Unit 3 期末语法复习讲解与练习

Unit3Onthemove—2023-2024学年高一英语外研版（2019）必修第二册期末复习敲重点学习目标整合知识目标积累与体育运动相关表达，深入理解体育运动这一主题能力目标学生能够了解并掌握不定式作定语和结果状语的用法，并在真实语境中灵活运用情感目标通过对体育运动的了解，提高英语学习的兴趣思维导图回顾知识重难知识易混易错一、动词不定式动词不定式是英语语法的一个重要项目，属于非谓语动词。除了不能单独作谓语外，动词不定式可用来作句子的主语、宾语、宾补、表语、定语和状语。本单元语法重点讲解不定式作定语和结果状语。to是不定式符号，但有时候不带,有时候可以省略to。不定式无人称和数的变化,虽然不能单独作句子的谓语,但它具备动词的基本特征,可以有自己的宾语和状语，有时态和语态的变化。不定式具有动词特征,因此有一般式、完成式、进行式等时态形式，以及主动式、被动式两种语态形式。它的各种形式如下表所示(以动词do为例)：时态形式语态形式主动式被动式一般式todotobedone完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone进行式tobedoing——否定形式在不定式符号to前面加not（一）不定式的一般式不定式的一般式用得最多,通常与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。但在很多情况下,不定式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后。Iamverygladtomeetyouhereagain.在这儿再次见到你我非常高兴。Hedecidedtobuyanewcar.他决定买一辆新汽车。（二）不定式的完成式(完成体)不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前,强调动作的先后顺序。Thefirewasthoughttohavestartedinanupstairsroom.火灾被认为是从楼上的一个房间里开始燃起的。Iamsorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.真对不起，给你带来这么多麻烦。（三）不定式的完成式(完成体)不定式的进行式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时进行。Sheseemstobeworryingaboutsomething.(=Itseemsthatsheisworryingaboutsomething.)她似乎正在担心什么事。Don'tpretendtobeworkinghard.Justdowhatyoushould.不要假装在努力工作。只做你该做的事。提示：不定式与谓语动词表示的时间关系分析1.一般式：Itseemstorainthisafternoon.一般式往往表示其动作在谓语动词之后发生。例句说明，“今天下午看起来要下雨”,rain应在seem之后发生。2.进行式:Itseemstoberainingoutside.进行式往往表示不定式的动作与谓语动词同时发生例句说明，“外面好像正在下雨”(指在室内听见外面有下雨的声音或迹象),rain和seem同时发生。3.完成式:Itseemstohaverainedlastnight.完成式表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前。例句说明，“昨晚好像下了雨”(指早晨起床后发现地面潮湿,有下雨的迹象,才做出如此判断),rain发生在seem之前。（四）不定式的被动式当动词不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者时要用其被动形式。分别举例如下：1.Thestudentswanttobesenttoworkinthecountryside.(与主语是被动关系)2.Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.(与宾语是被动关系)3.Heisamantobetrusted.(与表语是被动关系)4.I'msorryforyoutohavebeeninjuredintheaccident.(与不定式逻辑主语you是被动关系)（五）不定式的否定式通常情况下,不定式的否定式是在to之前加not。I'vealreadytoldyounottocomeover.我已经告诉你别过来了。Theytookavoteanddecidednottodoit.他们进行了表决，决定不做这件事。（六）不定式复合结构和逻辑主语不定式都有自己的逻辑主语,它可能是句子的主语宾语或表语。如果都不是,则用for引出新的逻辑主语,即forsb.todosth.。这类带有逻辑主语的不定式,称为“不定式复合结构”。1.逻辑主语是句子中的某个成分。Ihaveseverale-mailstosendtoday.(tosend的逻辑主语是I)今天我有些电子邮件要发。Theteacherencouragestheboystudenttostudyharder.老师鼓励那位男生更加努力地学习。(tostudy的逻辑主语为theboystudent)2.由for引出不定式的逻辑主语。It'scommonforleavestofallfromthetreesinautumn.(作主语)在秋季树叶从树上落下来,这是很平常的。Thisdecisionisforyoutomake.(作表语)这个决定由你来做。Therearealotofdifficultiesforustoovercome.(作定语)有许多困难等待我们去克服。Heputthenewspaperonthedeskforyoutoread.(作目的状语)他把报纸放在桌子上让你看。3.由of引出不定式的逻辑主语。在Itis+adj.+todosth.结构中，如果形容词描述逻辑主语的性质、品质、特征，用of引出逻辑主语。这时，逻辑主语与前面的形容词存在主表关系。Itiskindofyoutohelpus.(=Youarekindtohelpus.)你帮助我们真是太好了。Itwassillyofyoutotrustsuchaman.(=Youweresillytotrustsuchaman.)你太愚蠢了，竟然相信这样一个人。Itisselfishofhimnottodoanythingfortheorphans.(=Heisselfishnottodoanythingfortheorphans.)他很自私,不愿为孤儿们做点事。It'sunfairofyoutosaysuchthingsabouther.(=Youareunfairtosaysuchthingsabouther)你这样说她太不公平了。二、动词不定式作定语动词不定式的主要语法作用是作句子的主语、宾语、宾补、表语、定语和状语。下面着重讲解不定式作定语。动词不定式作定语，须用在名词或代词之后。不定式和被修饰词存在几种逻辑关系，主要有以下四种:1.Marywasthefirstgirltoworkouttheproblem.(主谓关系)2.Johnsaidhehadanimportantmeetingtoattend.(动宾关系)3.Hehopestobeofferedajobtodriveforaboss.(同位关系)4.Thisisthebestwaytosolvetheproblem.(动状关系)以上4句,不定式虽然都是作定语,但与被修饰词之间的关系却不尽相同。第一句:thefirstgirl和toworkouttheproblem是“主谓关系”--“女孩解决问题”。Sheisalwaysthefirstpersontocomeandthelasttoleave.她总是第一个来,最后一个走。第二句:toattend和animportantmeeting是“动宾关系”--“参加会议”。Haveyougotanythingtodothisevening?今晚你有事情做吗?第三句:todriveforaboss和ajob是一种“同位关系”。在这种关系中，不定式描述被修饰词的内容，可以转换为主语和表语的关系:Todriveforabossisajob.“为老板开车是一项工作。”Herdreamtogotocollegehascometrueatlast.她的上大学的梦想终于实现了。第四句:tosolvetheproblem和thebestway是“动状关系”。所谓动状关系，意思是不定式动作的实施借助thebestway这个方式，即tosolvetheprobleminthebestway。常见的可跟动词不定式作定语的这类名词还有time,place,reason,decision,chance,opportunity,attempt,effort,right,ability等。Thisisasuitableplacetolive.这是一个适合居住的地方。1.在动宾关系中,如果不定式是不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词,且不可省略。TheBrownshaveacomfortablehousetolivein.布朗家有一所舒服的房子住。Hereissomepaperforyoutowriteon.这儿有些纸，你可以在上面写。2.不定式作定语,虽然被修饰词与不定式存在被动关系，但是，句子的另一个成分与不定式有主谓关系,这时,不定式要用主动形式,不用被动形式。Thetravellershadnothingtoeatthatday.(正)Thetravellershadnothingtobeeatenthatday.(误)I'llgiveyouaninterestingbooktoread.(正)I'llgiveyouaninterestingbooktoberead.(误)Wouldyoubringmesomepapertowriteon?(正)Wouldyoubringmesomepapertobewrittenon?(误)3.有时候，如果把不定式的主动形式改为被动形式，意思会发生很大变化。Thereisnothingtodo.无事可做。(暗示“无聊感”)Thereisnothingtobedone.不能做什么了。(暗示“束手无策”)Iwillfindsomethingtobeeaten.我要找点吃的。(自己或别人吃)三、动词不定式作结果状语动词不定式作状语,主要表示原因、目的、结果、条件等,还可以作评论性状语。不定式作结果状语，常用于too...to...,enough...to...,so...asto...,such...asto...结构中。1.too...to...太……而不……Sheistooexcitedtosayanything.她激动得说不出话来Thebagistooheavyformetocarry.这个袋子太重了，我提不动。2.enough...to...足够……而能够……Shewasbraveenoughtodowhatshewantedto.她足够勇敢以至于做了她想做的事情。3.so...asto...如此……以至于……Hewassobraveastodowhathedid.他如此勇敢以至于做了此事。4.such...asto...如此……以至于……Shewassuchabravewomanastodowhatshedid.她是如此勇敢的人以至于做了此事。5.如果表示出人意料的结果，不定式前常有onlySheracedthroughthelivingroom,onlytofindthefrontdoorclosed.她飞快地跑过起居室，却发现前门锁上了。6.表示谓语动词的动作发生后产生的结果Shewokeupinthenighttofindherdarkroomlitbyflashinglights.她夜里醒来,发现黑暗的房间被闪烁的灯光照亮了。练习：1.Mymotheroftentellsme________(notread)inbed.2.Intheolddaysitwasdifficultforthepoor________(find)ajob.3.It'scoldoutside,soyou'dbetter________(puton)yourcoat.4.Heishungry.Pleasegivehimsomething________(eat).5.Iwouldrather________(go)bybus,orIwillbelate.6.Hecalledateverydoor________(tell)peopletheexcitingnews.7.Wouldyouplease________(bring)meanEnglish-Chinesedictionarywhenyoucome?8.Johnstopped________(have)arestbecausehehadworkedforeighthours.9.It'sagreatshameforme________(laughat)infrontofsomanypeople.10.LittleJennylikedto________(take)tothezooonSundays.答案：1.nottoread2.tofind3.puton4.toeat5.go6.totell7.bring8.tohave9.tobelaughedat10.betaken核心素养对接高考一、Anewstudyhasfoundthatbravingthecoldmaybeagoodwaytohelpburnoffsomefat.TheresearchwascarriedoutbyscientistsatCanada'sLaurentianUniversityandfocusedonhigh-intensityintervaltraining(HIIT).Thisformathasgrowninpopularityoflateduetothefat-burningbenefitsitbrings,andtheteamsetouttoexplorehowthetemperaturemightinfluenceitseffects.Thestudyinvolved11overweightadultswhotookpartintwoHIITsessionsaweekapart.Oneofthesewascarriedoutina"thermoneutral"environmentwithtemperaturesofaround70°F(21℃),andtheotheratacold32°F(0℃).Thesessionsconsistedof10separatecyclingracesat90percenteffortlastingoneminute,followedby90-second"recovery"periodsofcyclingat30percentintensity.Aftereachsession,theparticipantscooleddownbygentlycyclingorwalking,ateanutritionbarbeforegoingtosleepandenjoyedahigh-fatbreakfastthemorningafter.Duringthesesessions,thescientistsmonitoredskintemperature,corebodytemperature,theheartrateandtheamountofoxygen.Bloodsampleswerealsodrawntohelpcalculatefat-burningratesfollowingthebreakfastthenextday."Thepresentstudyfoundthathigh-intensityexerciseinthecoldincreasedlipidoxidation(脂肪氧化)by358percentincomparisonwithhigh-intensityexerciseinathermoneutralenvironment,"theteamwrites.Theauthorsalsonotethattheideathatlowtemperatureshelpusburnmorefatduringexercisewillneedfurtherinvestigation,thoughthefirst-of-a-kindstudydoesindicateit'sapossibilityworthpursuing.1.Whatisgoodforburningofffataccordingtothestudy?A.Coldfood. B.Lowtemperatures.C.Hardworkouts. D.Thecyclingrace.2.WhatisParagraph3mainlyabout?A.Theintroductiontothestudy. B.Somedatainthestudy.C.Theparticipantsinthestudy. D.Theresultsofthestudy.3.Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?A.Furtherstudyneedstobemade. B.Doingexerciseburnsmorefat.C.Theeffortsofscientistsareinvain. D.Thestudyresultisunreasonable.4.Whichofthefollowingcouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.High-IntensityWorkoutsHelpBurnOffExtraCaloriesB.CyclingintheColdIsaGreatWaytoBuildUpYourBodyC.StudyShowsFat-BurningPotentialofExercisinginLowTemperaturesD.ResearchersHaveFoundMoreFat-BurningWorkouts二、Sportsdays!Thesetwowordscaninspirebothjoyandtensionintheheartsofstudentseverywhere.①_____Andit'salsothechancetobagaprizeortwo.Forothers,itmightfeelliketheyhavetotakepartinsomethingtheyaren'tgoodat.Today,moreandmoreschoolshaverecognizedtheimportanceofexercise.Manyofthemhavenon-competitivesportsdays.Theyhopethatbymakingsportsdayslesscompetitive,childrenofallabilitieswillbeencouragedtotakepartwithoutfearoflosing.Exerciseandfitnessisimportantforeveryone,nomatterhowgoodatsportyouare.②_____However,somepeoplefeelthatit'simportantthatsporthaschampionsandthatlearningtoloseisjustasimportantaslearninghowtowin.③_____Asportsdayisanobviousexample.Itisyourchancetoreallyproveyourself!④_____Accordingtoa2017surveybyFamiliesOnline,82%ofparentssaytheyprefer"traditional"competitivesportsdays.Manyadultsfeelthatchildrencanlearnvaluablelessonsinbothwinningandlosing.It'salsoanopportunityforsomechildrentoshowofftheirphysicalandsportingskills.Peoplehavedifferentideasaboutwhetheritisthewinningorthetakingpartthatcountswhenitcomestoschoolsportsdays.⑤_____Wewanttoknowyourideas.A.What'sthepointifnoonewins?B.Shouldsportjustbeaboutwinning?C.Formany,thesportsdaycanbeagreatdayoffun.D.So,shouldtheschoolsportsdaybecompetitiveornot?E.Everyoneshouldbecelebratedfortryingandplayingtheirpart.F.Therearelotsofpeoplewhoagreewiththeidea—parentsinparticular!G.Manyparentsareworriedthattheirkidscangetinjuredwhendoingsports.三、Areyoutryingtofindthebesttimeforexercise?

①________Followthesetipstofigureoutwhatfitnessroutineworksbestforyou.

Dawn,duskordeadofnight—when’sthebesttimetoworkout?Well,thatdependsonwhen’sthebesttimeforyou,becausethebenefitsofphysicalactivitydependuponhowconsistentyouare.

②________Butifyou’renotamorningperson,itmaynotworkforyoutotrytogetupatdawntoworkout.Thekeyistodowhat’smostlikelytoworkforyouconsistently.

③________Ifyoufindthatworkingouttoolateintheeveningkeepsyoufromfallingasleepeasily,shiftyourexercisesessionearlierinthedayortrylessintense,moremindfulformsofmovement.

Tostaymotivated,chooseactivitiesyouenjoy.Ifyou’reasocialperson,dosomethingthatengagesyousocially.Takeagroupexerciseclass,joinarecreationalteamorwalkwithagroupoffriends.Ifyoupreferhavingtimealone,walking,swimmingorbikingsolomightbeabetterfitforyou.

④________

Therearesomanychoices.

⑤________Havingavariety(各种各样)offitnessactivitiestochoosefrommaykeepyoufromgettingboredorburntout.A.Don’tlimit(限制)yourselftojustone.B.Thetruthis,it’spersonal!C.Thereareotherimportantconsiderations.D.Useyourbodyclockasaguidetowhentogoforawalk.E.Ifyou’dliketospendmoretimewithyourfamily,findanactivityyoucanalldotogether.F.Youmighthaveheardthatthebesttimetoexerciseisearlyinthemorning.G.Ifyourscheduleisn’tpredictable(可预测的),youmayneedtobeflexibleandhaveaplanforvarioustimesofday.答案及解析一、1.答案：B解析：细节理解题。根据第一段“Anewstudyhasfoundthatbravingthecoldmaybeagoodwaytohelpburnoffsomefat.”可知,该研究发现,低温有助于消耗脂肪。故选B。2.答案：A解析：主旨大意题。根据第三段内容可知,本段介绍了这项研究的研究对象以及研究过程。由此可知,本段是对这项研究的介绍。故选A。3.答案：A解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Theauthorsalsonotethattheideathatlowtemperatureshelpusburnmorefatduringexercisewillneedfurtherinvestigation”可知,研究人员说低温会帮助我们在运动中燃烧更多脂肪的想法还需要进行进一步的研究。故选A。4.答案：C解析：主旨大意题。通读全文可知,文章第一段为文章的主旨,指出一项研究表明在低温下锻炼的人们可以燃烧更多的脂肪,后边几段分别介绍了该研究的研究人员、研究对象、研究过程、研究结果等。由此可知C项(研究表明在低温下锻炼具有燃烧脂肪的可能性)最能概括文章主旨,为本文的最佳标题。故选C。A项:高强度锻炼有助于消耗多余的热量;B项:在寒冷中骑车是增强体质的好方法;D项:研究人员发现了更多燃烧脂肪的锻炼。二、答案：CEAFD解析：①细节句。根据空上句“这两个词可以在各地的学生心中激起喜悦和焦虑”和空后的“Forothers,itmightfeelliketheyhavetotakepartinsomethingtheyaren'tgoodat.”可知,本段分别介绍喜欢运动和畏惧运动的人,再根据空后句“并且还有机会获得一两个奖品”可知空处说的是喜欢运动的人的感受,所以C项“对许多人来说,运动会是很有趣的一天”符合文意。C项中的“Formany”和本段最后一句中的“Forothers”形成呼应,故选C项。②细节句。由上两句“他们希望通过减少运动会的竞争性,激励不同能力水平的孩子都参加运动,而不必担心失败。运动和健康对每个人来说都很重要,无论你在运动方面有多擅长”可知,其主要是说非竞争性运动的益处在于让所有孩子不必担心失败,尽情地运动。E选项“每个人都应该为自己的努力和发挥作用而庆祝”承接上文,继续介绍非竞争性运动给孩子带来的益处。故选E。③过渡句。由上句“然而,一些人认为运动中有冠军很重要,学会输和学会如何赢一样重要”和下句“这一点在运动会上体现得很明显,它是你真正证明自己的机会”可知,上下文讲赢的重要性,A选项“如果没有人赢,那有什么意义呢?”承接上文,呼应下文,强调要看重赢。故选A。④主旨句。空处位于段首,推断为本段的主旨句,起到引领全段的作用。根据后文“据《家庭在线》2017年的一项调查,82%的父母表示他们更喜欢‘传统的’竞技运动会。许多成年人认为孩子可以从输赢中学到宝贵的经验”可知,本段是在讲大部分父母都同意上段提到的观点。F项“有很多人同意这个想法,尤其是父母”是对本段的高度概括,符合文意。故选F。⑤过渡句。根据后句“我们想知道你的想法”可推断,空处应是提了一个问题,此处才会说想知道你的想法。再根据上句“当谈到学校运动会时,是获胜重要还是参与重要,人们对此有不同的看法”可知,本段主要是在讨论学校运动会,所以应该是针对学校运动会提问。D项“那么,学校运动会是否应该是竞争性的呢”紧扣上文,提出问题,引出下文,承上启下,符合语境。故选D。三、答案：BFGEA解析：①上文“Areyoutryingtofindthebesttimeforexercise?”说明人们在找锻炼的最佳时间。下文“Followthesetipstofigureoutw