改善中美贸易机会的集群方式外文翻译

中文2625字

外文翻译

原文

AClusterApproachtowardsEnhancingChinese-AmericanTrade

Opportunities

MaterialSource:InternationalJournalofBusinessandManagement

Author.Willia.J.Lawrenc.an.Weidon.Sun

Abstract

Fo.som.tim.now.Cernationa.co

mpctitiv.cdgc.WhiLgra.ha.bcc.largcl.succcssfuLChin.ha.incrcasingLha.t.cop.w

duct.wit.flaws.an.hazardou.outcomes.Claim.ar.als.mad.tha.Chin.ha.no.bee.a.mindfu.

o.it.resourc.utilization.environmen.impact.an.overal.economi.efficienc.a.i.shoul.be.T

h.thrus.o.thi.pape.recognize.tha.opportunitie.exis.fo.bot.th.U.an.Chin.t.us.thi.perio.a.

crativ.venture.an.plannin.initiatives.1.i..hypothe

si.lha.cluste.analysi.offer..majo.vehicl.lha.show.ho.al.nation.ca.begi.l.mee.th.need.o.t

hei.peopl.an.d.i.i.a.environmentall.an.economical!.responsibl.manner.

Keywords:Industrialcluster,Smoothtrade,TheUS-China

l.A.Overvie.o.Industria.Cluster.i.China

Chin.ha.crcatc..fairl.sophisticatc.systc.o.industria.clustcr.i.man.arca.ccntcrc.prin

cipall.o.thei.natura.marke.shar.withi.domesti.a.weLa.globa.markets.Thi.polic.i.mos.e

viden.i.th.easter.an.souther.coastlin.regions.fo.example.Zvince.whic.i.i.th.s

outheas.o.China.Zhejian.Provinc.ha.mor.tha.50.village.an.towns.man.o.whic.hav.for

me.thei.ow.uniqu.cluster.Th.tota.outpu.o.thes.village.an.town.account.fo.rough!.hal.

vince'.duct.Th.clustc.phcnonicn.consistin.o..varict.o.industric.ha

.bee.create.i.Gvinc.a.welLI.ha.a.estimate.6.town.ou.o.al.24.town.i.Guan

gdon.tha.hav.fbrme.xathe.larg.scal.o.cluster.primaril.withi.traditiona.industr.fields.

Moreover.lh.souther.area.o.Jvinc.hav.fonne.severa.Lindustr.cluslers.Jingji.

count.ha.forme.sho.industr.clusters.Shouguan.count.ha.forme..vegetabl.industr.clust

er.Qinho.count.ha.forme..woo.industr.cluste.an.Zhonggua.villag.ha.als.forme.a.I.ind

ustr.clustcr.

However.blem.i.th.industria.cluster.bega.t.emerge.

ofte.resultin.fro.th.lo.managemen.skilLo.entrepreneurs.ou.dat.o.technolog.o.increasi

n.labo.cost.I.mitmen.o.erati

on.t.mentio.onL.blems.Perhap.thi.phenomenD.ca.b.

categorize.a.manageinen.deficiencie.sufferin.fro.excessiv.growth.I.i.however.tim.fo.

clustere.fices.t.mov.fro.lh.lo.i

ndustria.leveLt.th.relative!.highe.one.

2.Reason.behin.th.Growt.o..Cluste.Approac.toward.Industria.Developmen.

an.Trade

Professo.Davi.L.Barkle.an.Professo.Mar.S.Henr.i..200.pape..conclude.tha.ther.

wer.basicall.fbu.importan.advantage.underlyin.industria.cluster.including.a.strenglhe

work

tcrprise.d.pcrmittin.grcatc.focusin.o.publi.resourccs.Thci.analysi.show.th.

benefit.fro.th.cluste.fro.th.angl.o.th.macroeconomi.perspective.

Tvide.a.incentiv.fo.a.individua.enterpris

.t.joi.a.industria.clusier.W.hav.chose.t.us..hypolhesize.cas.t.mak.ou.point.

Assum.tha.ther.ar.tw.separat.an.distinc.retai.merchant.wh.ar.eac.sellin.coo.drin

kin.watc.alon.Jinca.beach.Lc.u.furthc.assum.that.a.th.mcrchandis.the.scl.i.o.th.sam.q

ualit.an.sol.a.th.sam.price.b.consumer.ar.scattere.evenl.alon.th.beach.c.cuslomer.ar.ti

m.an.convenien.oriente.an.alway.prefe.t.bu.coo.drinkin.wate.fro..nearb.stall.d.Ou.tw

.petilor.enlerin.lhi.market.I

.orde.t.describ.ou.mode.conveniently.w.defin.tha.th.beac.lengt.i.l.th.lef.poin.bein..an

.th.righ.poin.bein.l.Accordin.t.geographi.optimization.merchan.on.wouLlocat.hi.staL

a.l/.an.merchan..wouLlocat.a.3/.becaus.doin.s.woul.minimiz.overal.consume.conven

ienc.givin.eac.merchan.equa.acces.t.thei.respectiv.marke.share.Althoug.suc.a.arrang

emen.seem.fai.an.reasonable.th.realit.itseLi.ncvertheles.no.s.simple.Bot.merchant.d.t

petitio.betwee.theni.Absen.a.agreemen.t.th.

contrary.eac.merchan.woul.hav.a.incentiv.t.rclocat.hi.staL.littl.furthe.dow.th.bcac.to

ward.th.territor.o.th.other's.H.woul.d.s.i.hope.o.winnin.som.consumer.fro.th.other.Th

.petitor'.territory.Th

vide..natura.inccntiv.suc.tha.bot.merchant,w

il.graduall.mov.thei.stall.towar.eac.othe.unti.the.eac.arriv.a.th.middl.poin.o.th.beach.

.clusterin.agreemen.however.woul.hav.bot.merchant.agre.t.a.overal.locatio.pattern.b

ette.designe.t.serve.th.customer.an.thei.time.

J.Th.Impac.o.China'.Industria.Cluste.Policie.o.US/Chin.Trade

Commencin.wii.China*.200..th.WT.th.growt.i.China'.export.ha.inc

rease.annually.goin.fro.20.1.i.200.t.40.o.it.econoin.i.2008.Th.tren.strongl.reflect.th.o

veral.dependenc.o.China'.econom.o.it.expor.trad.whic.furthe.tie.Chines.growt.t.tha

.o.it.tradin.partners.Besides.th.hig.expor.volum.als.tend.t.caus.mai.tradin.partners.tra

d.deficit.A.present.trad.imbalanc.betwee.U.an.Chin.i..to.concer.i.US-Chin.relation.S

vide.b.lh.America.Chambe.o.Commerc.indicate.tha.betwee.2001an.2008.t

h.U.trad.defici.wit.Chin.increase.fro.$83.1.t.$268.0.billio.(excludin.servic.trade).acc

ountin.fo.28..o.th.U.tota.trad.deficit.Askin.Chin.t.tak.measure.t.increas.input.fro.Am

eric.an.decreas.trad.surplu.t.th.U.ha.becom..stron.argumen.fro.America.authorities.S

tron.concern.continu.t.exis.o.th.par.o.al.tradin.nation.tha.China'.increasin.deman.o.

ernationa.economi.order.Furthermore.th

.U.worrie.tha.ChinaJ.hug.export.ma.furthe.erod.U.jo.Iosses..growin.concer.through

ou.America.labo.markcts.I.ha.bcc.cstimatc.tha.approximatcl.70%-80.o.China,.cxport

.com.fro.China'.curren.industria.clusters.Therefore.i.w.wan.t.solv.China’.fbreig.t

blem.an.overaLbalanc.o.trade.w.mus.pa.clos.attentio.t.industria.cluster^in.fin.

way.t.bette.distribut.lhi.outpu.wilhi.China'.border.a.wel.a.wit.it.tradin.partners.

4.Industria.Cluster.an.th.Balanc.o.Trad.Issue

4.1Thetradeissue

Majo.criticis.o.China'..primaril.fro.i

t.majo.tradin.partner.th.Unite.States.Th.U.ha.als.criticize.Chin.fb.dumping.an.sellin.

ductio.an.o.desig.flaws.

Criticis.ha.als.pointe.toward.China\concentratio.o.economi.growt.a.th.expens.o

..mor.rationa.utilizatio.o.it.resources.furthe.damagin.th.environment.an.no.bcin.a.mi

ndfu.o.economi.efficienc.a.Chines.planner.an.manufaclure.migh.hav.been.Th.Worl.

Ban.cice.1.Chines.ciiie.ou.o.2.a.th.world.mos.polluied.

I..recen.stud.o.carbo.dioxid.emissions.th.mos.damagin.o.aLgreenhous.gases..Du

tc.institut.(Nether!and.Environmenta.Agency.2007.conclude.tha.Chin.ha.surpasse.th.

U.an.i.no.th.larges.CO.emitte.i.th.world.Thi.listin.wa.base.o.th.overview.o.encrg.us.

pile.b.Brilis.Petroleum.Anythin.Chin.ca.d.t.reduc.il.footprin.i.thi.are.woul.b.m

munity.Clusters.wel.though.ou.an.implemente.

wit.a.objectiv.toward.technologica.an.environmcnta.efficiencie.offe.on.opportunit.t.

d.jus.this.

4.2Probablesolutions

(l.Amon.th.WT.membe.states.th.U.ha.th.secon.larges.numbe.o.anti-dumpin.cas

c.agains.Chin.whic.ha.lc.t.muc.confusio.an.dcbat.withi.Chincs.busines.lcadcrs.Chin.

recognize.tha.Atectionism.Bu.Presiden.Obam.said.

"W.can'.g.bac.t.th.erwher.th.Chines.o.th.German.o.othe.countrie.jus.ar.sellin.everyt

hin.t.us.bu.we'r.no.sellin.anythin.t.them".Jus.o.Sep.11.2009.Presidcn.Obam.announc

e.tha.h.woul.impos..3.percen.tarif.o.autoinobil.an.light-true.tire.importe.fro.China.M

eanwhile.China.no.unexpectedly.als.too.som.countenneasure.i.reactio.t.thi.dispute.T

.som.extenl.th.roo.reaso.fo.th.dispul.lie.i.lh.differen.cos.an.qualit.standard.o.merchan

dis.tha.bot.side.hoId.Accordin.t.th.WT.rules.a.lon.a..countr.i.no.recognize.a..marke.e

conom.country.an.WT.membe.ca.measur.th.dumpin.exten.o.it.enterprise.b.utilizin..t

hir.country^substitut.country.prices.no.it.domesti.price.o.costs.Therefore.sinc.Chin.i

.no.recognize.a.marke.econom.countr.b.th.US.th.domesti.price.o.China'.product.wil.

no.b.recognize.a.well.hence.th.U.ha.usualI.parabl.price.o..thir.countr.t.meas

ur.th.durnpin.exten.o.Chines.enterprises.bu.Chin.argue.tha.thi.measur.i.unfai.becaus.

th.thir.country'.cos.ma.highc.tha.tha.i.China.So.i.ordc.t.kno.Chines.mcrchandise.c

os.structur.an.solv.th.anti-dumpin.disput.permanently.th.U.an.Chin.nee.t.fin..bette.w

a.t.negotiat..mor.reasonabLan.workabLcomparativ.strateg.toward.evakiatin.thes.exch

anges.However.th.mos.importan.an.als.lh.firs.step.w.think.i.t.implemen..stronge.an.

erate.Onl.whe.bot.countrie.trus.eac.othe.an.

blem.a.face.b.ou.tradin.partncr.ca.trad.issue.b.solve.easily.

(2.Cduclio.ha.historicall.bee.associate.wil.th.outpu.o.relativel.inexpen

siv.good.tha.traditionall.relie.o.a.abundan.an.lo.cos.labo.suppl.t.mee.th.demand.o.th.

market.A.Censiv..significa

ductivit.wa.realized.Chin.rapidLbecam.mor.diversifie.i.tenn.o.it.

productiv.capacit.an.outpu.choices.Tductio.h

ductio.mi.possibl.a.wel.a..natura.outgrowt.o.modemization.

Thes.change.i.Cductio.capacii.occurre.a.th.visibl.shif.ioward..mor.serv

ic.base.econom.bccam..realit.throughou.th.America.economy.Thi.emergin.dynami.h

a.create..mor.diversifie.deman.fo.importe.good.o.th.par.o.th.Ad

duce.outsid.o.domesti.Aductio.faciliti

es.Cduct.hav.bee.warml.receive.b.th.America.consumer.However.th.Ameri

c.marke.ha.als.becom.mor.diversifie.wit.som.consumer.seekin.hig.qualit.merchandis

.whil.other.continu.t.see.low-price.mcrchandise.Tvide..grea.opportun

it.to.Cduct.t.mee.thi.ne.de

man.fb.import.o.th.par.o.th.Unite.States.On.resul.o.thi.chang.i.tha.th.mor.diversifie.d

duc.mus.no.recogniz.th.nee.fo.differen.level.o.qualit.reflectin.dif

fcrcn.pricin.level.a.wcll.crcatin..wide.choic.fo.th.Amcrica.consume.wh.wil.the.b.abl.

t.selec.thei.desire.merchandis.a.th.pric.an.qualit.level.mos.desired.

I.migh.a.firs.appea.tha.thi.diversificatio.wil.brea.dow.th.economie.o.scaLenjoye

.ductio.a.cuiTentl.implcmente.an.indee.eve.bein.expandcd.T

hi.doe.no.however.nee.t.b.th.case.Upgradin.an.diversifyin.th.industria.cluster?.prod

uctio.leve.wil.plac.upo.th.manufacture..grea.nee.fo.mor.efficien.inputs.a.weLens

ifie.researc.an.development.t.improv.technique.a.wel.a.technology.th.implementatio.

petenc.o.employees.al.o.whic.ope.gr

ea.opportunitie.fo.cluste.coHaboratio.betwee.America.an.Chines.management.I.th.pa

st.Chin.manage.t.overcom.thes.limitation.mainl.b.absorbin.foreig.capita.o.throug.th.

creatio.o.temporar.join.ventures.Th.curren.globa.financia.crisi.ha.significantl.reduce.

opportunitie.fo.thi.slrateg.1.continue.indeed.i.i.no.recognize.tha.capita.fund.ca.onl.so

blems..consciou.effor.a.enhancin..targete.indu

stria.clustcr,.pctcnc.i.mos.important.an.ca.bcs.b.accomplishc.b.takin.advan

tag.o.America.advance.knowledg.an.b.attractin.America.talent.t.Chin.t.augmen.Chin

duc.design.Chin.ha.th.labo.cost.advantage.whil.Am

prehensiv.mutuall.beneficia.mergin.o.bot.

advantage.i.certai.t.transfor.an.enhanc.th.Chines.industria.cluster..mor.aggressiv.mer

gc.o.America.an.Cpc.th.transi

tio.toward.smoolhe.overal.trad.relalions.Thi.slrateg.i.directl.i.lin.wit.Porter'.concep.o

.ductivit.an.minimiz.resourc.utilization.Ac

posin.cluster.Cbin.wit.Ap

munitie.an.financia.institution.t.grou..globa.cluste.o.upgrad.th.prim

itiv.one.

(3.Aductio.mus.no.tak.it.environ

.consideration.Al.nation.mus.accep.th.fac.tha.w.liv.o..finit.

plane.wit.finit.resources.

Fo.th.pas.l.year.C.thir.plac.a

mon.ou.world'.economies.A.th.

ponent.o.exchange.Chin.need.t.belte.focu.o.conservalio.o.worl.resource.suc.tha.lh.m

cesse.flo.fro..globa.standar.an.no.onl..nationa.one.A.th.sam.

time.Amcric.need.t.bccom..mor.activ.an.willin.partnc.t.Chincs.economi.refor.option

s.A.on.o.th.world’.mos.rapidl.developin.nations.Chin.i.tacin.signitican.econoniic.s

e.t.term.wit.it.nex.phas.o.economi.expansion.I.ord

e.t.creat..sustainabl.an.stabl.growt.strategy.Chin.mus.refor.an.innovat.mor.deliberate

ly.Chin.nccd.Amcrica.tcchnoIog.managcmcn.cxpcrtise.an.administratio.skill.t.rccrca

l.th.nex.phas.o.Chines.industria.cluslers.an.Americ.need.Chin.t.len.it.hug.industria.c

ducin.partner.Comniemora

t.wit.th.creatio.o..mor.efficien.economi.growt.strateg.Chin.mus.als.thin.o.way.t.incre

as.it.domesti.markets..cornerston.t.an.stabl.an.sustainabl.economy.A.lon.a.th.U.an.C

erat.closely.busines.relations.politica.an.socia.differences.an.expande.trad.t

ha.benefit.al.partie.easil.becom.achievabl.goals.

(4.Chin.ma.no.confin.itseLt.th.traditiona.industria.clusters.Chin.ca.lear.fro.Ame

ric.an.tak.th.advantag.o.America'.advance.technolog.an.administratio.skill.s.tha.i.c

a.mor.smoothl.ente.ne.industria.cluster.tha.stan.fo.ne.economy.suc.a.tourism.music.s

cation.Traditiona.industria.clusters.

product.ar.tangibl.an.mus.incu.ra.material.costs.Wduct.ar.in

tangibl.the.contai.considerabl.les.cos.i.soli.ra.inaterial.the.als.ar.generall.lo.leve.poll

utcr.a.wcll.Sductio.i.typicall.considcrabLlcs.pollutin.tha.tha.o.nios.ma

duction.especially.Sponen.o.th.nomin

a.Gduc.o.bot.Chin.an.Americ.Durin.recen.decades.th.importanc.o.ser

vice.t.th.globa.econom.ha.steadil.grow.whil.th.importanc.o.good.ha.somewha.declin

ed.I.i..genera.ruLtha.a.th.nationa.econom.develops.th.servic.secto.percentag.o.GD.be

come.higher.Wit.th.notabl.cxccptio.o.China.al.th.majo.economics.sue.a.th.Europca.

Union.th.U.S.Japa.an.Germany.hav.mor.tha.70.o.thei.GD.fro.thei.respecliv.servic.se

ctors.China'.service.ar.onl.40%.o.it.GDP.whic.i.lowe.tha.th.worl.averag.leve.o.64

%.Fro.th.fac.w.ca.explai.wh.pollutio.i.Cblem.O.course.lhi.als.in

dicate.tha.Chin.ha..vas.potentia.i.servic.industry.I.Chin.want.t.attai..positiv.impac.i.t

blems.i.mus.no.onl.upgrad.th.existin.traditiona.industria.cluster.

a..percentag.i.GDP.a.wel.a.enhanc.it.servic.secto.output.

Moreover.i.i.totall.praciica.fb.Chin.r.transfor.i.industria.clusters.Pinsburg.ha.se.

.goo.example.Pittsburg.ha.transforme.itsel.fro.on.o.America'..wha.i.no

..beautifu.an.clea.cit.becaus.o.it.successfu.transitio.fro.traditiona.industria.cluster.t.m

oder.ones.Today.Pittsburg.ha.no.onl..viable.successful.an.hcalth.stee.cluster.bu.als..

growin.an.heallh.touris.an.I.clusters.Th.economi.environmen.ha.change.markedi.dur

rmatio.an.coinmuni

catio.technologie.an.b.th.cmergenc.o..knowlcdge-base.economy.

Chin.ha.successfull.take.advantag.o.toreig.capita.an.skill.t.achiev.idea.ettect.o.t

h.good.industries.I.i.no..goo.tim.t.tur.it.attentio.toward..highe.concentratio.o.it.servic

.industrie.a.welLmergin.wit.America.experience.technology.skilLan.capitaLi.al.secto

rs.Amcrica.scrvic.industric.ar.amon.th.mos.dcvclopc.i.th.worl.an.man.opportunitic.f

o.join.developmen.exis.fo.Chin.t.lak.advantag.of.

I.fact.Chin.an.th.U..hav.bot.manage.t.creat.som.successfu.example.o.servic.ind

eration.Motorola.InteLlBM.Cisco.an.man.othe.America.I.Fpanie.

hav.aL.Chin.industria.cluster.an.collaborate.wit.Chines.firms.

Beratio.cases.KF.ha.opene.260.restaurant.i.

China.Macdonal.ha.opene.mor.lha.l20.outlet.i.China.Allhoug.Macdonald’.scaLi.n

o.a.bi.a.KFC'

s.i.ha.alway.abide.b.a.efficien.strateg.tha.eac.o.it.restaurant.ar.alway.geographicall.cl

os.t.KFC.whic.encourage.mor.fas.foo.industrie.t.concentrat.i.th.cluster.

I.i..genera.rul.tha.a.th.nationa.econom.develops.th.servic.secto.percentag.o.GD.

become.higher.Wit.th.notabl.exceplio.o.China.al.th.majo.economies.sue.a.th.Europe

a.Union.th.U.S.Japa.an.Germany.hav.mor.tha.70.D.thei.GD.fro.thei.respectiv.servic.s

ectors.China'.scrvice.ar.onl.40%.o.it.GDP,

whic.i.lowe.tha.th.worl.averag.leve.o.64%,O.course.thi.als.indicate.tha.Chin.ha..vas.

potentia.i.sennc.industry.Feratio.i.th

.future.w.ca.se.tha.Chin.i.a.emergin.ne.marke.i.servic.industrie.cluste.wit.muc.potent

binatio.o.bot.Chin.an.th.U..ca.surel.achiev..bette.operatio.results.

5.Conclusions

Th.U.an.Chin.ar.th.world.secon.larges.tradin.partners,whic.mean.tha.ther.i.grea.

potentia.i.th.US-Ceration.America'.hug.financi

a.an.trad.deficit.require.i.tr.t.fin..wa.t.attrac.exlerna.fund.an.markets.whil.China.Jarg

.surpluse.an.domesti.requirement.creat.opportunitie.t.upgrad.it.traditiona.industria.cl

emationa.talents.Th.U.an.Chin

.plementar.goal.an.opporlunities.A.Ierat.wel.an.exer.thei.r

espectiv.strengths.an.recogniz.thei.individua.weaknesses.the.ar.bot.sur.i.creat.ih.grea

te.globa.clustere.markets.Opportunitie.exis.i.th.sil.an.fabric.agriculture.wool.electro

ductio.sector.tha.ca.b.bot.expande.an.explored.

Th.U.stiLha..technolDgica.advantage.an.Chin.ha.labo.an.natura.resource.advantage.T

binatio.o.th.tw.advantage.shoul.b.definitel..resourc.o.innovatio.an.smooihe.tra

d.relation.tha.wiLlea.t.a.eve.greate.leve.o.social.politica.an.economi.benefit.fo.bot.co

untries.

译文

改善中美贸易机会的集群方式

资料来源：国际商业管理杂志作者：威廉J•劳伦斯、孙伟东

摘要：一直以来，中国都依靠产业集群来形成其国际竞争优势。虽然这样

的经济发展方式非常成功，中国还是不得不应对来自其贸易伙伴的严重指控。

他们声称中国不仅采取倾销的手段，而且在发展经济过程中并没有充分考虑资

源利用、环境影响、整体经济效率等方面因素。所以，本文通过对中国产业集

群以及中美贸易发展状况的概述，阐释中美两国存在贸易摩擦的根本原因。并

提出中美两国提高交流、加强合作是改善贸易摩擦的有效对策，这也使得中国

能一种对环境和经济负责的态度来实现产业集群的经济发展道路。

关键词：产业集群缓和贸易中美关系

1中国产业集群概述

中国在许多地区已经建立了相当成熟的产业集群体系，并把主要的市场份

额集中于国内和国际市场。这一政策在东南沿海地区是最为明显的，例如，位

于中国东南部的浙江省。浙江省有超过500个村庄和城镇，许多这些地方都已

经形成他们自己独特的集群。这些村庄和城镇的总产量大致占浙江省工业产出

50%左右。集群是各种各样的产业集聚的现象，这样的现象同样出现在广东省。

据估计，广东省240个城镇中，有60个城镇已经形成规模相当大的集群，这些

集群主要在传统产业领域。此外，江苏省的南部地区形成了几个IT产业集群,

京津县形成了制鞋产业集群，寿光县形成了蔬菜产业集群，亲厚县形成了羊毛

产业群，中关村则是国内比较有名的IT产业集群。

然而，随着时间的推移，许多产业集群都开始出现了管理问题。这些问题

通常由企业家管理技能低，过时的技术或是增加的劳动力成本所引起。此外,

工作越来越不努力，低效的相互合作，都进一步使该问题加重。也许，这种现

象可以被认为是因过分增长而导致的管理缺陷。现在应该提升集聚企业的管理

水平，并且将集聚进程从低水平提高至相对较高的水平。

2集群方式能促进产业和贸易发展的根本原因

大卫L.巴克利教授和马克S.亨利教授在2001年度的报告中指出，存在着

四个潜在的产业集群的重要优势。这包括：a）巩固区域经济，b）促进工业改

组，c）鼓励企业之间的联网，d）使公共资源更为集中。两位教授都从宏观经

济的角度分析了集群的好处。

同时，也存在另外一个原因使得个体企业加入到产业集群中。我们用一个

例子来阐述。假设有两个在沙滩上卖冷饮的零售商，他们完全独立销售。再假

设，他们所卖商品的质量和价格相同；沙滩上的游客均匀分布；顾客倾向于就

近买冷饮；两人达成协议阻止其他竞争者进入该市场。现定义沙滩的长度为1,

左边的点为0