Unit 5 同步归纳（原卷版）

选择性必修第4册Unit5Intotheunknown目标导航目标导航重点词汇1．intriguev．2．pyramidn．3．tropicaladj.4．cyclonen．5．megadroughtn．6．downfalln．7．getawayn．8．retreatv．9．subduev．10．theunknown11．unchartedadj.12．delvev．13．shrinkv．14．shipwreckn．15．archaeologicaladj.16．coraln．17．barreleyen．18．upwardsadv.19．trenchn．20．equivalentadj.21．stackv．22．furthermoreadv.23．substancen．24．vesseln．25．vol(＝volume)n．26．buryv．27．canaln．28．ruinn．29．dismissv．30．millimetren．词汇拓展1．civilisationn．文明(社会)→v．使文明；使有教养→adj.文明的2．astronomyn．天文学→n．宇航员3．abandonv．离弃，逃离→adj.被抛弃的4．expansionn．扩大；增加→v．扩大；增加5．investigationn．调查→v．调查；研究；审查6．notableadj.显要的；显著的；值得注意的→v．注意7．drillingn．钻探；勘探→v．钻孔；打眼；操练重点词组1．被……包围2．把……应用到……中3．…的结合4．以不同的速度5．(因无人照料而)衰落，败落6．逃跑，逃走7．逃命8．调查，检查9．试水，试探10．避开……；从……处脱身11．动身踏上(漫长的)旅途12．积极投入到……中去13．再三考虑，慎重考虑14．避免做，不愿做15．调查(问题)，研究重点句型1．,15­year­oldCanadianWilliamGadourythoughthehadmadeanincrediblediscoveryfromhisstudyofancientstarcharts.从很小的时候就对玛雅文明感兴趣，15岁的加拿大男孩威廉·甘德瑞认为自己从对古代星象图的研究中有了一个惊人的发现。2．makesitsachievementsallthemoreincredibleandmysterious.事实上，玛雅社会在技术上是比较原始的，这使得它的这些成就更加难以置信，更加神秘。3．anestimatedthreemillionshipwrecks.据估计，全球海底有300万艘沉船。4．Today，some500yearsaftertheEsmeraldasetsail，thereislittle——landonourplanetleftunexplored.今天，在埃斯梅拉达号起航约500年后，地球上几乎没有什么未被开发的陆地。知识精讲知识精讲1correspondv．相一致；符合(教材原句P50)Throughcomparison，hefoundthatthelocationsofthe117knownMayacitiescorrespondtothepositionsofthestars.通过比较，他发现已知的117个玛雅城市的位置与恒星的位置相对应。Youraccountandhersdonot.你说的情况与她说的不相符。[知识拓展](1)correspondwith/to correspondwith... (2)correspondingadj. 2buryv．将……埋在下面(教材原句P50)Basedonthis，hebelievedhehadspottedanunknownMayacityburieddeepinthejungle.基于这一点，他认为他发现了一个掩埋在丛林深处的未知的玛雅城市。Afterthebattle,theythedead.战斗结束后，他们埋葬了阵亡者。[知识拓展]buryone'shead/faceinone'shands buryoneselfin＝beburiedin beburiedinthought 3applyvi.把……运用到(教材原句P50)TheyappliedthisunderstandingtotheMayacalendar，whichwasaccuratetowithin30secondsperyear.他们把这种理解运用到玛雅历法中，它能精确到每年的误差在30秒之内。Thenewtechnologywastofarming.这项新技术被应用于农业了。[知识拓展](1)apply(to...)for applytodosth. applyto applyoneselfto (2)applicationn. applicantn. 4claimv．要求(拥有)；索取；认领(教材原句P51)WhenEuropeansarrivedinCentralAmericaintheearly16thcenturytoclaimitsriches，theremainingMayapeoplewerelivinginsmallsettlements.当欧洲人在16世纪初来到中美洲索要其财富时，剩余的玛雅人就住在小定居点里。Alotoflostpropertyisnever.许多失物从未被认领。[知识拓展](1)claimtodosth./that... claimtohavedonesth. Itisclaimedthat... claimone'slife (2)makeaclaimfor... 5leadto引起，导致(教材原句P51)Thisislikelytohaveledtoaseriesofdroughts，eachlastingforacoupleofyears，includinga“megadrought”around900AD.这很可能导致了一系列的干旱，每一次都持续几年，其中包括大约公元900年的一次“超级干旱”。Eatingtoomuchsugarcanhealthproblems.食用过多的糖会引起健康问题。[知识拓展]leadsb.todosth. leadsb.to/into＋n. leadalife leadtheway [名师点津]除leadto外，常见的表示“引起，导致”的词汇还有cause，resultin，bringabout，contributeto等。6ruinn．残垣断壁，废墟(教材原句P51)Itsonce­greatcitiesfellintoruin，leavingvariousmysteriesforlaterpeopletosolve.它的曾经伟大的城市都变成了废墟，留下了各种谜团让后人去解开。Theoldmillisnowlittlemorethana.老磨坊现在只剩下一点儿残垣断壁了。[知识拓展]fallintoruin gotorackandruin inruins 7abandonvt.离弃，逃离(教材原句P52)ButthegreatestmysteryofalliswhatcausedtheMayatoabandonmostoftheirgreatcities.但最神秘的是什么导致玛雅人离弃了他们大部分伟大的城市。Thecrewthesinkingshipafterahardstruggle.经过艰苦的斗争，船员们放弃了沉船。[知识拓展](1)abandonsb./sth. abandononeselftosth. (2)withabandon (3)abandonedadj. 8dismissv．拒绝考虑，否定(教材原句P52)Althoughhistheoryhasbeendismissedbyscholars,itshowshowpowerfulthesecretsofAncientMayacivilisationareamongpeople.虽然他的理论已经被学者们所否定，但它显示了古代玛雅文明的奥秘在人们心中是多么有影响力。Ithinkwecansafelytheirobjection.我认为我们对他们的异议完全可以不予理会。[知识拓展](1)dismisssb.forsth. dismisssb.from dismisssb./sth.fromone'smind (2)dismissaln. 9expansionn．扩大；增加(教材原句P52)hugeexpansionofthe...……的极大的扩充Thebookisanofaseriesoflecturesgivenlastyear.这本书是去年举行的系列讲座的扩充。[知识拓展](1)expandv． expandinto expandon/upon expandto (2)expansiveadj. 10whatever引导让步状语从句(教材原句P51)Whateverthereasons，Mayacivilisationlargelydisappearedwithinthedeepjungle.不管是什么原因，玛雅文明基本上消失在丛林深处。句式分析：句子中whateverthereasons是让步状语从句，reasons后面省略了are。此句型还可以写成nomatterwhat...。youwanttochatabout，we'lldoittonight.不管你想聊些什么，我们今晚聊个够。hegoes,hetakeshisdigitalcamerawithhim.无论他走到哪里，他都带着他的数码相机。[知识拓展](1)whatever，whoever，whichever，whomever既可引导名词性从句，也可引导让步状语从句。在引导让步状语从句时，相当于nomatterwhat/who/which/whom。(2)whenever，wherever，however引导让步状语从句时，相当于nomatterwhen/where/how，意为“无论何时/何地/如何”。(3)“nomatter＋疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句，不能引导名词性从句，可放在主句前或主句后。11leave＋宾语＋宾语补足语(教材原句P52)Meanwhile，theriseandfallofthiscivilisationmustalsoleaveusthinkingaboutourownpast，presentandfuture.与此同时，这个文明的兴衰也必定让我们思考我们自己的过去、现在和未来。句式分析：此句中的us是leave的宾语，thinkingabout...是us的补足语。Don'tallthetime.Whatawaste!别总是让水一直流着，真是浪费！Youhadbetternotwhenyouareaway.当你外出时，别让灯开着。[知识拓展]leave＋宾语＋名词/形容词/副词/介词短语leave＋宾语＋分词leave＋宾语＋不定式leave＋宾语＋where引导的地点状语从句/as引导的方式状语从句[名师点津]在leave的复合结构中，宾补为现在分词时，通常表示主动、进行的动作；宾补为过去分词时，通常表示被动、完成的动作；宾补为不定式时，通常表示动作尚未发生。语法精讲语法精讲名词性从句一、连接词that，whether，if引导的名词性从句[观察例句]1．Itispossiblethatcaffeinemaycausebirthdefects(缺陷)inhumans，too.2．Sheaskedmewhether/ifIhadreturnedthebookstothelibrary.3．Whetheritistrueremainsaquestion.4．Thequestioniswhetheritisworthdoing.5．Ithink(that)youshouldturntotheteacherforhelp.6．Myreasonisthatthecostwillbetoohigh.7．ThenewsthatIhavepassedtheexamistrue.8．Thequestionwhetherhewilljoinusisveryimportant.[归纳用法]1．that引导主语从句时，常用it作形式主语(如例1)，that不作从句的任何成分，但通常不可省略。2．引导宾语从句的that不作从句的任何成分，常可省略(如例5)。3．引导表语从句和同位语从句的that不作从句的任何成分，通常不可省略(如例6、例7)。4．whether与if都可以引导宾语从句(如例2)。5．whether还可以引导主语从句(如例3)、表语从句(如例4)以及同位语从句(如例8)，其中引导同位语从句时不可以用if来替换。[名师点津]1．动词find，feel，think，consider，make，believe等后面有宾语补足语时，需用it作形式宾语而将that引导的宾语从句后置，that通常不可省略。Ithinkitnecessarythatwedrinkplentyofboiledwatereveryday.2．that引导两个以上的宾语从句时，通常只省略第一个从句中的that。3．whether与if引导宾语从句时，大多数情况下可以互换。但ornot前面用whether；用于介词后的宾语从句也用whether引导。Wedon'tknowwhetherornotshewasready.I'minterestedinwhetheryou'vefinishedthework.4．有时主句的谓语较短，而同位语从句的内容较长，这时为避免“头重脚轻”，常常将谓语部分提到从句前面，形成分隔式同位语从句。MywishwillcometrueonedaythatIshouldbuyabighouseformyparents.单句语法填空①Itiswonderfulallofushavepassedthedifficultexam!②Iwondertheyaresoeagertolearnthetechnology.③Thereasonforherabsencewasshewasill.④Thequestionisyoushouldaccepttheirinvitation.⑤Tellmeornotyouarewillingtodothework.⑥Hemustanswerthequestionheagreeswiththeopinion.二、连接代词和连接副词引导的名词性从句[观察例句]1．IwilldowhatIcantohelphim.2．Ithasnotbeendecidedwhowillbesentthere.3．Itisunknownwhenwewillhaveoursportsmeet.4．Goandgetyourcoat.It'swhereyouleftit.5．That'swhyIwantyoutoworkthere.6．Idon'tknowwhosebookthisis.7．Ihavenoideawhattheboyisdoingintheroomnow.8．Wehaven'tyetsettledthequestionwherewearegoingtospendoursummervacationthisyear.[归纳用法]1．引导名词性从句的连接代词有who，whom，whose，what等。它们不但起连接作用，还在从句中作主语(如例2)、表语、宾语(如例1、例7)、定语(如例6)等。缺少连接代词，从句不完整。2．引导名词性从句的连接副词有when，where，why，how。它们不但起连接作用，还在从句中作状语，表示时间(如例3)、地点(如例4、例8)、原因(如例5)和方式等。缺少连接副词，从句也不完整。[名师点津]引导名词性从句的还有“疑问词＋ever”，如whoever、whomever、wherever、whichever等，它们在从句中充当某些句子成分。Whoeverbreaksthelawshouldbepunished.Whereverchildrengomakestheirparentsworry.单句语法填空①Hedidn'ttelluswewouldmeetnexttime.②worriesthemmostisletoutthesecret.③TomhasnoideahecanexpresshimselfclearlyinEnglish.④Theproblemisweshouldputouroldfurniture.⑤Thebookcanbehelpfultowantsthejobtopassthedrivingtest.⑥Thequestionshoulddotheworkisbeingdiscussedatthemeeting.Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．Don'ttakeitforgrantedyourparentswilldoeverythingforyou.2．Now，heisstillwaitingtofindouthehasbrokentherecord.3．Hepromisedtogiveagreatrewardtofoundthewatch.4．“That'sexactlyIneed，”Mr.Vincentsaidtohimself.5．Thinkaboutwhatyouwantinthecomingyear，thenaskyourselfyouwantthat.6．Anotherpossiblereasonisonaverage，theBritishpeopledon'ttakethemselvestooseriously.7．hedidknowwasthathewasverythankfulfortheopportunitygiventohim.8．ThetwopresidentstalkedbytelephoneonFriday，butthedetailsoftheysaidwerenotavailable.Ⅱ.短文语法填空AfterbeingupsetatopportunitiesintheUK，IlefttheUKforanothercountryanddiscoveredthatunderstandingan1.(entire)newculturetaughtmealotabouthowtogetahead.Mylifeoverseasbeganafterreadingane­mailaboutagovernmentprogramme2.theaimofgettingyoungpeopleovertothatcountry.I3.(consider)nointernationalworkexperiencebefore，but，realizingthatthiswasanopportunitynottobemissed，Iboardedaplanetothecountry.Themainreasonforpeopletogoonsuchavoyageistodevelop4.betterunderstandingofadifferentculture.Thekeyto5.(get)aheadinthiscountryistogetconnectedwithotherpeople，whichdetermineshowbusiness6.(do)andhowyousucceed.Livingabroadisn'taseasyasIthought.Eachdaywillpresentyouwithanewchallenge7.(overcome)．Butitwillwhollydisappearwithdayswhenyourtaxidriverfinallyunderstands8.youneedtogowithoutyouactingitout，dayswhenyoudiscover9.(taste)dishescostonlyasmallpartofaHappyMeal，anddayswhenthepeopleyou'llrememberforeverorjustfortwoweeksleavealasting10.(impress)onyourlife.写作园地写作园地说明文说明文是以说明为主要表达方式来解说事物、阐明事理而给人以知识的文章，它要求语言准确简明，通俗浅显，条理清晰而又有逻辑性。需要注意的是，说明文是陈述客观事实，所以这种文体通常采用一般现在时。[基本框架]1．开头——简述神秘现象(什么样的神秘现象，何时何地被发现，科学家对此的解释和论据)。2．主体——不同的看法。3．结尾——自己对这种现象的认识。[常用词块]1．aseriesofattacks一连串的袭击行为2．muddyfootprintsonthekitchenfloor厨房地板上的泥脚印3．afrighteningexperience一次可怕的经历4．areportedsightingoftheLochNessmonster据报道有人看见尼斯湖水怪5．bringsth.tolight披露某事6．duetohumanerror由于人为错误[常用语句]★精彩开头1．Themonsterof...isbackinthenews...……怪物……又上新闻了。2．Itisknowntoallthat...众所周知……3．Itliesin...它在于……4．Itlookslike...它看起来像……★丰满主体1．Somescientiststhinkthat...一些科学家认为……2．Somepeoplebelieveinitsexistence，because...有些人相信它的存在，因为……3．Byrecentresearch，wecanlearnthat...通过最近的研究，我们可以了解到……4．Otherscientistsconsider...其他科学家认为……★余味结尾1．Personally，I(don't)believe...就我个人而言，我(不)相信……2．AsfarasIamconcerned，Ithink...就我而言，我认为……3．Inmypointofview，Ibelieve...在我看来，我相信……例文假如你是校报编辑，在本期《科学探秘》专栏中，要向大家介绍“神农架野人”。请写一篇短文，内容包括：1．神农架的地理位置；2．目击者对“野人”的描述；3．有关“野人”存在的证据。注意：1.词数80左右；2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。参考词汇：直立地upright灵长目动物primate____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________练习“北美大脚怪(Bigfoot)”一直引发人们的热议。请根据所给提示写一篇短文。出没地带北美怪物描述像猿(ape)，高6－10英尺，重约500磅以上，全身覆盖棕色或红色毛，头和眼睛很大，脚印长达24英寸发现情况科学家和研究人员也找到了相关的毛发粪便(waste)以及大脚印等结论无其他证据证明其存在，也许是当地传说以吓唬徒步者或者猎人注意：1.词数80左右；2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________分层提分分层提分题组A基础过关练AJerrie：Myhopeisthatmygrandchildrenandthenextgenerationwillinherit(继承)someofthevaluesthataresoimportanttome.ItisthebestgiftIcouldhavegivenmyfamily.Jodi：ThespecialbookwrittenbymymotherisoneofthemostpreciousgiftsIcouldeverreceive，andIcannotevendescribemyfeelingsaboutthislaboroflovethatshecompleted，withthehelpoftheteamatLifeBook.Kelli：Iwanttosaythankyoufortakingmygrandma’spictures，emails，andstoriesandturningthemintothisbeautifulandprofessionalbook.ItissuchaworkofartandsomethingIwillforeverkeep.LETUSWRITEYOURPRIVATEAUTOBIOGRAPHY(自传)FORYOU&YOURFAMILYImagineyourveryownprivateautobiography.Allyourstoriesinabeautifullydesignedbookarethereforthewholefamilytoenjoy—forever.LetLifeBooktakecareofeverything，withexpertwritersandinterviewersrecordingyourexperiencesoveramemorablesix­monthjourney.Theworld’sleadingprivateautobiographyservice.Globally，over7,000peoplewithLifeBookssince2012.Adevotedprojectmanagerandateamof5tohelpyou.20hoursofface­to­faceinterviews.Interest­freepayments.Perfectforyou，orasagiftforalovedone.REQUESTAFREEAUTOBIOGRAPHYGUIDETalktoaLifeBookplannertoday.FREEon0800­999­2280onweekdays.Formoreinformation，visitthewebsite：.1．Whatisthepurposeofthefirstthreeparagraphs?A．Toshowtheimportanceofthebook.B．TospreadJerrie’svaluesacrossherfamily.C．TointroduceJerrie’sautobiographytopeople.D．ToadvertiseandattractcustomerstoLifebook.2．WhatcanwelearnfromLifeBook’sservice?A．LifeBookwilltakeyouonatour.B．Therewillbesixpeoplehelpingyou.C．Therewillbeaninterviewonthephone.D．LifeBookwon’tprovidefreeservicesforyou.3．Whatcanyoudoifyouarestillconfusedafterreadingthistext?A．SendanemailtoLifeBook.B．Talktotheplanneranytime.C．VisitthewebsiteofLifeBook.D．Call0800­999­2280onSunday.题组B能力提升练七选五Businessistheorganizedapproachtoprovidingcustomerswiththegoodsandservicestheywant.Thewordbusinessalsoreferstoanorganizationthatprovidesthesegoodsandservices.Mostbusinessesseektomakeaprofit(利润)—thatis，theyaimtoachieveincomethatismorethanthecostsofoperatingthebusiness.1Commonlycallednonprofits，theseorganizationsareprimarilynongovernmentalserviceproviders.2Businessmanagementisatermusedtodescribethetechniquesofplanning，direction，andcontroloftheoperationsofabusiness.3Oneistheestablishment(制定)ofbroadbasicpolicieswithrespecttoproduction；sales；thepurchaseofequipment，materialsandsupplies；andaccounting.4Thethirdrelatestotheestablishmentofstandardsofworkinalldepartments.Directionisconcernedprimarilywithsupervision(监管)andguidancebythemanagementinauthority.5A．Controlincludestheuseofrecordsandreportstocompareactualworkwiththesetstandardsforwork.B．Inthisconnection，thereisthedifferencebetweentopmanagementandoperativemanagement.C．Examplesofnonprofitbusinessesincludesuchorganizationsassocialserviceagenciesandmanyhospitals.D．However，somebusinessesonlyseektoearnenoughtocovertheiroperatingcosts.E．Thesecondaspectrelatestotheapplicationofthesepoliciesbydepartments.F．Inthetheoryofbusinessmanagement，organizationhastwomainaspects.G．Planninginbusinessmanagementhasthreemainaspects.题组C培优拔尖练Haveyoueverfeltthatsomeoneyouweretalkingwithwasstandingsoclosethatyouhadtheurgetostepbackwards?Ifso，you’renotalone.Weallhaveourownsenseofpersonalspace—thephysicaldistancethatweliketokeepwhileinteractingwithothers.Whensomeoneintrudesintothisspace，it’snaturaltofeelanxietyordiscomfort.However，therootofthisfeelingmayactuallybeless“personal”thancultural.ForNorthAmericansandnorthernEuropeans，theidealamountofpersonalspaceisbetween0.9and1.2meters.Incontrast，forthosewhogrewupinIndia，China，orJapan，personalspacecanbeaslittleasafewcentimeters.Sincethesecountriesarerelativelycrowded，peoplehavebecomeaccustomedtoamuchsmallerpersonalspace.Touchalsoplaysapartindefiningourcomfortzones.WhiletouchingbetweenacquaintancesisdeemedacceptableincasualorintimatesituationsintheUnitedStates，inSouthAmericaandsouthernEurope，physicalcontactisconsideredanimportantpartofeverydayconversation.Intheseplaces，thosewhodonotinteractphysicallyares