新农科大学英语 课件 Unit 2 New famers,new future

新农科大学英语CollegeEnglishfor

NewAgriculturalSciencesNewfamers,newfuture2Unit新农科大学英语CollegeEnglishfor

NewAgriculturalSciencesAftercompletingthisunit,youwillbeableto:explainhowanagriculturalcooperativeworksandhighlightitsadvantages;discussthedefiningcharacteristicsofanewgenerationoffarmersandtheirinnovativepracticesthattransformthecountryside;usecontrasttoshowthebenefitsofaspecificfarmingpractice;engageinaroundtablediscussiontotalkabouttheroleofyoungfarmersinshapingfutureagriculture.Learning

objectives新农科大学英语CollegeEnglishfor

NewAgriculturalSciencesCONTENTSGettingonthestageUnlocking

thetopicViewingthroughthelensDiscoveringChinaExploringthefrontierOnChina’svastagriculturalland,anewgenerationoffarmersisemerging.Theseyoungpeopleareintegratinginnovativeideasandadvancedtechnologieswithtraditionalfarmingmethodstoaddresschallengesinagriculturalpractices.Onthisyear’sWorldYoungFarmers’Day,youruniversitywillhostamockroundtableforumentitled“NewFarmersfortheFutureofAgriculture.”Studentsareinvitedtoparticipateinteamstodiscussthecriticalroleofyoungfarmersinshapingthefutureofagriculture.Thebestperformingteamwillrepresentyouruniversityinfurtherinternationalexchanges.SettingthesceneActivatingsubjectknowledgeScanthecodeandcompletetheknowledgeactivationexerciseonUcampus.Whenyouthinkabouttoday’snewgenerationoffarmers,whatdefiningcharacteristicscometomind?Workinpairsandbrainstormthedistinctivetraitsofnewfarmers.ReferenceanswersSomedefiningcharacteristicsoftoday’snewgenerationoffarmers:HighlyeducatedandprofessionallytrainedMarket-orientedandbrand-consciousEco-friendlyandsustainability-drivenInnovation-ledanddigitallyempoweredCross-disciplinaryandmulti-identitySociallyresponsibleandculturallyrootedWordbankhoen.锄头dronen.

无人机pesticiden.杀虫剂fertilizern.

肥料aquaculturen.水产养殖machineryn.（大型的）机器revitalizationn.

复兴Haveyouheardanyinspiringstoriesoffarmers’shiftingfromtraditionalpracticestodigitalagricultureintheirpursuitofruralrevitalization?Watchthevideoclipandcompletethenoteswithwhatyouhear.(Withsubtitles)(Withoutsubtitles)BackgroundinformationLianziyanVillageNestleddeepinthemountainsofZiguiCounty,HubeiProvince,LianziyanVillagewasoncetrappedinpovertyduetoitsisolatedlocation.Localspecialtieslikeorangesandchestnutscouldn’treachmarketsbeyondthemountains.ThevillageovercamepovertythroughChina’stargetedpovertyalleviationstrategy.Itgainedaccesstomarketsvianewroadsandexpandedtransportationnetworks,enablingthegrowthofthrivingorchardsandteacultivation.Asanationaldigitalvillagepilot,itachievedfull4G/5Gcoverage,implementedsmarte-commercesolutions,andattractedsignificantinvestments.Theseadvancementscollectivelytransformedthevillage’seconomyandsignificantlyimprovedtheresidents’lives.TherelayChangesinagriculturalpracticesGrandfatherusedhishoeasthetooltoworktheland.Fatherintegratesinnovativeideas,1)

_______________________,andmodernbusinessmodelsintoagriculture.TechnologiesappliedindigitalagricultureDronesareusedfor2)

_________________________,suchassprayingpesticidesandapplyingfertilizers.cutting-edgetechnology(performing)multipletasksAsmartcabinetforaquaculturemonitorsall3)

_______________infourfishpondssimultaneously.ABeidousmartsystemprovides4)

___________________offarmmachineryandfieldoperations.OtherbenefitsofthedigitalrevolutionFruitgrowersacquireadvancedknowledgeincropcultivationthrough5)

__________agriculturaltechnologycourses.oxygenmachines

online

real-timemonitoring

Youngpeoplepromoteagriculturalproductsandexpandthemarketby6)

___________________.Thedigitalruralplatformhasenhancedthevillagers’senseofgain,happiness,andsecurity.FutureoutlookWemustregard7)

___________________asanimportantaspectofdevelopingadigitalChina.Weneedtoestablishamodernruraleconomicsystemandamodernrural8)

_____________________.governancesystem

digitalcountryside

broadcastinglive

ScriptsThe

relayMygrandfatherspenthisentirelifeworkingtheland.Evenattheageof75,heneverlaiddownhishoe,orperhapswhathetrulycouldn’tpartwithwashisdeepconnectiontotheland.Myfather,abusinessmaninhisyouth,oncemockedmygrandfather’sattachmenttofarming.Yetnow,hehasreturnedtothevillagetopickupthe“hoe”andbecomeanewgenerationoffarmer.Whatpromptedmyfathertoreturntothevillageandstartabusiness?Iwalked,withquestions,inthefields,adigitalagriculturalspacefullofmagic.ScriptsInthescenicYichang,HubeiProvince,liesmyhometown,LianziyanVillage.Inthepast,itwasknownforitschainslockedintothecracksoftherocks.Today,however,itisnotthechainsthatbringpridetothevillagers,butratherthenumerousemergingcommunicationbasestations.Formygrandfather’sgeneration,itwasthenormforthemtoworkhardandreturnwithhoes.Today,however,myfatherleadsthefarmersequippedwithinnovativeideas,cutting-edgetechnology,andmodernbusinessmodels,injectingnewqualityproductiveforcesintotheagriculturalScriptslandscapeofourhometown.Drones,takingoffoneafteranother,canperformmultipletasks,includingsprayingpesticides,applyingfertilizers,andmonitoringsoilconditions.Anintegratedsmartcabinetforaquaculturecansimultaneouslymonitoralloxygenmachinesinfourfishponds.ABeidousmartbasedisplayscreenallowsreal-timemonitoringoffarmmachineryandfieldoperationswithintheplannedarea.Whilethesayinggoes,“Sowaseedinspring,andreapathousandgrainsinautumn,”withtheapplicationofdigitaltechnologyinagriculture,springcanalsobeaseasonofharvest.ScriptsThelocalvillagersarealsobenefitingfromthedigitalrevolution.Thefruitgrowers,withjustaclick,canaccessonlineagriculturaltechnologycoursesandacquireadvancedknowledgeincropcultivation.Bybroadcastinglive,theyoungstershaveexpandedthemarketforagriculturalproducts.Lookingatthereal-timepicturefromthemonitoringcenter,thevillagerscanknowthesecuritysituationofthevillage.Thedigitalruralplatform,throughmodulessuchasvillageaffairsdisclosure(and)farmer-friendlypolicies,hasenhancedthevillagers’senseofgain,happiness,andsecurity,tomakeitmoresubstantial,secure,andsustainable.

ScriptsFrommygrandfather,whosupportedthewholefamilyonhisown,tomyfather,whoreturnedhometostartabusinessandcontributetoruralrevitalization,Icanbetterunderstandthechoiceofmyfather’sgenerationtopassontherelay,andIcouldn’thelpbutthinkabouthow.Asayoungman,Ishouldholdthebatonfirmly.Astheyoungergeneration,howdowehonorthetrustplacedinusandfirmlygraspthebatonofruralrevitalization?WhatisthekeytoScriptsruralrevitalization?Respondingtothecallandengaginginpractice.Wemustregard(the)digitalcountrysideasanimportantaspectofbuildingadigitalChinaandfocusonconstructingaruraleconomicdevelopmentpolicysystemthatintegratesknowledgerenewal,technologicalinnovation,anddata-drivengrowth.Wemustworktowardsestablishingamodernruraleconomicsystemthatismoreadvanced,optimized,andsustainable,aswellasamodernruralScriptsgovernancesystemthatisflexibleandefficient,toembarkonChina’spathtomodernization.Ihopethatmyhometown,togetherwiththevillagersinthenorthandsouthofthemotherland,willhavemoreefficientproduction,amorelivableecology,andahappierlifeforthefolks.Workingroupsanddiscussthequestions.Thevideoclipmentionsthat“…withtheapplicationofdigitaltechnologyinagriculture,springcanalsobeaseasonofharvest.”Howdoyouunderstandthisstatement?Incontemporaryagriculture,newfarmershaveestablishedvarioustypesofagriculturalbusinessentities,suchasfamilyfarmsandagriculturalcooperatives.Canyouprovideanexampleofsuchanentityandbrieflyexplainhowitworks?ReferenceanswersThisstatementmeansthatdigitalfarmingtoolshavechangedtraditionalagriculture.Traditionally,springisassociatedwithsowingseedsandpreparingfortheharvestinautumn.However,digitaltoolssuchasdrones,smartmonitoringsystems,andbigdataanalyticsenablefarmerstooptimizeagriculturalprocessesandenhanceproductivity.Whilefarmersarestillplanting,theyarealready“harvesting”benefitslikebettercropmonitoringandmoreefficientfarmingmethods.Itshowshowtechnologyhastransformedfarming,makingeveryseasonproductiveinnewways–muchliketheyoungergeneration,whoarechangingrurallifewithmodernideas.ReferenceanswersAcompellingexampleofamodernagriculturalbusinessentityistheNongdaFamilyFarminTanchengCounty,ShandongProvince.Foundedin2014,thisfarmillustrateshownewfarmerscancombinetechnology,branding,andservice-orientedmodelstothriveincontemporaryagriculture.Thefarmintegratesadvancedequipment,suchasdronesandintelligentirrigationsystems,withprecisionmanagementtoolslikeremotefieldmonitoring.ReferenceanswersBeyondproduction,itofferscontractfarmingservicestosmallholders,includingseedlingcultivation,mechanizedtransplanting,andpestcontrol,helpingtoreducetheircostsandincreaseefficiency.Bypartneringwithlocalfarmers,NongdaFamilyFarmhascreatedamutuallybeneficialnetworkthatpromotesstandardized,high-qualityproduction.Thefarmalsoemphasizesbranddevelopment,marketingitsriceunderbothitsown“Tancheng”labelandthewell-known“Jianghu”trademark.Pre-reading1.Matchthetermstotheirreal-worldexamplesfromthetext.TermsReal-worldexamplesfromthetextSilvopasturePutnuttreesalongerodedslopesinsteadoffertilefieldsMarginallandRaisinghogsamongtreeplantingsinpasturesLandtrust Noboardofdirectors—allmembersmustagreeonnutorchardlocationConsensusdecisionCommunitymodelremovinglandfromspeculativemarkets1-_________

2-_________

3-_________

4-_________

BADC2.Workinpairsanddiscussthefollowingscenario:Imagineyou'reanAFCOmember:Theco-opmustchoosebetweentwonutorchardlocations:OptionA:Fertilevalleysoil(highyieldsbutdestroysnativegrassland)OptionB:Rockyhillside(lowyieldsbutrestoresdegradedland)Whichwouldyousupport?Giveatleast1economicAND1ecologicalreason.ReferenceanswersOpen-endedquestion.SupportoptionB1.EconomicreasonsWeoperatewithinacommunitylandtrust,amodelthatremoveslandfromthespeculativemarketandmakesitavailabletolike-mindedecosystemstewardsandsustainabilitypractitioners(Para.9).Wewon’tmaximizetheyieldsatthecostofecology.2.EcologicalreasonsRestoringvulnerableecosystemsisacorevalue(Para.10).Westandbehindsupportinglocalfoodsovereignty,restoringvulnerableecosystems,creatinglandaccessandeconomicopportunitiesforunderprivilegedpeople,anddemonstratingalternativestomainstreamagricultureinourregion.3.PrinciplemattersIfonememberbelievesthataproposaloverlooksasharedvalue,suchaseconomicaccessorecologicalrigor,wewilldiscusstheissueuntilbetterdecisionsarereached(Para.3).StructureanalysisPara.1-3A.Reasonsofmychangefromindividualfarmingtocollectivefarming.Para.4-6B.Howwedecidetheplaceofnutorchard.Para.7-12C.Theresultofdiscussiononnutorchard.Para.13D.DifferentaspectsofAFCO.1-_________

2-_________

3-_________

4-_________

BADCFarmingbycommittee:Howweorganizeouragroforestryco-op1We’retalkingaboutthenutsagain.2Itseemstobeaperpetualtopicofconversationwithinmygroupofabout15neighbors:wheretoplacethenutorchard.Somewanttoseetheorchardplantedonthebestsoils,inatidyblock.Othersfeelstronglythatweshouldreestablishnativegrassesinverdantareasandputthenuttreesalongmarginallands.3Wehavebeengoingbackandforthformorethanayear.Formanyfarms,thiswouldperhapsbeaquickdecision.Butthisisn’tatypicalfarm.ThisistheAgroforestry

Co-op(AFCO)ofNortheastMissouri.Withmorethanadozenmembers,weworktodiscussissuesfully,uncloudedbyourindividualwants.

Ifonememberbelievesthataproposaloverlooksasharedvalue,suchaseconomicaccessorecological

rigor,wewilldiscusstheissueuntilbetterdecisionsarereached.4Itwasn’talwaysmyintentiontofarminagroup.Butasafirst-generationfarmerandmillennial,Ifoundlandaccesswasachallenge.Whenofferedtheopportunitytoraiseorganicandpasturedlivestockbyourcommunitylandtrust,Iacceptedtheresponsibilitiesofstewardshipforthisclay-richslopeinNortheastMissouri.Thishillsidewearsthescarsofover-cultivation,overgrazing,compaction,anderosion,withitswestfacebatteredbygullywasherstormsandrelentless,soil-shiftinggales.5Fromhistoricalsubsistencefarmingtothefeudalpracticeofmanagingcommons,andallthewayuptomodernexamplesofworker-ownedcooperatives,growingfoodhaslongbeenperformedasanessentiallycooperativeendeavor.

Still,Itoiledaloneformorethanadecade,tacklingthisundertakingmyself.

Thisagrarianlifeoftenfeelslikeastruggleforcontrolwithland,climate,pests,andeconomies.Ithasledmetoplacesofdeepstubbornness,sometimesoutrightunwillingnesstoaccepthelp.Thatoldstereotypeofthetenacious,independentfarmerhasproventrueand,attimes,detrimentaltomyownwell-being.6Thepandemicwasthetippingpoint.Itriedtonavigatetheperfectstormofsupplychainbottlenecks,increasedcostsoffeedandfuel,andalackofaccesstoapprovedmeatprocessorsformygrass-fedhogs.

ItbecameobviousthenthatI,orratherwe,couldbetterserveourselves,ourcommunity,andourrelationshipwiththelandthroughcollectivefarming.7

I’vealwaysbeendrawntotreecropsandsilvopasture,andI’veexperimentedwithsmallplantingsonmypasturesforyears.AfterIfinishedmyprojectaboutanagroforestryco-opattheUniversityofMissouri’sAgroforestryAcademy,Ihostedameetingandpresentedthisideatomyneighborsandfriends.Thus,theseedsoftheAFCOweresown.8Inowsharetherisk,labor,andrewardsofalifespentgrowingfoodandmakingdirtwithneighbors,andIcanmoveawayfromthephysicallyexhaustingandemotionallydepletingworkofraising,pasturing,killing,andsellinganimalstothemorecollectivizedandsustainableactofprovidingfoodandstewardship.9

Asaco-op,weoperatewithinacommunitylandtrust,amodelthatremoveslandfromthespeculativemarketandmakesitavailabletolike-mindedecosystemstewardsandsustainabilitypractitioners.Wecurrentlyco-manageabout10acresofland,andwe’reintegratingouragroforestryprojectthroughouttherestofthelandtrust’s280acres.Wehavealsoformedarelationshipwithanon-profittobeginagrassrootsfundraisingcampaignandconnectwithpotentialdonors.10Initsfirstyear,AFCOhasbeenaprojectbothcomplexinitsscopeandfairlystraightforwardinitspractice.Westandbehindsupportinglocalfoodsovereignty,restoringvulnerableecosystems,creatinglandaccessandeconomicopportunitiesforunderprivilegedpeople,anddemonstratingalternativestomainstreamagricultureinourregion.Currently,weareinformalinstructure,andoperatewithfull-memberconsensusdecision-makinginsteadofaboardofdirectors.Wearealltrainedinnonviolentcommunicationandshareddecision-making,sothatthetensionsthatsometimesarisewhenwehavecompetingvisionscanbedirectedtohelpfulandhealthyconversationsforacommonvision.11Whilethereareall-hands-on-deckfieldworkdays,westillengageinadivisionoflabor.Folkswhoarelessabletogetoutinthefieldcansitinashadedareaandassembletreeguards,managespreadsheets,workongrants,ororganizethelogisticalend-of-workparties.Thereisroomforautonomy.Whileourlargerproposalsgothroughtheprocessofconsensus,individualsareempoweredtomakemanyday-to-daydecisions,suchaswhichcultivarofmushroomspawntoorderorhowtospaceandarrangeplantings.12WehopethatAFCOcanattractpeoplepassionateaboutagroforestrybyofferinglandaccess,infrastructure,abudget,andcollectivizedmarketinganddistributionofcrops.Cooperationisvitalinourcurrentculture;goingitaloneasanindependentfarmeroftenmeansgreateruncertainty.13Whenwediscussaproject,weagreetocoreprinciplesonwhichtobaseourdecisionsanddeterminewhetheraproposalisjustifiedwithinourbroadergoals.Thisishow,afterayearofworkingthroughit,wefinallymanagedtolandonaparceloflandforournutorchardthattakesbothecologyandeconomyintoaccount.Itwasn’talocationthatanybodyfeltexcitedaboutatfirst;yet,overtime,itbecameapparentthatthecurrentplotachievestwogoalssatisfactorilyinsteadofmerelyonegoalperfectly.Muchoffarmingseemstobeaboutcompromise;nowwecangetplanting,together.BackgroundinformationSilvopastureSilvopastureisanagroforestrysystemthatintegratestrees,forage,andlivestockonthesameland,mimickingnaturalecosystems.Carefullymanaged,itprovidesshadeandshelterforanimals,therebyenhancingtheirhealthandwelfareduringextremeweatherconditions.Treesimprovesoilstructure,reduceerosion,andenhancewaterretention,whilelivestockgrazingpreventsovergrowthandpromotesnutrientcycling.Economically,localpeoplecangetadditionalincomebyproducingmarketabletreeproducts,suchasfruit,nuts,orwood,andmayalsoenjoythereductionofpropertytaxesinregionswithsupportivepolicies.Italsoenhancesclimateresiliencebyincreasingcarbonstorageandmaintainingnutritiousforageduringheatanddrought.AgriculturalcooperativesAgriculturalcooperativesareorganizationsownedandoperatedbytheirmembers–primarilyfarmersandgrowers–toenhanceproductivity,improvemarketaccess,andpromoteeconomicstability.Bypoolingresourceslikeequipment,storagefacilities,andtransportation,cooperativeshelpreduceindividualcostsandrisks.Theyalsostrengthentheirbargainingpowerbyenablingmemberstonegotiatecollectivelywithbuyersandsuppliers.Additionally,cooperativesofferaccesstosharedknowledge,training,andtechnology,therebyfosteringinnovationandsustainability.Thestructureandoperationofagriculturalcooperativesvaryacrosscountries,influencedbydifferencesineconomicsystems,culturalpractices,andgovernmentpolicies.CommunitylandtrustAcommunitylandtrust(CLT)isanonprofitorganizationthatmanageslandforthebenefitofaspecific,place-basedcommunity.CLTsaimtoensurelong-termaffordabilityforhousingandothercommunityassets,suchasgardens,civicbuildings,andcommercialspaces.Managedbyresidents,theyempowercommunitiesbytransferringcontroloflandandassetsintotheirhands.CLTsachieveaffordabilitybyseparatingtheownershipoflandfrombuildings,allowinghomestoremainaffordableforfuturegenerations.Establishedbylocalresidents,landowners,developers,orgovernments,CLTspromotesustainable,community-drivendevelopmentandprotectassetsforlastingbenefits.orchard

n.[C]aplacewherefruittreesaregrown果园marginala.(ofland)thatcannotproduceenoughgoodcropstomakeaprofit（土地）贫瘠的（因而盈利有限）smallandnotimportant小的；微不足道的agroforestryn.[U]thepracticeofgrowingtreesinassociationwithagriculturalcropsoranimalstoprovidebothecologicalandeconomicbenefits农林间作[Multimodalnotes]:Thisvideotalksaboutusesofagroforestrysystemandhowagroforestrycontributestoourfightagainstclimatechange.Thevideodetailsabouthowtoapplyagroforestryinagriculturesystemsanditsbestpractices.

Video:BasicsofagroforestryuncloudedTheadjective“unclouded”heremeansnotconfusedorimpaired(不困惑的；不受损的).Italsomeansnotcloudyorovercast(无云的；晴朗的).Inthiscontext,thewordisusedtohighlightthecooperative’scommitmenttoprioritizingcollectivevaluesoverindividualdesires.e.g.Withanuncloudedmind,shemadeaclearandconfidentdecisionaboutherfuture.co-op

n.[C]acooperative合作社；合作性组织；合作企业；合作商店ecological

a.(onlybeforenoun)connectedwiththewayplants,animals,andpeoplearerelatedtoeachotherandtotheirenvironment生态的millennialTheword“millennial”asanounreferstoapersonbornbetweentheearly1980sandthelate1990s;amemberofGenerationY(千禧一代；Y世代).e.g.Millennialsarethefirstgenerationtointegrateallmannerofdigitaltechnologyintotheirdailylives.livestock

n.[pl.]animalssuchascowsandsheepthatarekeptonafarm家畜overgrazing

n.[U]asituationinwhichtherearetoomanycowsorotheranimalseatinggrassinanarea,whichdamagestheenvironment过度放牧compaction

n.[U]theprocessbywhichthepressureonburiedsolidmaterialcausesthematerialtosticktogetherandchangetorock压实erosion

n.[U]theprocessbywhichrockorsoilisgraduallydestroyedbywind,rain,orthesea（风﹑雨或海水的）侵蚀，腐蚀subsistence

n.[U](~farming/agriculture,etc.)

farmingthatproducesjustenoughfoodforthefarmertoliveon,butdoesnotproduceenoughfoodtoselltootherpeople自给自足的农业theconditionofonlyjusthavingenoughmoneyorfoodtostayalive（以仅仅足够的食物或钱）维持生活，生存，生计cooperativen.[C]abusinessororganizationownedequallybyallthepeopleworkingthere合作社；合作性组织；合作企业；合作商店a.willingtocooperate合作的toiledTheverb“toil”meanstoworkveryhardforalongperiodoftime([长时间地]苦干，辛苦劳作).Bycombining“toil”with“alone,”itemphasizesisolationandpersonalstruggle.e.g.Farmerstoilunderthescorchingsunduringharvestseason,theirhandshardenedfromyearsoflabor.astruggleThephrase“astruggle”meansanactionoractivitythatisverydifficulttodo.e.g.Losingweightwasaterriblestruggle.perfectstormThephrase“perfectstorm”referstoanextremelybadsituationinwhichmanybadthingshappenatthesametime([许多糟糕的事情同时发生而]糟得不可更糟的局面)。e.g.Thecompanyfacedaperfectstormoffinanciallosses,employeestrikes,anddecliningmarketdemandallatonce.hogn.[C](AmE)大猪silvopasture

n.[U]thedeliberateintegrationoftreesandgrazinglivestockoperationsonthesameland林牧复合collectivize

vt.joinseveralprivatefarms,industries,etc.togethersothattheyarecontrolledbythecommunityorbythegovernment使公有化；使集体化foodsovereigntyn.[U]therighttohealthyandculturallyappropriatefoodproducedthroughecologicallysoundandsustainablemethods食物主权[Multimodalnotes]:Thisvideousestwocharacters,AnnaandThomastorevealthattheglobalindustrialfoodsystemperpetuatesecologicaldegradation,socialinjustice,andunsustainableconsumptionpatterns.However,foodsovereigntyemergesasthetransformativesolution,advocatingforagroecologicalpractices,fairtrade,localmarketprioritization,anddemocraticcontroloverfoodsystemstosimultaneouslyempowerproducers,protectecosystems,andensureequitableaccesstoculturallyappropriate,healthyfoodforallindividuals.Video:

Whatisfoodsovereigntycultivar

n.[C]atypeofplantthathasbeendeliberatelydevelopedtohaveparticularfeatures栽培种；栽培品种spawn

n.[U]1.（尤指伞菌的）菌种体2.（鱼或蛙的）成团的卵Withmorethanadozenmembers,weworktodiscussissuesfully,uncloudedbyourindividualwants.

[Meaning]:Withoveradozenmembers,westrivetothoroughlydiscussissueswithoutlettingourpersonaldesiresinfluencecollectivedecision-making.Butasafirst-generationfarmerandmillennial,Ifoundlandaccesswasachallenge.[Meaning]:Assomeonebornbetween1981and1996andafirstgenerationfarmer,Ifoundithardtogetland.Fromhistoricalsubsistencefarmingtothefeudalpracticeofmanagingcommons,andallthewayuptomodernexamplesofworker-ownedcooperatives,growingfoodhaslongbeenperformedasanessentiallycooperativeendeavor.[Meaning]:Throughouthistory—fromearlysubsistencefarmingtomedievalsharedlandsandmodernco-opfarms—growingfoodhasalwaysinvolvedpeopleworkingtogether.[Notes]:Thephrase“subsistencefarming”meansaformoffarminginwhichnearlyallofthecropsorlivestockraisedareusedtomaintainthefarmerandthefarmer’sfamily,leavinglittle,ifany,surplusforsaleortrade.Preindustrialagriculturalpeoplesthroughouttheworldhavetraditionallypracticedsubsistencefarming.Someofthesepeoplesmovedfromsitetositeastheyexhaustedthesoilateachlocation.Theword“commons”isaspecialtermwhichreferstothelandpolicyintheAnglo-Saxonperiod.Backthen,landwasfirstsetasideascommons,beginningin450CE.ThiswasanerawhenearlyBritishkingswereascendantandtherootsoflaterfeudalsocialstructureswerebeingplanted.Commonlands(or“commons”)cameintoexistenceasAnglo-SaxonsmovedthroughoutEngland,regardingtheirconqueredterritoriesasprizesheldincommonanddividedbetweenthem.Ifonememberbelievesthataproposaloverlooksasharedvalue,suchaseconomicaccessorecologicalrigor,wewilldiscusstheissueuntilbetterdecisionsarereached.[Meaning]:Ifamemberfeelsthataproposalfailstoconsideranimportantsharedvalue,likefairnessineconomicsorstrongenvironmentalstandards,wewillcontinuethediscussionuntilwereachabetterdecision.[Notes]:Economicaccessgenerallyreferstopeople’sabilitytoobtainandbenefitfromeconomicresourcesandopportunities,suchasjo