英语文学导论

英语文学导论演示文稿第一页，共67页。（优选）英语文学导论第二页，共67页。WilliamFaulknerHisgrowth:Borninawealthyfamily,Mississippi/"theAmericanDeepSouth"/riseandfall/"aFaulknerianworld"/nostalgia(怀旧)/impendingdoom即将发生的命运Hiscreation:familyhistory/prototypes原型/thetownofOxford(Jefferson)/Hisgreat-grandfather,WilliamClarkFalkner(ColonelSartoris)/MaryLouiseNeilson&JackBarrona,Yankeestreetpaver铺路工(Emily&Homer)第三页，共67页。Hisconcerns:southernaristocratic贵族families/AmericanSouth/humansituation/spiritualdeterioration心灵的恶化/lossoflove/wantofemotionalresponse情绪反应Prizewinner：twoPulitzer普利策Prizes,aNationalBookAward,andtheNobelPrizeforLiterature(1950)第四页，共67页。第五页，共67页。第六页，共67页。第七页，共67页。第八页，共67页。Plotreview第九页，共67页。Section1Emily'sfuneralasabigeventthehouseandherdistinguished受人尊敬的familytaxincident事件&thevisitbythedeputation代表团第十页，共67页。Section2smellinEmily'shouse&complaints抱怨intheneighborhood&actionstakentodoawaydeathofEmily'sfather&herdelayeddisposal推迟处理第十一页，共67页。Section3Emily'ssicknessbeforedatingwithHomerbarron&passionate热烈的lovethepurchaseofarsenic砒霜第十二页，共67页。Section4widespreadrumors传闻inthetowntheabsolutereclusive孤独的lifeofEmily第十三页，共67页。Section5deathofMissEmilywithherhouseviolentlyinvadeddiscoveryofthemurder&hernecrophilia(恋尸癖)第十四页，共67页。Closereading第十五页，共67页。MissEmily'sfatherherappearance外貌andcharacterthewomeninhertowntheattitudeofhertownspeopleherhousevisual看得见的violence:Emilyvs.townsfolk镇民voiceofMissEmilythenarrator第十六页，共67页。Emily'sappearance“afallenmonument”(p.9)倒下的纪念碑thedeputation'svisit(p.10)Emilyindrugstore(p.14)第十七页，共67页。SymbolsforthetownspeopleAlienated感到孤独的bodyDerogatory贬义的terms:bias偏见/stereotype陈规旧习第十八页，共67页。Emily'shouse"abig,squarishframehouse"方木屋/location位置"aneyesore难看的东西amongeyesores"theattractionandfocusofthetown(p.11/16/)thecapturedhouse(p.16/17)Whatdoesherhousesymbolize?第十九页，共67页。Shelter居所:privacy隐居/homelongpast/memorydignitynottobeoffendedfortress堡垒prison第二十页，共67页。Emily'sfather"acrayonportrait"蜡像(p.10)fatherclutchingahorsewhip马鞭(P.12)fathervs.youngmen(p.12)theinfluenceofthefather(p.15)Emily'sdeadbody&father'sfaceabsent&present:HEisalwaysthere.第二十一页，共67页。TheladiesinJeffersonthecuriouswomen(p.9)"onlyawomancouldhavebelievedit"(p.9)ladieswithmixedfeelings(p.14/15)ladiesasinvaders(p.16/17)Dotheyreallycareabouttheirsister?第二十二页，共67页。Thefemalespectators:visualpleasureSpitefulgossips(thetownspeople)Observers,commentators,supervisors,interventionistsComplicity合谋者successorsofEmily’sfather第二十三页，共67页。visualviolence“toseetheinsideofherhouse”9“acrayonportrait”10“lookedback/staredat/lookedhimeyeforeye/lookedaway”14“wesatbacktowatchdevelopments/AneighborsawtheNegroman/wewouldseeheratawindow”15第二十四页，共67页。“Daily,monthly,yearly,wewatchedtheNegro…/lookingornotlookingatus…/theirquick,curiousglances”16“lookingdownattheprofoundandfleshlessgrin”17“wesawalongstrand股ofiron-gray铁灰色的hair.”第二十五页，共67页。Gaze(凝视):apsychoanalytical心理分析term/JacquesLacan/anxiousstatethatcomeswiththeawarenessthatonecanbeviewed/thesubjectlosesadegreeofautonomyuponrealizingthatheorsheisavisibleobject/mirrorstage/achildencounteringamirrorrealizesthatheorshehasanexternalappearance外貌/gazeeffectproducedbyanyconceivable可想向的objectsuchasachairoratelevisionscreen,eyeball.第二十六页，共67页。第二十七页，共67页。Malegaze:LauraMulvey/”VisualPleasureandNarrativeCinema

”/genderpowerasymmetryinfilm/womenobjectified使具体化infilmbecauseheterosexual异性恋的menwereincontrolofthecamera/voyeurism(窥淫癖)andscopophilia(窥视)/influentialinfeministfilmtheoryandmediastudies/curves曲线ofawoman'sbody/anerotic性欲的objectforcharacterswithin&thespectatorswithout/

passivetotheactivegazefromtheman/gazervs.gazed第二十八页，共67页。Femalegaze:womenlookatthemselvesthroughtheeyesofmen/malegazeasamanifestation示威ofunequalpowerbetweengazerandgazed,orasanattempttodevelopthatinequality不平等的/awomanwhowelcomesanobjectifyinggazemaybesimplyconformingtonorms准则establishedtobenefitmen/toreducearecipienttoanobject/Welcomingsuchobjectification客观化maybeviewedasakin相似的toexhibitionism(裸露癖)第二十九页，共67页。MissEmily:aspectacleThreekindsofgazeHerfather’sportrait:aneyeofpatriarchal家长的power/thetownspeoplefromthesameperspectiveThefemalegazeThegazeofthereaders:voice/takeEmilywithapinchofsalt有保留地第三十页，共67页。EmilythegazedinthehouseAneyeforaneyeAbattleforvisualpowerAnobjecttobeasubjectWomanwarrior第三十一页，共67页。Emily’svoiceRole-play:IfyouwereEmily,howwouldyoutellyourstory?Thesilencedheroine女主角:voicevs.silenceTheater剧场oftheabsurd(荒诞剧):PanJinlian第三十二页，共67页。《潘金莲----一个女人的沉沦史》魏明伦剧中人：潘金莲、武松、武大郎、西门庆、张大户、王婆、泼皮甲、泼皮乙、泼皮丙剧外人：吕莎莎、施耐庵、武则天、安娜﹒卡列尼娜、女庭长、贾宝玉、芝麻官、现代阿飞、红娘、上官婉儿第三十三页，共67页。女庭长：按照法律程序进行调解。吕莎莎：夫妻毫无爱情基础，调解仍然无效呢？女庭长：根据《婚姻法》第25条，批准离婚。吕莎莎：可是紫石街上没有人民法庭，潘金莲出路何在？女庭长：她只有三条路可走。吕莎莎：一？女庭长：悬梁投江，快性自杀？吕莎莎：二？女庭长：终生痛苦，慢性自杀？吕莎莎：都不幸，第三条路呢？女庭长：这就是下一场她选择的险路-----第三十四页，共67页。不幸人，求幸福，不择手段，先受害，后害人，走向深渊。听雷声催成谋夫案，看闪电扭曲潘金莲。

第三十五页，共67页。潘金莲：霹雳震，孽债逼人山压顶，电光闪，欲海越陷越深沉。盼长久，怕离分，舍不得巫山云雨迷魂阵，割不断热恋狂欢枕席情。破罐破摔走险径，跟西门就学西门，这世道教人手要狠，当初我人善被人坑，人坑我，我坑人，不幸人渐起杀人心！安娜：不幸的女人，别杀人啊，要杀就自杀吧！第三十六页，共67页。潘金莲：你是谁？安娜：我站在地球另一边，我站在历史那一段，做着非常荒诞的梦，时光倒转，同病相怜。请随我卧向那冰凉的铁轨，看列车穿过俄罗斯的平原……第三十七页，共67页。安娜：我死了-----

净化了灵魂，解脱了苦难。这才是女人唯一的出路，是上帝为弱者规定的法典。砒霜自吞下，死神在召唤，阿门！再见！地狱再见……第三十八页，共67页。武则天：男女间太不平于此可见。为什么有夫权绝无妻权？尚方剑，尚方剑-----

砍不动三从四德旧法典……第三十九页，共67页。众人：刀下留人！武则天：罪不当死！张大户：罪该万死！贾宝玉：罪在世道！张大户：罪在女人！芝麻官：清官难断？阿飞：下“零件‘，放血！女庭长：一部沉沦史，千年封建根。想救难挽救，同情不容情。覆辙不可蹈，野史教训深。施耐庵：本书不管后代事，武松动手，杀！吕莎莎：吉他变调弹古音，是非且听百家鸣……第四十页，共67页。Grotesque怪诞奇异风格grotesque:charactersinducebothempathy同感anddisgust反感.(Acharacterwhoinspiresdisgustaloneissimplyavillainoramonster恶人.)/thephysicallydeformed身体上的畸形&thementallydeficient心理上的缺陷

Thereaderbecomespiqued（angry）bythegrotesque'spositiveside,andcontinuesreadingtoseeifthecharactercanconquertheirdarkerside.第四十一页，共67页。unimaginably难以想象的darkimages:adecaying（腐朽的）mansion（宅第）,acorpse死尸,amurder,amysteriousservantwhodisappears,and,mosthorrible可怕的ofall,necrophilia(恋尸癖)–anerotic性欲的orsexualattractiontocorpses.第四十二页，共67页。CulturalContext文化背景

TheOldSouth：idealized(理想化)landofprosperousplantations（种植园）/largewhitehouses,culturedpeople,andastableeconomybasedoncottonUtopia（乌托邦）:adistortion扭曲/unpleasant,evenappalling骇人听闻的,realitiesofplantation种植园life–oneofwhichwasslavery.第四十三页，共67页。theCivilWar(1861-1865):Southdestroyedandbeset（困扰）byeconomichardship（困难）/whiteSoutherners南方人(likeEmilyandherneighbors)asakindofnostalgia（怀旧）foragoldenage.第四十四页，共67页。Gothic哥特式novel

gothicarchitecture建筑:medieval中世纪的type/highpointedarchandvault(拱顶)/flyingbuttresses(扶壁)/intricaterecesses(凹处)/westernEuropein12th-16thcenturies/NotreDamedeParis

第四十五页，共67页。GothicnovelorGothicromance：astoryofterror恐怖andsuspense悬疑inagloomyoldcastleormonastery(修道院)(hence‘Gothic’,atermappliedtomedievalarchitectureandthusassociatedinthe18thcenturywithsuperstition邪教，迷信).第四十六页，共67页。Inanextendedsense影身意义,manynovelsthatdonothaveamedievalizedsetting中古化的环境,butwhichshareacomparablysinister险恶的(threatening),grotesque(strange),ormysteriousatmospherehavebeenclassed归类asGothic.第四十七页，共67页。HaddonHall,Bakewell,Derbyshire,England(2002)ThehallthatinspiredthecreationofThornfieldHall第四十八页，共67页。WutheringHeights呼啸山庄第四十九页，共67页。

SouthernGothic第五十页，共67页。SouthernGothic：asubgenre亚美/

uniquetoAmericanliterature/supernatural超自然的,ironic具有讽刺意味的,orunusualeventstoguidetheplot/toolsnotforthesakeof为了suspense(悬念）,buttoexploresocialissuesandreveal揭露theculturalcharacteroftheAmericanSouth.

第五十一页，共67页。TheSouthernGothicauthorusuallytakesclassicGothicarchetypes（原型，典型）,suchasthedamselindistress（落难的少女）ortheheroicknight（有英雄气概的骑士）,thenportraystheminamoremodernandrealisticspinster(老处女),orawhite-suited,fan-brandishing（挥舞扇子的）lawyerwithulteriormotive（秘而不宣的动机）/Emily&Homer第五十二页，共67页。第五十三页，共67页。

SouthernGothicisagenre体裁frequentlyidentifiedwithgrotesquesandWilliamFaulknerisoftencitedastheringmaster(马戏演出的领班).“ARoseforEmily”:Southerngothicandgrotesque/thegeneraltoneisoneofgloom,terror,andunderstated轻描淡写的violence.

第五十四页，共67页。ThemesoftheStory第五十五页，共67页。Afeminist女权主义者interpretation解释ofthenovel:visualviolence---moviestudies---transplant--literature第五十六页，共67页。Amongotherthemes,itemphasizesthedifferencesbetweenthepast,withitsaristocracy（贵族）–Colonel上校Sartoris’gallantry殷勤(politeunselfishattentionpaidbyamantoawoman),theGriersons卫戍部队’aloofness超然态度andpride,andtheboard董事会ofoldaldermen’s(地方官员)respectforMissEmily–andthemoderngeneration’sbusiness-likementality（心态）,embodied体现intheboardofnewaldermen市府参事andthemanymodernconvenienceswehearabout.第五十七页，共67页。AsFrankA.LittlerwritesinNotesonMississippiWriters,“ARoseforEmily”hasbeen“…readvariouslyasaGothichorrortale,astudyinabnormalpsychology变态心理学,anallegory(寓言)oftherelationsbetweenNorthandSouth,ameditation沉思onthenatureoftime,andatragedy悲剧withEmilyasasortoftragicheroine.”第五十八页，共67页。Whysuchatitleforthestory?第五十九页，共67页。Whenaskedataseminar（讨论课，研讨会）attheUniversityofVirginiaaboutthemeaningofthetitle“ARoseforEmily,”Faulknerreplied,“Oh,it’ssimplythepoorwomanhadnolifeatall.Herfatherhadkepthermoreorlesslockedupandthenshehadaloverwhowasabouttoquit离开her,shehadtomurderhim.第六十页，共67页。Itwasjust‘ARoseforEmily