2021.06四级真题第3套

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PartIWriting(3θminutes)

Directions:Forthismrt,youareallowed30minutestowr讠teanessaytitled"Doviolentvideog闊mesleadtoviolence?"ΨThestatemenξgivenxlowisforyourreferenee.You&houldwr讠teaξleast12目帆rdsbutnomo祀than180帆rds、

Ag阳wingbodyofresearchfindsthatv讠olentvideogamesc吼makek讠gsactaggressivelyintheirreal帆rldrelationships,causinganincr阳seinvio讠ence.

Part:U:ListeningComprehension(25minutes)

&明:Eil=f2021年6月IZQ级皲全OO共考了WI套l!Jr力亨*套;l'.lml!Jr力!§fi!WI套内容fflfRJ,J=U!JZtl3i!》ll¥不1EJ,1!1JtttE*套真题r:p不ff:m:复tll:$

P毗IReadingComprehension(40minutes)

Sectio玖A

Directions:Inthissection箩thereisamssagewithtenb尿nks仰Youare陀quiredtoselecto邓.wordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesg讠veninawordbankfollo咙ngthemssage嗓Readthemssagethroughcarefullybe求oremakingyourchoices鲱&chchoiceinthe觇nkisidentifiedbyaletter恤PleasemarkthecorrespondirtgletterforeachitemonAns爬rSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre邮Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.

Nowadaysyoucan’tbuyanythingwithoutthenbeingaskedtoprovidearatingofacompany’sperformanceonafive-starscale.

I’vebeenaskedtoratemy"store鱼"ontheEFTPOSterm主na1beforeIcanpay.Eventhemost_J'J__activities,suchascallingTelstraorpickingupaparcelfromAustraliaPost,arefol1妤wedbytextsoremailswithsurveysasking,"Howdidwedo?"

Onlinepurchasesare皿followedupbyacustomersatisfactionsurvey.Companiesareso鱼forahitofstarsthatifyoudeletethesurveythecompanysendsyouaΛ妤therone.

We’re_lQ_torateourappswhenwe’vebarelyhadachancetousethem.OneonlinecourseproviderIuseasksy叫whatyouthinkofthecourseafteryou’veonlycompleted皿2percentofit.

EconomistJasonMurphysaysthatcompaniesusecustomersatisfactionratings·becausea皿displayofstarfeedbackhasbecomethenuclearpowersourcesofthemodemeconomy.

K)shinmg

E)showering

M)variety

N)voyag_0)wonder

F)fascinated

G)option

H)prompted~)roughly

J)routi玑ely

However,youcan’thelpbut皿ifthesecompaniesarebasingtheirbusinessonfqbrications(捏:itit?东西).I皿thatwithonlinesurveysIjustclickthe互that’sclosesttomymousecursor(it#)togetthedamnthingoffmyscreen.OftenthestarratingIg主vehasfarmoretodowiththekindofdayI’mhavingthanthepurchaseIjustmade.

A)announce

B)commonplace

C)confessmaespe鲨ate

E)experience

(JTJ级2021年6月47

SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.&ehstatementcontainsinformationgiven主noneofthemragraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseamragraphmorethanonce.&ehmragraphismarkedwitha

letter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.·Scienceofsetbacks:Howfailurecanimprovecareerprospects

A)Howdoearlycareersetbacksaffectourlong-termsuccess?Failurescanhelpuslearnandovercomeourfears.Butdisasterscanstillwoundus.Theycanscrewusupandsetusback.Wouldn'titbeniceiftherewasgenuine,scientificallydocumentedtruthtotheexpression"whatdoesn'tkillyoumakesyoustronger"?

B)Onewaysocialscientistshaveprobedtheeffectsofcareersetbacksistolookatscientistsofverysimilarqualifications.Thesescientists,forreasonsthataremostlyarbitrary,eitherjustmissedgettingaresearchgrantorjustbarelymadeit.Insocialsciences,thisisknownasexamining"nearmisses"and"narrowwins"inareaswheremeritissubjective.Thatallowsresearcherstomeasureonlytheeffectsofbeingchosenornot.Studiesinthisareahavefoundconflictingresults.Inthecompetitivegameofbiomedicalscience,researchhasbeendoneonscientistswhonarrowlylostorwongrantmoney.It

suggeststhatnarrowwinnersbecomeevenbiggerwinnersdowntheline.Inotherwords,therichgetricher.

:

C)A2018studypublishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcade汛yofSciences,forexample,followedresearchersintheNetherlands.Researchersconcludedthatthosewhojustbarelyqualifiedforagrantwereabletogettwiceasmuchmoneywithinthenexteightyearsasthosewhojustmissedout.Andthenarrowwinnerswere50percentmorelikelytobegivenaprofessorship.

D)OthersintheUShavefoundsimilareffectswithNationalInstitutesofHealthearly-careerfellowshipslaunchingnarrowwinnersfaraheadofcloselosers.Thephenomenonisoftenreferredtoasthe

Mattheweffect;fosp1red6jilieBible's-wisdomdiaffothosewhohave,morewill.e-given:There's灬a灬goodexplanationforthephenomenoninthebookTheFormula:TheUniversalLawsofSuccessby

AlbertLaszloBarabasi.AccordingtoBarabasi,it'seasierandlessriskyforthoseinpositionsofpowertochoosetohandawardsandfundingtothosewho'vealreadybeensorecognized.

E)Thisisbadnewsforthelosers.Smallearlycareersetbacksseemtohaveadisproportionateeffectdowntheline.Whatdidn'tkillthemmadethemweaker.Butotherstudiesusingthesametechniquehaveshownthere'ssometimesnopenaltytoanearmiss.Studentswhojustmissgettingintotophigh

schoolsoruniversitiesdojustaswelllaterinlifeasthosewhojustmanagetogetaccepted.Inthiscase,whatdidn'tkillthemsimplydidn'tmatter.Soisthereanyevidencethatsetbacksmightactuallyimproveourcareerprospects?Thereisnow.

F)InastudypublishedinNatureCommunications,NorthwesternUniversitysociologistDashunWang

trackedmorethan1,100scientistswhowereontheborderbetweengettingagrantandmissingout

between1990and2005.Hefollowedvariousmeasuresofperformanceoverthenextdecade.mese

includedhowmanypaperstheyauthoredandhowinfluentialthosepaperswere,asmeasuredbythe

numberofsubsequentcitationsxAsexpected,therewasamuchhigherrateofattrition(减g!)among

Im级2021年6}348

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scientistswhodidngtgetgrants.Butamongthosewhostayedon,thecloselosersperformedevenbetterthanthenarrowwinners.Tomakesu堇ethiswasngtbychance,Wangconductedadditionaltestsusingdifferentperformancemeasures.Heexaminedhowmanytimespeoplewerefirstauthorsoninfluentialstudies,andthelike.

G)Onestraightforwardreasoncloselosersmightoutperformnarrowwinnersisthatthetwogroupshavecomparableability.InWanggsstudy,heselectedthemostdetermined,passionatescientistsfromthelosergroupandculled(易堇J除)whathedeemedtheweakestmembersofthewinnergroup#Yettheperseveringlosersstillcameoutontop.Hethinksthatbeingacloselosermightgivepeopleapsychologicalboost,ortheproverbialkickinthepants.

H)UtrechtUniversitysociologistArnoutvandeRijtwastheleadauthoronthe2018papershowingthe

·richgetricher.Hesaidthenewfindingisapparentlyreasonableandworthsomeattention.Hisownworkshowedthatalthoughthenarrowwinnersdidgetmuchmoremoneyinthenearfuture,theactualperformanceofthecloseloserswasjustasgood.

I)HesaidthepeoplewhoshouldbepayingregardtotheWangpaperarethefundingagentswho

distributegovernmentgrantmoney.Afterall,bycontin扛ingtopilerichesonthenarrowwinners,the

taxpayersarenotgettingthemaximumbangfortheirbuckifthecloselosersareperformingjustas

wellorevenbetter.Theregsahugeamountoftimeandeffortthatgoesintotheprocessofselectingwhogetsgrants?hesaid,andthelatestresearchshowsthatthescientificestablishmentisnotvery

goodatdistributingmoney."Maybeweshouldspendlessmoneytryingtofigureoutwhoisbetterthan

:

who,"hesaid,suggestingthatsomemoreequaldividingupofmoneymightbemoreproductiveandmoreefficient#VandeRijtsaidhegsnotconvincedthatlosingoutgivespeopleapsychologicalboost」Itmayyetbeaselectioneffect#EventhoughWangtriedtoaccountforthisbycullingtheweakestwinners,itgsimpossibletoknowwhichofthewinnerswouldhavequithadtheyfoundthemselveson

thelosingside.·

J)Forhispart,Wangsaidthatinhisownexperience,losingdidlightamotivatingfire.Herecalledarecentpaperhesubmittedtoajournal,which·accepteditonlytorequestextensiveediting,andthenreversedcourseandrejectedit.Hesubmittedtheuneditedversiontoamorerespectedjournalandgotaccepted.

K)Insportsandmanyareasoflife,wethinkof.ailuresasevidenceofsomethingwecouldhavedonebetter瀑Weregardthesedisappointmentsasafatewecouldhaveavoidedwithmorecareful

preparation,differenttraining,abetterstrategy,ormorefocus#Andthereitmakessensethatfailuresshowustheroadtosuccess.mesepapersdealwithakindoffailurepeoplehavelittlecontrolove堇-rejection.Othersdeterminewhowinsandwholoses#Butattheveryleast,theresearchis

startingtoshowthatearlysetbacksdongthavetobefatal.Theymightevenmakeusbetteratourjobs?

Gettingpaidlikeawinner,though?Thatgsadifferentmatter.

36.Beingacloselosercouldgreatlymotivateonetopersevereintheirresearch#

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37.GrantawarderstendtofavorresearchersalretJ.dyreco吧izedi:11theirre§pectivefif?!ds.

38.Sufferingearlysetbacksmighthelppeopleimprovetheirjobperformance.

39#Researchbysocialscientistsontheeffectsofcareersetbackshasproducedcontradictoryfindings.

fill€fl!20216J349

40.Itisnottothebestinterestoftaxpayerstokeepgivingmoneytonarrowwinners.

41.Scientistswhopersistedinresearchwithoutreceivingagrantmadegreaterachievementsthanthosewhogotonewithluck,assuggestedinonestudy.

42.Aresearchpaperrejectedbyone·journalmaygetacceptedbyanother.

43.Accordingtoonerecentstudy,narrowwinnersofresearchgrantshadbetterchancestobepromotedtoprofessors.·

44.Oneresearchersuggestsitmightbemorefruitfultodistributegrantsonarelativelyequalbasis、

45.Minorsetbacksmtheirearlycareermayhaveastrongnegativeeffectonthecareerofcloselosers.

SectionC

Directions:Thereare2passa,gesinthissection.F.achpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinished

statements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)a羟dD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.

PassageOne

Questions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Boredomhasbecometrendy.Studiespomttohowboredomisgoodforcreativityandinnovation,aswellasmentalhealth.Itisfoundthatpeoplearemorecreativefollowingthecompletionofatedioustask.Whenpeoplearebored,theyhaveanincreasein"associativethought"-theprocessofmakingnewconnectionsbetweenideas,whichislmkedtoinnovativethinking.Thesestudiesareimpressive,butinreality,thebenefitsofboredommayberelatedtohavingtimetoclearyourmind,bequiet,ordaydream.

Inourstimulation-richworld,itseemsunrealisticthatboredomcouldoccuratall.Yet,therearevalidreasonsboredommayfeelsopainful.Asitturnsout,boredommightsignalthefactthatyouhaveaneedthatisn'tbeingmet.

__

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Ouralways-onworldofsocialmediamayresultinmoreconnections,buttheyaresuperficialandcantinh\\"_aly?fbuildin吕arealse!'!b_elonging.Feelingboredmaysignalthedesireforagreatersense

ofcommunityandthefeelingthatyoufitinwithothersaroundyou.Sotakethestepofjoininganorganizationtobuildface-to-facerelationships.You'llfinddepththatyouwon'tgetfromyourscreennomatterhowmanylikesyougetonyourpost.

Similartotheneedforbelonging,boredpeopleoftenreportthattheyfeelalimitedsenseofmeaning.It'safundamentalhumanneedtohavealargerpurposeandtofeellikewe?repartofsomethmgbiggerthanourselves.Whenpeoplearebored,they'remorelikelytofeellessmeaningintheirlives.Ifyouwanttoreduceboredomandincreaseyoursenseofmeaning,seekworkwhereyoucanmakeauniquecontribution,orfindacauseyoucansupportwithyourtimeandtalent.

Ifyourdefinitionofboredomisbeingquiet,mindful,andreflective,keepitup.Butifyou'restrugglingwithrealboredomandtheemptinessitprovokes,considerwhetheryoumightseeknewcomectionsandmoresignificantchallenges.Thesearethethingsthatwillgenuinelyrelieveboredomandmakeyoumoreeffectiveintheprocess.

46.Whathavestudiesfoundaboutboredom?

A)Itfacilitatesinnovativethinkmg.

B)Itisaresultofdoingboringtasks.

fill级2021年6Ji50

C)Ithelpspeopleconnectwithothers.

D)Itdoesharmtoone'smentalhealth.

47.Whatdoestheauthorsayboredommightindicate?

A)Aneedtobeleftalone.

B)Adesiretobefulfilled.

C)Aconflicttoberesolved.

D)Afeelingtobevalidated.

48.Whatdowelearnaboutsocialmediafromthepassage?

A)Itmaybeanobstacletoexpandingone'sconnections.

B)Itmaygetinthewayofenhancingone'ssocialstatus.

C)Itmaypreventpeoplefromdevelopingagenuinesenseofcommunity.

D)Itmaymakepeoplefeelthattheyoughttofitinwiththeoutsideworld.

49.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestpeopledotogetridofboredom?

A)Countthelikestheygetontheirposts.

B)Reflectonhowtheyrelatetoothers.

C)Engageinreal-lifeinteractions.

D)Participateinonlinediscussions.

50.Whatshouldpeopledotoenhancetheirsenseofmeaning?

A)Trytodosomethingoriginal.

B)Confrontsignificantchallenges.

C)Defineboredomintheiruniqueway.

D)Devotethemselvestoaworthycause.PassageTwo

Questions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Canyourememberwhatyouateyesterday?Ifasked,mostpeoplewillbeabletogiveavaguedescriptionoftheirmainmeals:breakfast,lunch,dinner.Butcanyoubesureyou'venotedeverysnackbarinyourcar,oreveryhandfulofnutsatyourdesk?Mostpeoplewillhaveafeelingthatthey'vemissed

somethingout.

Weoriginallyhadthissuspicionbackin2016,puzzledbythefactthatnationalstatisticsshowedcalorieconsumptionfallingdramaticallyoverpastdecades.Wefoundreliableevidencethatpeoplewere

drasticallyunder-reportingwhattheyate.

NowtheOfficeforNationalStatisticshasconfirmedthatweareconsuming50%morecaloriesthanournationalstatisticsclaim.

Whyisthishappening?Wecanpointtoatleastthreepotentialcauses.Oneistheriseinobesitylevelsitself.Under-reportingratesaremuchhigherforobesepeople,becausetheysimplyconsumemorefood,andthushavemoretoremember.

Anothercauseisthattheproportionofpeoplewhoaretryingtoloseweighthasbeenincreasingover

time.Peoplewhowanttoloseweightaremorelikelytounder-reporttheireating-regardlessofwhethertheyareoverweightornot.Thismaybedrivenpartlybyself-deceptionor"wishfulthinking''.

Thefinalpotentialcauseisanincreaseinsnackingandeatingoutoverrecentdecades-bothinterms

ofhowoftentheyhappenandhowmuchtheycontributetoouroverallenergyintake.Again,thereis

ll!I级2021年6JI51

evidencethatfoodconsⅢnedoutofthehomeisoneofthemostpoorlyrecordedcategoriesinsurveys+

So,what’sthemessageconveyed?Forstatistics,weshouldinvestinmoreaccuratemeasurementoptions.Forpolicy,weneedtofocusonoptionsthatmakeiteasyforpeopletoeatfewercalories.Ifpeopledonotknowhowmuchtheyareeating,itcanbereallyhardforthemtosticktoadiet.Also,weshouldbelookingfornewwaystoensurewhatpeopleeatwouldn’thavemuchimpactontheirwaistlines.Ifthisworks,itwon’tmatteriftheycan?trememberwhattheyateyesterday.

51.Whatdidtheauthorsuspectbackin2016?

A)Calorieconswnptionhadfallendrasticallyoverthedecades.

B)Mostp