填空等题型中。题型分布1.词汇拼写：直接考查学生对构词法的理解和应用，如通过加前后缀构成新词。2.单选：在单选题中，可能会给出一个派生词或合成词，要求学生选出正确的词义或词性。3.阅读理解：在阅读理解中，构词法有助于学生根据上下文推测生词的含义，从而更好地理解文章。4.综合填空：综合填空题中，可能会要求学生根据构词法知识填写合适的单词形式。考法与比重近年来，中考英语对构词法的考查比重逐年上升。这既体现在词汇拼写和综合填空等直接考查构词法的题型中，也体现在阅读理解和单选等间接考查构词法的题型中。构词法的考查通常与语境紧密结合，要求学生在理解文章或句子的基础上，运用构词法知识解答问题。命题规律语境化构词法的考查越来越注重语境化，即要求学生在特定的语境中理解和应用构词法知识。这有助于学生更好地掌握词汇的用法和含义。综合化中考英语构词法的考查呈现综合化的趋势，即多种构词法知识可能会在同一道题目中出现，要求学生综合运用所学知识解答问题。高频化一些常见的构词法，如派生法和合成法，在中考英语中的考查频率较高。学生需要重点掌握这些构词法的基本规则和常见例词。生活化中考英语构词法的考查内容越来越贴近学生的生活实际，如通过构词法知识理解网络新词、科技术语等。这有助于学生将所学知识应用于实际生活中，提高英语应用能力。考点一派生法1．Don’teattoomuchatatime,oryou’llfeel(comfortable).2．Themanwhohasmadeuphismindtowinwillneversay“”.(possible)3．BeforeGiantPandaFuBaoreturnedtoChina,thousandsof(tour)cametoEverlandParktosaygoodbyetoFuBao.4．InZhuhaiPark,youcanenjoythenaturalbeauty,or(simple)breathethefreshair.5．Peopleinthatcitypreparedtotheirhousesaftertheterribleflood.(build)在一个单词前面或后面加上一个词缀构成新词，这种构词法叫作派生法。加在单词前的词缀叫前缀，加在单词后的词缀叫后缀。考向1前缀（前缀一般只改变词的意思而不改变其词性）1.表否定意义的前缀前缀示例un-able→unable；usual→unusual；happy→unhappyin-correct→incorrect；expensive→inexpensiveim-polite→impolite；patient→impatient；possible→impossibledis-like→dislike；appear→disappear；agree→disagree；honest→dishonestnon-smoker→non-smoker；native→non-native2.其他前缀含义示例mis-错误understand→misunderstand；lead→misleadre-再；又，重复view→review；build→rebuild；write→rewriteinter-相互；交互在一起net→Internet；national→internationala-处于……状态或过程中live→alive；wake→awakeen-使可能rich→enrich；able→enable；courage→encouragetele-远的；电视的；电话的control→telecontrol；phone→telephone；vision→television考向2后缀（后缀多数改变词性）类型后缀示例名词→形容词-yrain→rainy；luck→lucky；health→healthy；wealth→wealthy-lylove→lovely；friend→friendly-ousdanger→dangerous；humor→humorous-fuluse→useful；care→careful；help→helpful-less词义与加-ful时相反use→useless；care→careless-ernwest→western；south→southern-engold→golden；wood→wooden-alnation→national；tradition→traditional-ishfool→foolish；child→childish名词→名词-istart→artist；piano→pianist；tour→tourist；science→scientist-hoodchild→childhood；neighbor→neighborhood-shipleader→leadership；friend→friendship-eseChina→Chinese；Japan→Japanese-n,-an,-ianAustralia→Australian；Europe→European；music→musician动词→名词-er,-or,-(r)essteach→teacher；act→actor；visit→visitor；wait→waitress-ingpaint→painting；build→building；cross→crossing-mentdevelop→development-(t)ion/-sion/去e加-ationinvite→invitation；decide→decision；discuss→discussion动词→形容词-ablecomfort→comfortable；enjoy→enjoyable(去e加)-(t)iveact→active；create→creative-(e)dsurprise→surprised；interest→interested(去e加)-inginterest→interesting；excite→exciting形容词→名词-tysafe→safety-nessill→illness；sad→sadness；kind→kindness；happy→happiness(-le变)-(il)ityable→ability；real→reality；possible→possibility-ce(以t结尾去t再加-ce)important→importance；silent→silence；different→difference-thtrue→truth；warm→warmth-(e)rforeign→foreigner；strange→stranger形容词→副词-lyreal→really；final→finally以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i再加-lyhappy→happily；angry→angrily；heavy→heavily以“辅音字母+le”结尾，去掉e再加-ysimple→simply；terrible→terribly；comfortable→comfortably以ll结尾，只加yfull→fully少数以e结尾，要去掉e再加-lytrue→truly考点二合成法1．Hisbrotheris________boy.Heisveryhandsome.A．a18yearsold B．an18-year-old C．an18-years-old D．an18yearold2．Whichwordisformedinthesamewayas“weekend”?A．unable B．invention C．helpless D．noticeboard3．Whichwordisformedinthesamewayas“newspaper”?A．sportsman B．unhappy C．agreement4．WhichofthefollowingisNOTacompoundword?A．helpless B．wartime C．hard-working D．blackboard5．Whichofthefollowingwordsiscreatedinthesamewayas“blackboard”?A．careless B．impolite C．happiness D．bookshop用两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词，这种构词法叫作合成法。类型合成方式示例合成动词形容词+动词dryclean干洗名词+动词sleepwalk梦游；sightsee观光副词+动词overcome克服合成名词名词+名词basketball篮球；bookshop书店名词+动词haircut理发；sunrise日出动词+副词get-together(非正式的)聚会，联欢会形容词+名词greenhouse温室；blackboard黑板介词+名词afternoon下午合成形容词名词+形容词snow-white雪白的名词/形容词+名词+edwarm-hearted热心的介词+名词underground地下的名词+动词-ing形式English-speaking说英语的形容词/副词+动词过去分词ready-made现成的；newborn新生的形容词/副词+动词-ing形式good-looking漂亮的；hard-working工作努力的名词+动词过去分词man-made人造的；heart-broken心碎的数词+名词second-hand二手的数词+名词+形容词10-metre-long10米长的动词+副词take-away外卖的合成副词副词+名词upstairs在楼上；downstairs在楼下合成介词介词+名词outside在……外面；inside在……里面介词+副词without没有；throughout自始至终；遍及考点三转化法英语中，把一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种词性，这种构词法叫作转化法。单词转化后的意义往往与之前的意义联系密切。常见的转化形式如下：类型示例名词→动词book（n.）书→（v.）预订hand（n.）手→（v.）上交water（n.）水→（v.）浇水land（n.）陆地→（v.）着陆name（n.）名字→（v.）命名score（n.）分数→（v.）得分动词→名词cook（v.）烹饪→（n.）厨师rain（v.）下雨→（n.）雨walk（v.）散步，走→（n.）散步break（v.）打破→（n.）休息stop（v.）停止→（n.）车站lift（v.）举起→（n.）电梯形容词→动词clean（adj.）干净的→（v.）打扫open（adj.）开放的→（v.）打开last（adj.）最后的→（v.）持续tidy（adj.）整洁的→（v.）使整洁形容词→名词right（adj.）正确的→（n.）正确wrong（adj.）错误的→（n.）错误back（adj.）后面的→（n.）背部，后面light（adj.）明亮的→（n.）灯检测1．Don’tbewithyourson,afterallheisonlysevenyearsold.(patient)2．Thefisherman’swifesaidtohim,“Whycan’tweliveinanewhouse?It’sunfair.”(happy)3．Don’tmakemuchnoiseinpublic.It’s(polite).4．Hewasanactorseveralyearsago,butnowhebecomesfamous.(know)5．Sometimestheystrongly(agree)witheachother,sotheyneedtocommunicatemoreoften.6．OfthefourseasonsinChongqing,springisthemost(usual)one,becausepeoplearewearingallkindsofclothes.Forexample,youcanseesweatersandT-shirtsatthesametime.7．Itis(polite)tospeakwhenyouareeatingthings.8．MrZhang,yourisexcellent!Haveyoueverstudiedabroad?(pronounce)9．Myfatheraskedmetomyhomeworkbecauseofmypoorhandwriting.(write)10．Ilikeshoppingat9a.m.becausethesupermarketis(crowd)atthattime.11．Readingaloudis(help)tothestudentswhowanttoimprovetheirEnglish.12．Experienceisawealthofknowledgeandasymbolof.(wise)13．Thischairreallymakesme(comfortable),soIneedanotherone.14．Themagazineisagreatsuccessandit’squitepopularwiththese.(read)15．NowadaysWeChatisusedamongpeopleofdifferentages.(wide)16．The(invent)fromtheuniversityspentmuchoftheirtimedevelopinganewtypeofenergy.17．Iamsureshefailedinthecompetitionbecauseofthelookonherface.(happy)18．Scientistssaysomeanimalswillsoonbecauseoftheseriouspollution.(appear)19．It’s(polite)toaskyourteachersdirectquestions.20．Ihopeallmyarehelpfultoyou.

(suggest)21．Theboy(careless)putthecuponthetableanditfelldown.22．Theneverdreamedofhavingachanceforhimtowinthefirstprizeinthe100-meterrace.(compete)23．Hehithishand(heavy)againstthewall.24．Withthemoney,wehavesentmanypoorchildrentoschool.(success)25．Iaskedhimtohelpmebuthe(agree).26．Someinsectsareandweshouldtrynottokillthem.(harm)27．Poorlittlegirl!Itisforhertosuffersomuch.Let’sgiveherahand.(fair)28．Ifwedon’ttakeactiontoprotectthe