自然环保类阅读理解（原卷版）-高考英语二轮复习题型专练

备战2021届高考英语二轮复习题型专练(新高考)12

自然环保类阅读理解

【命题意图】阅读理解从能力的角度来讲，考查学生运用英语的能力，具体地说，就是通过阅读有关

文章提取有用信息的能力。

【考试方向】“人与自然和谐发展”是时代的主题，生态环保的话题也越来越多地出现在新试题中。

在命题方面有以下趋势：

11.题材：强调人与自然和谐发展。

2.选材：关注人、自然的生存现状和未来发展。

3.命题：形式多样，突出整体理解，合理推断。

【得分要点】1.应试生态环保类题目时，在理解文章的基础上，要重点突破归纳主旨大意技能，因为

推断是以整体理解为基础的推断能力。那么，怎样归纳主旨大意？

(1)寻找具体段落的中心思想的方法是：找出每小段的主题句。主题句通常有这样的特点：①有一个

话题(topic)；②有阐述控制性概念(controllingidea)偶尔也可在一段中间；③有的文章无明显主题

句，主题句隐含在段意之中。这就需要读者进一步加工概括了。

(2)寻找整篇文章的中心思想的方法建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的。

应观察全文的结构安排，理解文章浓墨重笔写的“重心”，考虑文章组织材料及支撑性细节是服务于什么的，

分析故事的发展结局都是围绕什么中心大意来安排的。

(3)典型错误：①忽视文章的结构；②混淆了中心与支撑细节或材料的区别；③忽视文章表意的倾向

性；④漏掉了主要的特征词。

2.怎样正确推理判断

推理判断试题要求考生尽量考虑文中全部信息或事实，在通篇理解文章的基础上领会作者的言外之意,

并作出正确的推理和判断。

(1)数据推断题

解答此类题，关键是要善于捕捉有关数字的信息，然后在透彻理解原文的字面意义和题意的基础上，

运用自己的数学知识，对其进行分析、推算，从而得出正确的结论。

(2)知识推断题

根据文章中所阐述的细节，运用基础知识进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原义的结论的一种推断

方法。

(3)逻辑结论推断题

根据事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料，不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内

涵。解答这类题的前提是要首先获得短文的主题思想或列举的具体事实，然后按题意要求进行推断。

(4)对作者态度、倾向的推断题

作者的倾向和感情往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中，因此，在推断过星中，应

特别注意文中作者的措辞。

【真题再现】【2020•全国卷LD]

Theconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.Recentstudieshave

foundpositiveeffects.AstudyconductedinYoungstown,Ohio,forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecity

experiencedlesscrime.Inanother,employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplaceswere

decoratedwithhouseplants.

TheengineersattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology（MIT）havetakenitastepfurtherchangingtheactual

positionofplantsinordertogetthemtoperformdiverse,evenunusualfunctions.Theseincludeplantsthathave

sensorsprintedontotheirleavestoshowwhenthey5reshortofwaterandaplantthatcandetectharmfulchemicalsin

groundwater.”We'rethinkingabouthowwecanengineerplantstoreplacefunctionsofthethingsthatweuseevery

day,HexplainedMichaelStrano,aprofessorofchemicalengineeringatMIT.

Oneofhislatestprojectshasbeentomakeplantsgrow（发光）inexperimentsusingsomemonvegetables.

Strano'steamfoundthattheycouldcreateafaintlightforthreeandahalfhours.Thelight,aboutonethousandthofthe

amountneededtoreadby,isjustastart.Thetechnology,Stranosaid,couldonedaybeusedtolighttheroomsoreven

toturntreeintoselfpoweredstreetlamps.

inthefuture,theteamhopestodevelopaversionofthetechnologythatcanbesprayedontoplantleavesina

oneofftreatmentthatwouldlasttheplanfslifetime.Theengineersarealsotryingtodevelopanonandoff"switch"

wheretheglowwouldfadewhenexposedtodaylight.

Lightingaccountsforabout7%ofthetotalelectricityconsumedintheUS.Sincelightingisoftenfarremoved

fromthepowersource（电源）suchasthedistancefromapowerplanttostreetlampsonaremotehighwayalotof

energyislostduringtransmission（传输）.

Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy.

32.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?

A.Anewstudyofdifferentplants.

B.Abigfallincrimerates.

C.Employeesfromvariousworkplaces.

D.Benefitsfromgreenplants.

33.WhatisthefunctionofthesensorsprintedonplantleavesbyMITengineer?

A.Todetectplants9lackofwater

B.Tochangepositionsofplants

C.Tomakethelifeofplantslonger.

D.Totestchemicalsinplants.

34.Whatcanweexpectoftheglowingplantsinthefuture?

A.Theywillspeedupenergyproduction.

B.Theymaytransmitelectricitytothehome.

C.Theymighthelpreduceenergyconsumption.

D.Theycouldtaketheplaceofpowerplants.

35.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.Canwegrowmoreglowingplants?

B.Howdowelivewithglowingplants?

C.Couldglowingplantsreplacelamps?

D.Howareglowingplantsmadepollutionfree?

【答案】32.D33.A34.C35.C

【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了

一种发光植物。文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有

可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。

32.主旨大意题。根据第——段中AstudyconductedinYoungstown,Ohio,forexamplediscoveredthatgreenerareas

ofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother,employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheir

workplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.可知例如，在俄亥俄州扬斯敦进行的一项研究发现，城市绿化较

好的地区犯罪率较低。在另一项研究中，当员工的工作场所被室内植物装饰时，他们的工作效率会提高15%o

由此可知，第一段的主旨是关于绿色植物的益处。故选D。

33.细节理解题。根据第二段中Theseincludeplantsthathavesensorsprintedontheirleavestoshowwhenthey*re

shortofwaterandaplantthatcandetectharmfulchemicalsingroundwater.可知这就包括叶子上E|1有传感器来显

示植物缺水的情况的植物，还有一种植物可以检测到地下水中的有害化学物质。由此可知，麻省理工学院

工程师植物叶片上印上传感器的作用是检测植物缺水的情况。故选Ao

34.细节理解题。根据最后——段中Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy.可矢口发

光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。由此可知，这种发光的植物在未来可能有助于减少能源

消耗。故选C。

35.主旨大意题。根据最后一段中Lightingaccountsforabout7%ofthetotalelectricityconsumedintheUS.Since

lightingisoftenfarremovedfromthepowersourcesuchasthedistancefromapowerplanttostreetlampsona

remotehighwayalotofenergyislostduringtransmission.Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandtherefore

helpsaveenergy.可知照明约占美国总耗电量的7%。由于照明通常远离电源，例如从发电厂到偏僻公路上路

灯的距离，在传输过程中会损失大量能源。发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。结合文章

主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物，文章介绍了他们

发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的

作用。由此可知，C选项“发光的植物能取代路灯吗？”最符合文章标题。故选C。

【题型演练】

1

Greenlandisthebiggestislandintheworld.Andtheicesheetthatsitsatopitismassive.atThepileofice

beingsothick,itextendsmorethan10,000feetabovetheocean.Andifallthaticeweretomeltandgointothe

ocean,globalsealevelswouldriseby24feeteverywherearoundtheworld/saidJasonBriner,ageologistatthe

UniversityatBuffalo.Theicesheetismelting,ofcourse.Butjusthowmuch,paredtothepast?

Briner'steamdidaputersimulation（模拟）ofthesouthwestoftheGreenlandicesheet,whichhesaysisa

goodproxyforicemeltacrosstheentireicesheet.Theresearcherspluggedpastclimatedataintothatmodelto

“hindcast”,ratherthanforecast,thepastactivityoftheicesheet.Theythencheckedthemodel'spredictionsofthe

pastshapeandsizeoftheicesheetbylookingatpilesofrocksanddirtonGreenlandtoday,whichoutlinethe

edgesofancientice.Andthesimulationwasingoodagreementwiththeactualsituation.

Usingthatreconstructionoftheicesheetovertime,theteamcouldparetheicesheefshistoriclossestothose

happeningtodayunderhumancausedglobalwarming.AndtheydeterminedthatGreenlandisontracktolosemore

icethiscenturythanduringanycenturyinthepast12,000years-possiblyfourtimesasmuch.Theresultsappear

inthejournalNature.

Ultimatelyit'suptoushowmuchiceactuallymelts."'Humanityhasthebutton-thecarbonbutton一and

thatbuttonisgoingtoinfluencetheratesoficelossfromtheGreenlandicesheet.^^Iftheworldgoesnetcarbon

zeroby2100,forexample,Brinersaysicelosscouldstop,entirelyattheendofthecentury,accordingtoone

model.4tThatwaswhatkeptmefrombeingpletelydepressedaboutourstudy."Dozensofcountrieshavealready

announcedgoalstogonetcarbonzerobythemiddleofthiscentury-sofartheU.S.isnotoneofthem.

1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“proxy“inParagraph2referto?

A.Example.B.Remendation.

C.bination.D.Interpretation.

2.WhatdowelearnfromtheputersimulationdonebyBriner'steam?

A.Itisconductedbypredictingtheactivityoftheicesheet.

B.Itcentersonicemeltthroughouttheentireicesheet.

C.Itconsistswiththeicesheefsactualcircumstance.

D.Itshowstheicesheefslossesareindecline.

3.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?

A.Toarousepeople'sinterestinGreenland.

B.Topointouttheimportanceofputersimulation.

C.Toemphasizetheaccuracyofthesimulation.

D.ToappealtoAmericatogonetcarbonzero.

4.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?

A.AmericaCausestheIceSheettoMelt

B.GlobalSeaLevelsAreRising

C.GreenlandIsMeltingFaster

D.ManCanConquerNature

2

Whileorcasareknownfortheirwelldesignedjointattacksonunsuspectingoceanicanimals,theyhavenever

posedathreattohumans.However,sinceJuly2020,thenormallysocialanimalshavebeenintentionallyattacking

sailboatsoffthecoastsofSpain.Theunusualhostilityispuzzlingscientistsworldwide.

ThestrangebehaviorfirstsurfacedonJuly29,whenVictoriaMorris,abiologygraduate,noticednineorcas

circlingthe46footboatshewascrewingneartheshoresoftheStraitofGibraltar.Shewasinitiallycheerfultosee

thefriendlyanimals,withwhichshehadnumerousencounterswhileteachingsailinginNewZealand.However,

thatchangedwhentheorcasstartedstrikingtheboatrepeatedlyforalmostanhour."Theyalmostturnedtheboat

overandthedeafeningnoisewasterrifying,9,shesaid.

Thecontinuousattacksbroketheboat'sautomaticrudder,leavingtheboatdisabled.SpanishbiologistRocio

Espadasays,“Itiscrazy.Pveseenthesewhalesgrowfrombabies.Iknowtheirlifestories.Fveneverseenorheard

ofattacks.

Sincethen,over30moresimilarincidentshavebeenreported.Someresearchersbelievetheorcas*unusual

behaviorcouldbearesultoftheoverfishingoftuna-orcas'primaryfoodsource-whichhasleftthearea*sorcas

starvingandunabletofeedtheirbabies.64Isaworcaslookatboatscarryingfish.Theintelligentanimalsmayknow

humansaresomehowrelatedtofoodshortages,saysKenBalb,anAmericanscientist.

However,AlfredoLopezaSpanishbiologyprofessor,thinkstheattackswerepreventativemeasurestheorcas

adoptedtoprotectthemselvesagainstboatinjuries.Theresearchercametothisconclusionafterlookingatthe

footageofafewincidentsfilmedonthesceneandnoticingthattwooftheyoungorcasinvolvedhadserious

injuries.Thescientistwasn'tsureiftheorcaswerehurtduringorbeforetherecentboatencounters.Lopezsaid,

“Ourinterpretationisthattheydon'thavetheslightestintentionofattackingpeople.^^Hopefully,theexpertswill

findawaytorestoretheharmonybetweentheanimalsandhumanssoon.

5.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“hostility“inparagraph1mean?

A.Unfriendliness.B.Defence.C.Cooperation.D.Impatience.

6.WhatdoweknowaboutVictoriaMorris?

A.Hermajorledhertoanticipateorcas*intenseattacks.

B.Sherarelyspottedorcaswhenworkingasasailingcoach.

C.Herjoygavewaytofearaftertheorcasbeganattackingtheboat.

D.Shewasdoingresearchontheshorewhenshecaughtsightofnineorcas.

7.WhatdidRocioEspadathinkoftheorcas'behaviorofattackinghumans?

A.Predictable.B.Abnormal.C.Unavoidable.D.Natural.

8.WhichofthefollowingmayAlfredoLopezagreewith?

A.Orcasfrequentlygethurtbyboats.B.Orcasenjoyplayingtricksonhumans.

C.Orcasarepunishinghumansforoverfishing.D.Orcasattackboatstosafeguardagainstdangers.

3

TheNewSouthWalesgovernmentusedplanestodropmorethan4,000poundsofcarrotsandsweetpotatoes,

totheforestswhicharedamagedbytherecentwildfires.Thefiresarereportedtohavekilledmorethanabillion

wildanimalsanddestroyedalandofmorethan84thousandsquarekilometers-abouttwicethesizeofMaryland.

Whatisworse,mostAustraliansareworryingaboutwhenthewildfireswillbefullyputout.

“Thehomeofseveralimportantwallabies（沙袋鼠）wasburntintherecentfires,9,NewSouthWales

EnvironmentMinisterMattKeansaidonSunday.Keansaidthedropsarewhatwallabiesneed.Theplanis

designedtohelpwallabiesandallowthemtorecover.

Fireseasonsoftentakeplaceinthecountry,butthisyearthefireshavebeenquitedevastating.Thecountry

experiencedoneofitshottestanddriestyears,whichmadeithardertoputoutthefires.Besideswildanimals,the

fireshavetakenthelivesofatleast25peopleanddestroyedmorethan2,000homes.

“Ithinkthere9snothingtoparewiththedamagethafsgoingonoversuchalargeareasoquickly.Ifsabig

eventintermsofgeographyandthenumberofwildanimals,Dickman,ananimalprotectionexpert,saidinan

interviewwithNPRlastweek.

“WeknowthatthenumberofAustralianwildanimalshasbeengoingdownoverthelastseveraldecades,and

it'sprobablyfairlywellknownthatAustralia'sgottheworld'shighestrateofextinctionofanimals,9,headded."It's

eventslikethisthatmayincreasethespeedofextinctionofalotofotheranimals.So,it'sverysadtime.Everyone

hastotrytheirbesttodosomethingforthem.^^

9.WhydidtheAustraliangovernmentdroppotatoes?

A.Tofeedtheanimals.B.Totraptheanimals.

C.Toplantpotatoesthere.D.Tohelpthepeople.

10.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“devastating“inParagraph3probablymean?

A.Damaging.B.Interesting.

C.Surprising.D.Tiring.

11.WhatcanweknowabouttherecentAustralianwildfiresfromthetext?

A.Theyhavebeenundercontrol.

B.Theweatherishelpfulinputtingoutthem.

C.Theyhavekilledasmallamountofwildlife.

D.Theyhavegreatlyinfluencedbothpeopleandanimals.

12.WhatdoesDickmanwanttostressinthelastparagraph?

A.Australiahasalotofwildlife.

B.Australianshavesufferedalot.

C.Australiansshouldprotectthewildlife.

D.Thegovernmentisresponsibleforthewildfires.

4

Everybodyhatesrats.ButintheearthquakecapitalsoftheworldJapan,LosAngeles,Turkeyratswillsoonbe

man'snewbestfriends.

Whathappensafteranearthquake?Wesendinrescuedogs.Why?Becausetheycansmellpeople.Dogssave

lives.Theyhelprescuerstofindlivingpeople.Butdogsarebigandtheycan'tgetintosmallspaces.Sonowanew

researchprojectisusingasmalleranimaltosavelives:therat.

Howdoesitwork?First,theratistrainedtosmellpeople.Whenthishappens,therat'sbraingivesasignal.

Thisissenttoasmallradioonitsback,andthentherescuersfollowtheradiosignals.Whentherat*sbrainactivity

jumps,therescuersknowthatsomeoneisalive.Therathassmelledthatperson.

Althoughtherearealreadyrobotswhichcandothisjob,ratsarebetter.ChristianLinsteratCornell

UniversityNewYorksays,“Robots'nosesdon*tworkwellwhenthereareothersmellsaround.Ratsaregoodat

that."Ratscanalsoseeinthedark.Theyarecheaperandquickertotrainthandogs,andunlikerobots,theydon't

needelectricity!

The“ratproject“isnotfinished,butJulieRyanofInternationalRescueCorpsinScotlandsays,“Itwouldbe

fantastic.Aratcouldgetintospaceswecouldn'tgettoandaratwouldgetoutifitwasn*tsafe.^^Perhapsforthefirst

timeinhistory,peoplewillbehappytoseearatinabuilding(butonlyafteranearthquake,ofcourse).

13.Intheworldearthquakecapitals,ratswillbeeman*sbestfriendsbecausetheycan.

A.taketheplaceofman*srescuejobs

B.findthepositionofpeoplealivewhoaretrappedinbuildings

C.serveasfoodforpeoplealivewhoaretrappedinbuildings

D.getintosmallspaces

14.Fromthethirdparagraphweknowtherescuerscanjudgeapersonisaliveby.

A.thenoisemadebytheratB.theratsunusualbehavior

C.thesignalsentbytheradioontherat*sbackD.thesmellgivenoffbytheperson

15.Indoingrescuejobs,.

A.ratssmellbetterthandogs

B.dogsdon'tneedtobetrainedtosmellpeople

C.robots*senseofsmellcanbeaffectedbyothersmellsaround

D.ratscannotseeinthedark

16.Afterreadingthepassagewecanknow.

A.nowadaysratshavereplaceddogsinsearchingforpeople

B.the“ratproject“hasbeenpleted

C.peoplearenowhappytoseearatinabuilding

D.atpresentpeoplestillusedogsandrobotsinrescues

5

Identifyingthechemicalmakeupofpigment（色素）usedinancientdocuments,paintings,andwatercolorsis

criticaltorestoringandconservingthepreciousartworks.However,despitenumerousefforts,scientistshadbeen

unabletodeterminethesourceoffolium,apopularbluedyeusedtocolormanuscripts（手稿）inEuropeduringthe

middleages——fromthe5thtothe15thcentury.Now,ateamofresearchersfromPortugalhasfinallyuncovered

themysteriousingredientresponsibleforthegorgeousblueishpurplecolorthathelpedbringancientillustrations

andtextstolife.

TheresearchteambeganbyporingoverinstructionspennedbyEuropeandyemakersfromthe12th,14th,and

15thcenturies.Theyfoundwhattheywereseekingina15thcenturytextentitledTheBookonHowtoMakeAllthe

ColorPaintsforIlluminatingBooks.However,translatingtheinstructionswasnoeasytask.Itwaswritteninthe

nowextinctJudaeoPortugueselanguage,andthoughthesourceofthedyewastracedbacktoaplant,nonamewas

mentioned.

However,bypiecingtogethersuggestionsfromthetext,thescientistswereabletodeterminethatthedyewas

madefromthebluishgreenberriesofthechrozophoratinctoriaplant.Afteranextensivesearch,theteamfounda

fewvarietiesoftheplantgrowingalongtheroadsidenearthetownofMonsarazinsouthPortugal.

Thedetailedinstructionsgavetheresearcherscriticalclues-includingthebesttimetopicktheberries.t6You

needtosqueezethefruits,beingcarefulnottobreaktheseeds,andthentoputthemonlinen（亚麻）Thescientist

saysthedetailwasimportantsincebrokenseedspollutedthepigment,producinganinferiorqualityink.Thedyed

linen,whichwaslefttodry,wasanefficientwaytostoreandtransportthepigmentduringancienttimes.When

needed,theartistwouldsimplycutoffapieceoftheclothanddipitwithwatertosqueezeoutthebluecolor.

Oncethekeyingredienthadbeenidentified,theresearchersbegantodeterminethedye'smolecularstructure.

Totheirsurprise,theyfoundthatfoliumwasnotlikeanyotherknownpermanentbluedyes-itwasanentirely

newclassofcolor,onetheynamedchrozophoridin."Chrozophoridinwasusedinancienttimestomakeabeautiful

bluedyefbrpainting.^^theteamwroteinthestudy.4tThus,webelievethatthiswillnotbeourfinalwordonthis

amazingplantanditsstoryandthatfurtherdiscoverieswillfollowsoon.^^

17.Theprimarypurposeofthestudyisto.

A.restoreandconserveancientpreciousartworks

B.determinethesubstancemakingupthefolium

C.provetheancientdyemakingtechniquewasorganic

D.identifywhichclassofcolorfoliumbelongsto

18.Theunderlinedphrase“poringover“inthesecondparagraphmeans.

A.discussingpubliclyB.testingrepeatedly

C.passingdirectlyD.readingcarefully

19.Whatcanbelearnedaboutthebluedyefolium?

A.Itwasessentiallyaninferiortypeofink.

B.Itwastheonlykindmadefromwildberries.

C.Itcouldbecarriedandusedeasily.

D.Itwascarefullysqueezedfrombrokenseeds.

20.Thearticleismainlyabout.

A.howthemysteryofathousandyearoldbluedyewassolved

B.whytheresearcherstookthetroubletorecreatethedye

C.whatneedstobedonetomakeanorganicdyefromaplant

D.whenandwherethediscoveryofthedyewasmade

6

Ahighlevelofmethane（甲烷）gasonMarswasfoundbyNASA'sMarsexplorationvehicle.Thediscoveryis

excitingbecausethepresenceofmethanegascouldsupportthecaseforlifeonMars:

NASA*sCuriosityvehiclerecentlyrecordedthelargestlevelofmethaneevermeasuredduringitssevenyear

Marsmission.

Methanehasnocolororsmell.AspecialinstrumentonCuriosity*sMarsScienceLaboratoryrecordedthe

increasedgaslevel.Besidesmethane,theinstrument