华工2011土木工程概论试题答案及词汇

一、填空题（30*2=60）1.港口由水域和陆域两大部份组成。2.港口安全用途可分为商港、军港、渔港、工业港、和避风港。3.普通混凝土是由水泥、粗骨料（碎石或卵石）、细骨料和水拌合，经硬化而成的一种人造石材。4.浅基础有刚性基础和扩展基础。5.深基础有桩基、地下连续墙、墩基和沉井。6.基本构件有板、梁、柱、拱。7.板是指平面尺寸较大而厚度较小的受弯构件，通常水平放置。8.桥的结构形式有：梁式桥、拱式桥、钢架桥、斜拉桥、悬索桥。9.悬索桥属于自锚结构，斜拉桥属于他锚结构。二、中译英（2*10=20）三、英译中（2*10=20）附：词汇1.土木工程CivilEngineering2.军事工程MilitaryEnginering3.机械工程MechanicalEngineering）4.电气工程ElectricalEngineering5.化工工程ChemicalEngineering6.结构工程StructuralEngineering7.岩土工程GeotechnicalEngineering8.流体力学FluidMechanics9.水力学HydraulicsorHydraulicMachines10.运输工程TransportationEngineering11.供水WaterSupply,12.卫生及环境工程SanitaryandEnvironmentalEngineering13.灌溉工程IrrigationEngineering14.测量Surveying,15.水准社量Leveling16.遥感RemoteSensing17.红砖redbrick18.青砖blackbrick19.实心砖solidbrick20.空心砖hollowbrick21.水泥cement22.钢筋steelbar23.混凝土concrete24.密度Bulkdensity25.强度指标Strengthindex26.变形指标Deformationindex27.耐化学性Chemicalresistance28.软化系数Coefficientofsoftening29.耐久性Durability30.孔隙率Porosity31.热传导Thermalconductivity32.热容量、热功率Thermalcapacity33.吸水性Waterabsorption34.渗透性Permeability35.粗骨料coarseaggregate、36.细骨料fineaggregate37.砂sand38.木材timber,lumber39.瓦tile40.基础工程FoundationEngineering41.工程地质勘查Geologicalsurvey42.浅基础Shallowfoundation43.深基础Deepfoundation44.不均匀沉降Unevensettlement45.地基处理Groundtreatment46.地基sub-soil47.刚性基础rigidfoundation48.扩展基础Spreadfooting49.单独基础Pad,Isolatedfooting50.条形基础Stripfooting51.筏板基础Raft52.箱形基础Boxfooting53.壳体基础Shellfooting54.桩基础Pilefoundation55.地下连续墙Undergroundretainingwall56.墩基础Pierfoundation57.沉井基础Sunkwell58.沉箱基础Caisson59.预制桩Prefabricatedpile60.钻孔灌注桩Boredpile61.端承型桩Endbearingpile62.摩擦型桩Frictionalpile63.建筑工程BuildingEngineering64.规划Planning,65.设计Design66.建设、施工Construction67.操作Operation68.修理Renovation69.维修Maintenance70.建筑Architecture71.基本构件Basicmembers72.单层建筑Singlestoreybuilding73.多层建筑Multi-storeybuilding74.高层建筑Highrisebuilding75.超高层建筑Superhighrisebuilding76.特种结构Specialstructures77.板Slab78.梁Beam79.简支梁Simplysupportedbeam80.连续梁Continuousbeam81.悬臂梁Cantileverbeam82.拱Arch83.大跨度建筑Largespanbuilding84.框架结构Framestructure85.框架－剪力墙结构Frame-Shearwallstructure86.剪力墙结构Shearwallstructure87.框支剪力墙结构Framesupportshearwallstructure88.筒体结构Tubestructure89.框筒体系Frame-tubestructuresystem90.筒中筒体系Tubeintubestructuresystem91.桁架筒体系Tressestubestructuresystem92.成束筒体系Bundledtubestructuresystem93.冷却塔CoolingTower94.筒仓Silo95.核电站Nuclearpowerstation96.道路工程Roads97.铁路工程Railway98.飞机场Airport99.隧道工程Tunneling100.公路建设Constructionofhighway101.高速公路Expressway102.跑道Runway103.梁式桥GirderBridges104.桁架桥Trussbridges。105.拱式桥ArchBridges106.刚架桥RigidFrames107.斜拉桥CableStayedBridges108.悬索桥SuspendedBridges109.桥台Abutment110.桥墩Pier111.港口Harbour112.港口分类Classificationofharbour113.港口规划与布置Planingandlayoutofharbour114.码头建筑Dockconstruction115.防波堤Mole116.护岸建筑Shore-protectionstructure港口仓库与货场Warehouseandgoodsyardinharbour118.地下电站UndergroundPowerStation119.地下仓库UndergroundWarehouse120.城市地下综合体Multi-FunctionUndergroundSpaceunderCity121.地下水电站UndergroundHydraulicPowerStation122.给排水工程WaterSupplyandSewerageWorks123.城市给水系统Watersupplysystemincity124.统一给水系统Unifiedwatersupplysystem125.分质给水系统Partialqualitywatersupplysystem126.分压给水系统Partialpressurewatersupplysystem127.分区给水系统Separatewatersupplysystem128.循环和循序给水系统Circulationandsequentialwatersupplysystem129.区域给水系统Districtwatersupplysystem130.中水系统Intermediatewatersystem131.增压、贮水设备Boosterandstoragefacilities132.水泵Pump133.水箱Tank134.贮水池StoragetankScopeofCIVILENGINEERINGincludethefollowing:StructuralengineeringGeotechnicalengineeringFluidMechanics,hydraulicsandhydraulicmachinesTransportationengineeringWatersupply,sanitaryandenvironmentalengineeringIrrigationengineeringSurveying,levelingandremotesensingCivilengineeringisthatbranchofengineeringwhichaimstoprovideacomfortableandsafelivingforthepeople.Shelter,oneoftheprimaryneedsofmankind,isprovidedbycivilengineers.Theefficientplanningofwatersupplyandirrigationsystemsincreasesthefoodproductioninacountry.Shelters,apartfromjustbeingshelters,havebeenconstructedbycivilengineerstoprovideapeacefulandcomfortablelife.Theengineersmarvelsoftheworld,startingfromthepyramidstotoday’sthinshellstructures,aretheresultsofthedevelopmentincivilengineering.Communicationlineslikeroads,railways,bridges,etc.withoutwhichdevelopmentisimpossible,arefruitsofcivilengineers’work.Propertiesofbuildingmaterialsincludethefollowing:（1）Bulkdensity（2）Strengthindex（3）Deformationindex（4）Chemicalresistance（5）Coefficientofsoftening（6）Durability（7）Porosity（8）Thermalconductivity（9）Thermalcapacity（10）Waterabsorption（11）PermeabilityDefinitionofshallowfooting:Whenthedepthofthefootingislessthanorequaltoitswidth,itisdefinedasashallowfooing.WhatisBuildingEngineering?BuildingEngineeringisaninterdisciplinaryprogramthatdrawsupontheexpertiseofcivil,mechanical,electrical,andchemicalengineering,aswellasarchitecture.Asabuildingengineeryouacquireknowledgeintheplanning,design,construction,operation,renovation,andmaintenanceofbuildings,togetherwithanunderstandingoftheirimpactonthesurroundingenvironment.Thebuildingengineerexploresallphasesofthelifecycleofabuildinganddevelopsanappreciationofthebuildingasanadvancedtechnologicalsystem.Problemsareidentifiedandappropriatesolutionsfoundtoimprovetheperformanceofthebuildinginareassuchasthefollowing:energyefficiency,indoorairquality,constructionmanagement,heating,ventilation,air-conditioningandcontrolsystems,advancedbuildingmaterials,buildingenvelope,earthquakeresistance,windeffectsonbuildings,computer-aideddesign,passivesolarengineering,andlightingandacoustics.WhatisTransportationEngineering?Thetransportationsystemisabasiccomponentofanyarea'sphysical,economic,andsocialstructure.Notonlydoesthedesignandperformanceofthetransportationsystemprovideopportunitiesformobility;butoverthelongterm,itinfluencespatternsofgrowthandthelevelofeconomicactivitythroughtheaccessibilityitprovidestheland.Theabilityofroadstonabletrafficflowfreelyandsafelybetweentheindustrialandcommercialcentrescontributesenormouslytowardsaprogressiveeconomy.Highwaysareconsideredthemostimportantsystembecauseofthefollowingadditionalreasons:TheycanbeusedbyallkindsofvehiclesTheyreachallplaces,hillstotinyvillagesHighwayscanbelaidaspereconomicconditionsandasperimportancefrommudroadstoconcreteroadsAchangeinspecificationfromanordinarytoanimprovedversioncanbeeffectedwitheaseClassificationofhighways(Accordingtoitstrafficcapacity,locationandthetypesofpavementused):NationalhighwaysStatehighwaysMayerdistrictroadsOtherdistrictroadsVillageroadsClassificationasperroadstructure:WaterboundmacadamroadsBitumentoproadsConcreteroadsAbridgeisastructureprovidingpassageoveranobstacleasavalley,road,railway,canal,river,withoutclosingthewaybeneath.Therequiredpassagemaybeforroad,railway,canal,pipeline,cycletrackorpedestrians.Thebranchofcivilengineeringwhichdealwiththedesign,planningconstructionandmaintenanceofbridgeisknownasbridgeengineering.Awatersupplyfor