高考英语二轮教师用书第1部分专题1类型3科普知识

类型3|科普知识考查要点方法技巧1.科学现象、概念、定义、类别等。2．事物的性质、特点、原理、用途等。3．事物或现象产生的原因、过程、演变。4．相似事物间的异同。1.理清说明顺序：时间、空间、逻辑顺序。2．把握文章结构：并列式、承接式、递进式、总分式。3．认清说明方法：下定义、举事例、做比较、打比方等。(2016·浙江10月卷·C)Digitaltechnology­emailandsmartphonesespecially­havevastlyimprovedworkers'abilitytobeproductivoffice.Evenfatraditionaloffice.Evenso，mostwhite­office.Onekstillhappensinanoffice.Onereasonisthat，accordingtofindingsofanewsurvey(调查)ofofficeworkersconductedbyWakefieldResearchfortheITpanyCitrix，mostbossesaredoubtfulabworking.Halfworking.Halfoftheworkerssaytheirbossdoesn'tacceptitandonly35percentsayit'stolerated.Skepticalbosseswilllikelyhavetheirdoubtsreinforced(加深)bythesamesurvey，whichshowsthat43percentofworkerssaythey'vewatchedTVoramoviewhile“working”remotely，while35percenthavedonehousework，and28percenthavecookeddinner.Itistrue，however，thatworkingathomemakespeoplemuchmoreefficient(高效的)，becauseitallowsworkerstotakecareofannoyinghouseworkwhilestillgettingtheirjobsdone.It'smuchfaster，forexample，toshopforgroceriesataquartertothreethantostandinlineduringtheafter­workrush.Thefactthatsuchpracticesremainofficiallyunacceptedreflectshowfarwehaven'teasasocietyfromthedayswhenweexpectedeveryfull­timeworkertobesupportedbyafull­timehomemaker.MorebroadlytheWakefieldsurveysuggeststhatemployersmaybemissingalow­costwaytogiveworkerssomethingofvalue.Sixty­fourpercentofthosesurveyparticipantswhohaven'tworkedremotelywouldrathergiveupsomebonusinordertogetevenonedayaweekworkingfromhome.Undersuchcircumstances，smartfirmsneedtofindwaystolettheiremployeeshaveenoughflexibilitytomanagetheirtimeefficiently.28．Whydosomeemployershesitatetoallowremoteworking?A．Theyfearlosingcontroloftheirworkers.B．Theywanttosticktotheirroutinepractice.C．Theyhavelittletrustinmoderntechnology.D．Theyareusedtoface­to­facemunication.29．Whatseemstobemostworkers'attitudetowardremoteworking?A．Doubtful. B．Favorable.C．Reserved. D．Disapproving.30．Whatdoestheauthorsuggestsmartfirmsdo?A．Shortentheirofficehours.B．Giveemployeesapayraise.C．Adoptflexibleworkpatterns.D．Reducetheirstaff'sworkload.语篇解读：数字技术，特别是电子邮件和智能手机，使得人们可以在家远程办公。但老板们害怕失去对工人的控制，并不太赞成。作者建议小公司可以采取灵活的工作模式。长难句解读：Halfoftheworkerssaytheirbossdoesn'tacceptitandonly35percentsayit'stolerated.分析：本句为并列复合句。第一个分句中theirbossdoesn'tacceptit为宾语从句，第二个分句中it'stolerated也是一个宾语从句。翻译：一半的员工说他们的老板不接受在家远程办公，只有35%的老板说这是可以容许的。28．A[考查细节判断。根据第二段可知，大多数员工在远程办公时不是在工作而是从事其他的活动，这加深了老板的疑虑，由此可判断出，他们害怕失去对员工的控制。]29．B[考查推理判断。根据第三段中的thatworkingathomemakespeoplemuchmoreefficient可知，在家远程办公更高效，再结合最后一段可判断出，大多数员工是赞成的。]30．C[考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的smartfirmsneedtofindwaystolettheiremployeeshaveenoughflexibilitytomanagetheirtimeefficiently可知，作者建议小公司要采取灵活的工作模式。]A(2017·浙江宁波三模)Here'sanotherreasontogetoffthecouchandstartworkingupasweat.Timetheexerciserightandyoucouldimproveyourabilitytoremembersomethingnew.That'sthefindingofanewstudy.Butitallesdowntotiming.Tolockupthenewinformation，startburningthosecaloriesroughlyfourhoursafteryoutookinthenewinformation.That'saccordingtoresearchersataninstituteonbrain，cognition(认知)andbehavior.It'satRadboudUniversity'smedicalcenter，inNijmegen，theNetherlands.EelcovanDongenandhiscolleaguessharedtheirnewfindingsintheJune16CurrentBiology.Thispreciselytimedmemorytrickesfromtestswith72people.Eachlearnedthelocationof90objectsonaputerscreen.Afterwards，someofthememberswatchedrelaxingnaturevideos.Othersworkedupasweatonbody­buildingbikes，changingbetweenhardandeasyridingfor35minutes.Theirworkoutscameeithersoonafterthe“cramsession(考前突击复习)”orfourhourslater.Twodayslatertheyweretestedagain.Thosewhorememberedtheobjects'sitesbestwerethepeoplewhohadwaitedfourhoursaftertheirlearningbeforeriding.Amongthosewhorememberedthesitescorrectly，thefour­hourdelaybeforebikingalsoledtomoreconsistentactivityinanareaimportantformemory.It'sknownasthehippocampus(海马区)．Theconsistentactivityheresuggeststhatthememorieshavebeenstrong，thescientistssay.EelcovanDongen'steamdoesnotyetknowhowexerciseworksitsmemorymagic.Theydo，however，haveaguess.Aerobicexerciseleadstothecreationofseveralimportantchemicalsinthebrain.OneisaproteinknownasBDNF.Theotherisdopamine.Itcanhelpconveymessagesbetweennervecells.Thesetwochemicalsmayhelpstrengthenmemoriesbylinkingbraincells，theresearcherssuspect.【语篇解读】本文是一篇科普说明文。研究表明，在学习后等待四小时再进行体育锻炼有助于增强记忆力和牢记所学的知识。但是对于其原理，人们至今仍无法解释。1．Thebestwaytolockupthenewinformationis．A．togetoffthecouchsoonaftertheirlearningB．todosportsforfourhoursandworkupasweatC．toseesomenaturevideosonaputerscreenD．todosportsfourhoursaftertakinginnewinformationD[考查细节理解。根据第二段第二句“Tolockupthenewinformation，startburningthosecaloriesroughlyfourhoursafteryoutookinthenewinformation”可知，在接收新信息四小时后再进行体育锻炼可以牢记这些信息，故D项正确。][干扰项分析]A项错在“soonaftertheirlearning”，与第二段的“fourhoursafteryoutookinthenewinformation”不一致；根据第二段第二句可知，在接收新信息四小时后再锻炼可以牢记这些信息，而不是锻炼四小时，故B项错误；C项是试验的一个环节，故排除。2．WhichisNOTrightabouttheexperiment?A．Thereare90objectsonthescreen.B．Theyweretestedagaintwodayslater.C．72peopletookpartintheexperiment.D．Theyallhadtodoridingfor35minutes.D[考查细节理解。根据第三段第一、二句“Thispreciselytimedmemorytrickesfromtestswith72people.Eachlearnedthelocationof90objectsonaputerscreen”可知，该试验的参加者共有72人，每人要记忆电脑屏幕上的90个物体的位置，故排除A、C项；根据第四段第一句“Twodayslatertheyweretestedagain”可知，两天后他们再次进行了测试，故B项排除；D项与第三段的倒数第二句的描述不一致，故D项符合题意。]3．Howdoesexerciseworkitsmemorymagic?A．Bythehippocampus.B．Nooneknowsforsure.C．AproteinknownasBDNF.D．Aproteinknownasdopamine.B[考查细节理解。根据第五段的第一、二句“EelcovanDongen'steamdoesnotyetknowhowexerciseworksitsmemorymagic.Theydo，however，haveaguess”可知，人们对锻炼增强记忆力的原理仍不清楚，对该原理仅仅是猜测，故B项正确。]B【导学号：】(2017·浙江宁波十校联考)Cancerisadiseasefearedbyeveryone.Oncetheharddecisionshavebeenmadeabouthowtotreatapatient'scancer,doctorsfaceanevenmoredifficultquestion:howdoyouhelppatientsdealwiththesideeffectsofthetreatment?Theissueisachallengeforphysiciansbecause，unlikecancertherapies，therearefewscientificstudiesonthemosteffectivewaystohandlethesideeffects—includingmonsymptomssuchaspoorsleeporexhaustion.Butaddressingtheseseeminglymonplications(并发症)isextremelyimportantforhelpingpatientsmaintaintheirregularlifestyle,whichinturnmayevenencouragethesuccessoftheircancertreatment.That'swhyDr.KarenMustianoftheUniversityofRochesterMedicalCenterdecidedtoputafavoritepracticeofcancersurvivors—yoga—tothetest.InapapershewillpresentattheAmericanSocietyofClinicalOncology(肿瘤学)(ASCO)annualmeetinginJune，Mustiandesignedastandardizedprogrambasedonhathayoga—aslow­movingformofthediscipline—andtesteditseffectonimprovingthequalityoflifeforcancersurvivors.CalledYOCAS，thefour­weekprograminvolvedsessionsofhathayogatwiceaweekfor75minuteseach，inbinationwithbreathingexercisesandmeditation(冥想)．Amongthe410participants，whoweredividedintoyogaandtraditionalfollow­upcaregroups，thosepracticingyogarecordednearlydoubletheimprovementinsleepqualityandreductionofexhaustionparedtothosenotpracticingyoga.Theyalsoreportedbetterqualityoflifeoverall，Mustiansays.Forcancerphysicians，thefindingswillbeaweleadditiontotheirdiscussionswithpatients.“Manypatientsaskaboutplementarytherapies(补充疗法)，”saysDr.DouglasBlayney，medicaldirectoroftheprehensivecancercenteratUniversityofMichiganandpresidentofASCO.“Ioftendon'tknowwhattotellthembecausethereisn'talotofscienceontheseplementarytherapies.Hereisascientificstudyshowingbenefit，soatleastwecanhavesomeassuranceintellingwomenthathereisayogaprogram，hereareitscharacteristicsandithasbeenshowntohavepositiveeffectsonsleepandqualitylife.”【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了癌症术后可以通过哈他瑜伽来进行一定的恢复，实验也证明是有效果的。4．Whatbothersthecancerphysiciansafterdeterminingthetreatmentplan?A.Howtohandlethesideeffectseffectively.B．Howtopreventthesideeffectsfromappearing.C．Howtopersuadethepatienttoacceptthetherapy.D．Howtoproveeffectivenessofthetreatment.A[考查细节理解。根据第一段的“Oncethehard...question：howdoyouhelppatientsdealwiththesideeffectsofthetreatment”以及第二段的“studiesonthemosteffectivewaystohandlethesideeffects”可知，在确定治疗方案后，医生们更关心的是如何有效解决术后副作用的问题，所以选A项。]5．Whyisitsignificanttohelppatientsdealwiththesideeffectsofthecancertreatment?A.Becauseitisthemosteffectivewaytocurecancer.B．Becauseitcouldshortenthetimeofthetreatment.C．Becauseitenablesthemtodoexerciseregularly.D．Becauseitincreasesthepossibilityoftheirpleterecovery.D[考查推理判断。根据第二段的“Butaddressingthese...isextremelyimportant...inturnmayevenencouragethesuccessoftheircancertreatment”可知，解决癌症的副作用能有效帮助癌症病人保持原有的生活方式，并有助于增加癌症康复的成功率，故选D项。]6．AccordingtoDr.DouglasBlayney，theYOCASprogramis．A．beneficial B．unscientificC．useless D．popularA[考查观点态度。根据文章最后一段的“Hereisascientificstudyshowingbenefit...assuranceintelling...tohavepositiveeffectsonsleepandqualitylife”可知，DouglasBlayney医生认可哈他瑜伽的作用，认为它是一种比较有效的癌症术后恢复手段，所以选A项。]CWhenArmstrongandAldrinweredonewiththeirwalk，theyreturnedtothemandmodule，andbacktotheEarth.ThatpartofthespaceshipisonviewattheSmithsonian'sNationalAirandSpaceMuseuminWashington，D.C.But，ifyoucannotgettoWashington，soonyouwillbeabletoseeColumbiaonyourputeroryoursmartphone.DigitalscientistsarescanningtheinsideofColumbia.Theyarecreatinganonlinemodel，inthreedimensions，or“3D”．Bylookingatthesephotographs，youwillbeabletoseeouterspacethewaytheastronautsdid.Itwillbelikesittingintheirseats.WantyourveryownColumbia?Youwillbeabletoprinta3DcopyofColumbia.Expertssayanyonecanmakealife­sizedmodel.Buttheyexpectmostpeopletomakesmallermodelsofthe320×400cm(11*×13*)mandmodule.Scientistsareusingspecial3Dtechnologytoscantheinside.Theyusecamerasonlongarmstotakethephotographs.Thethousandsofphotographstakenwillbebinedwith50laserscans.WhatwoulditbeliketositinsideColumbiaandtakealookaround？Alltheimageswillbeloadedintosoftwarethatallowsyoutolookaroundthemoduleonaputerscreen.TheuserwillbeabletoseeColumbiabothinsideandout.TheSmithsoniansaysthatthe3Dtechnologygivestheuserwaystoseethingstheycannotseeatthemuseum.Anditwillgiveinformationthateventhemuseumcurators(馆长)havenotseenbefore.“Withthemandmodule，noonehasbeeninsidesinceitcameintothecollection，”saysAdamMetallo，Smithsonian3Dimagingspecialist.“Nowtheinformationwecapturecangiveanyoneintheworldaviewofwhatit