高中英语外研版（2019）必修Unit 4 Using language

6/6SectionⅡUsinglanguage定语从句（1）①Theearthquakethat/whichhitthecityin1906wasthebiggestinAmericanhistory.②Wedon’tknowthenumberofpeoplewho/thatlosttheirhomesinthedisaster.③Harryistheboywhosemotherisourmathsteacher.④Theonlythingthatiswrongwiththisiswhatmybrothersaidtometheotherday.⑤Theteacherwhom/who/thatyouarewaitingforiscoming.【我的发现】1.句②、⑤中的定语从句分别使用了关系代词who/that和whom/who/that，在定语从句中作或。2.句①中的定语从句使用了关系代词that/which，在定语从句中作。3.句③中的定语从句使用了关系代词whose，在定语从句中作，既可以指人也可以指物。4.句④中的定语从句使用了关系代词that，当先行词被theonly，thevery，thelast等修饰时，关系代词只能用。一、定语从句的定义与关系词的分类1.在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。引导定语从句的词叫关系词，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。2.关系词分为关系代词（that，which，who，whom，whose，as等）和关系副词（when，where，why等）两类。中国的首都北京是一座非常美丽的城市。二、关系代词的基本用法1.who指人，在定语从句中可以作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时可省略。Thechildrenwhowereinjuredinacaraccidentarebeingtreatedinthehospitalnow.在车祸中受伤的孩子们现在正在医院接受治疗。Dannyistheman（who）werescuedfromtheruins.丹尼是我们从废墟中救出来的那个人。2.whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，可以省略，也可以用who代替。Theboy（whom）theteacheroftenpraisesistheirmonitor.老师经常表扬的那个男孩是他们的班长。3.whose既可以指人，也可以指物，表示“所属”关系，在定语从句中作定语。Iknowthepersonwhosehousewasdestroyedintheearthquake.我认识那个人，他的房子在地震中被摧毁了。Helivesinaroomwhosewindowfacesnorth.他住在一个窗子朝北的房间里。【即时演练1】用who/whom/whose填空①Theboyisrunningontheplaygroundisthebestrunnerinourschool.②Thetwopupilsyoutaughtthreeyearsagohavebecomedrivers.③Iamafanofthefamouswriter，novelshavebeentranslatedintomanyotherlanguages.④Afterlisteningtothescientistshadstudiedtheproblem，thegovernmentturnedtotheUNforhelp.4.which指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时可以省略。Thepen（which）youfoundyesterdayismine.昨天你找到的那支钢笔是我的。Thelittlegirlishavinganapplewhichisbigandred.小女孩正在吃一个又大又红的苹果。5.that既可以指人，也可以指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时可以省略。Thenumberofpeoplethat/whocometovisitthiscityeachyearreachesonemillion.每年来参观这座城市的人数达100万。（that指人，作主语）Thesuitcasethat/whichliesonthegroundishers.地上放的那个手提箱是她的。（that指物，作主语）名师点津关系代词指代先行词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语或表语，因此定语从句中不能再出现关系代词所替代的名词或代词。[译]昨天晚上我们看的那部电影非常吓人。[误]Thefilm（that/which）wesawitlastnightisveryfrightening.[正]Thefilm（that/which）wesawlastnightisveryfrightening.【即时演练2】用适当的关系代词填空①Doyouknowthemaniswaitingoutsidethedoor？②Thegirlisfamiliartome；maybesheisthegirlImetinthestreetyesterday.③Thereasonshegavefornotcomingtothepartypuzzledallofthepeoplepresent.④TheyarelookingforpeoplewanttojointheReadingClub.三、关系词只能用that而不能用which的情况1.当先行词为all，everything，nothing，anything，much等不定代词时。HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMrLisaid？李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.所有能做的都做了。2.当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。ThisisthemostdeliciousfoodthatIhaveeverhad.这是我吃过的最美味的食物。3.当先行词被all，every，no，theonly，thevery，thelast等修饰时。That’stheonlythingthatwecandonow.那是我们目前唯一能做的事。IhavefoundtheverypenthatIlostyesterday.我已找到昨天丢的那支钢笔。4.当先行词既指人，又指物时。Weoftentalkaboutthepersonsandthingsthatweremember.我们常常谈起我们记得的那些人和事。【即时演练3】补全句子①Thisisthemostbeautifulpark.这是我参观过的最漂亮的公园。②Shetookphotographsofthethingsandpeople.她把她感兴趣的事物和人都拍摄下来了。③Readingwasinterestedhermost.读书是唯一让她最感兴趣的事。inspiringadj.鼓舞人心的，启发灵感的【教材原句】Herideasarealwaysinspiring.她的想法总是鼓舞人心的。【用法】（1）inspirev. 激励；鼓舞；赋予灵感inspiresbtodosth 激励某人做某事inspiresbwithsth＝inspiresthinsb 使某人产生（感觉或情感）（2）inspiredadj. 受到鼓舞的（3）inspirationn. 灵感；鼓舞人心的人（或事物）【佳句】ProfessorLiisanexcellentlecturer，whoselecturesarealwaysinspiring.李教授是一名优秀的讲师，她的讲座总是鼓舞人心。【练透】单句语法填空①Believeitornot，thegoodnewsinspiredushope.②Weshouldinspirethestudents（think）bythemselves.③Dreamscanbearichsourceof（inspire）foranartist.【写美】补全句子④Readinginschoolisalwaysa.在学校读书总是一段令人愉快和鼓舞人心的经历。comfortn.安慰，慰藉v.安慰【教材原句】...oneglassofcomfort，twodropsofpatience，onebagofpassion...……一杯安慰，两滴耐心，一袋激情……【用法】（1）incomfort 舒适地；放松地beacomfortto 对……是一种安慰Itcomfortssbtodosth 做某事让某人得到安慰wordsofcomfort 安慰的话（2）comfortableadj. 安慰的；舒适的【佳句】Wefindcomfortingivingcareandreceivingcareinreturn.我们在给予关怀和得到关怀中找到安慰。【生义】comfort还可意为“舒适的设施（或条件）”，通常用复数形式。moderncomforts现代化的舒适设施。【练透】单句语法填空①Itcomfortedher（feel）hermother’sarmsaroundher.②Thiswillenabletheaudiencetositcomfortwhilewatchingtheshows.③Onlyinthiswaycanweliveinmore（comfort）andbeautifulsurroundings.【写美】补全句子④thatyouhavehadfunstayinghere.得知你在这里过得很愉快，我感到很欣慰。patiencen.耐心【教材原句】...oneglassofcomfort，twodropsofpatience，onebagofpassion...……一杯安慰，两滴耐心，一袋激情……【用法】（1）withpatience（＝patiently）耐心地loseone’spatience 失去耐心losepatiencewith 对……失去耐心havethepatiencetodosth 有耐心做某事（2）patientadj. 有耐心的；能忍耐的n. 病人bepatientwithsb 对某人有耐心（3）patientlyadv. 耐心地【佳句】Hewalkedsoslowlythathisbrotherlostpatiencewithhim.他走得太慢，以至于他哥哥对他不耐烦了。【练透】单句语法填空①Bobisalittleslowinunderstanding，sowehavetobepatienthim.②（patient）isoneofthemostimportantqualitiesteachersneedtoteachchildrenwithspecialneeds.【写美】补全句子③WheneverImademistakes，theteacherpointedthemout.无论什么时候我犯了错误，老师总是耐心地把它们指出来。qualityn.[C]素质，品德；[U，C]质量，品质；[U，C]特征，特色adj.优质的；高质量的【教材原句】aqualitythatoffershelptoothers给予别人帮助的品质【用法】ofgood/high/poorquality质量好/高/差的improvethequalityoflife 提高生活质量inquality 在质量上qualityoflife 生活质量personalqualities 个人品质【佳句】Nowadayspeopleareveryconcernedaboutthesafetyandqualityoffood.如今，人们非常关心食品的安全与质量。【点津】（1）quality作“质量”讲时常用作不可数名词，而作“品质”讲时多用作可数名词。（2）quantity意为“数量”，与quality形近意异。【练透】单句语法填空①Theprinterisgoodquality.Ifitbrokedownwithinthefirstyear，wewouldrepairitatourexpense.【写美】补全句子②Mygoalistoprovidemychildrenwith.我的目标是为我的孩子们提供高质量的生活。③Asisreported，hasimprovedoverthepastsixmonths.据报道，这个城市的空气质量在过去的六个月有了改善。anxiousadj.焦虑的，不安的【教材原句】theabilitytowaitwithoutbecominganxiousorangry一种在没有焦虑或生气的情况下等待的能力【用法】（1）beanxiousabout为……担心/担忧beanxiousfor 渴望……beanxioustodosth 渴望做某事（2）anxietyn. 担心；焦虑；渴望withanxiety（＝anxiously）焦虑地（3）anxiouslyadv. 焦急地；焦虑地【助记】Thecompetitionisover，butheisveryanxiousabouttheresult，becauseheisanxioustowinfirstprize，whichishisdream.比赛结束了，但他很担心结果，因为他渴望获得一等奖，这是他的梦想。【练透】单句语法填空①Thedroughthadlastedseveralmonths，whichmadefarmersanxioustheharvest.②Shelookedup（anxious）whenherfatherenteredtheroom.【写美】补全句子③IwastoldtheLearningCenterprovideshelpforstudentsandfromyou.有人告诉我学习中心为学生提供帮助，我渴望得到你的帮助。distancev.使与……保持距离，撇清和……的关系n.距离，间距【教材原句】...oruseapasttensetodistanceyourselffromthesuggestion...……或者用一个过去时态撇清你与这个建议的关系……【用法】（1）distanceoneselffrom 使（自己）远离……；使自己与……保持距离inthedistance 在远处atadistanceof... 在……远处withinwalkingdistance 在步行距离内keepsbatadistance同某人疏远；对某人冷淡；与某人保持一定距离（2）distantadj. 遥远的；远亲的；冷淡的adistantrelative 远房亲戚【佳句】Wethinkitwouldbebestifyouwoulddistanceyourselffromher.我们觉得你最好和她保