从关联理论视角看狼图腾文化负载词汇的译入策略

I.IntroductionNowadays,peoplearebeginningtoknowaboutothercountriesindifferentways.China’seconomicprosperityandadvancementofstatushavemadeitincreasinglyattractivetoothercountries.Atthesametime,Chinaisexportingitsowncultureandcommunicatingmorecloselywiththeworld.1.1ResearchBackgroundBecauseofthedifferentculturalbackground,people'swayofthinking,behaviorsandvaluesvaryobviously.Culturaldifferencesareanobstacletounderstandingtheculturesofothercountriesandculture-loadedwordsarethemostprominentdiscrepantfactorsinculturalcommunication.Culture-loadedwordsrefertowords,phrases,idiomsandallusionsthatcarrythespecificculturalinformationofanation(Liao,2000:232).Translationisanimportantmeansofcommunicationbetweencountries.Therefore,thecommunicationandunderstandingamongdifferentethnicgroupswillbegreatlyimprovedbystudyingtheculture-loadedwordsindifferentlanguageandtheiraccuratetranslation.Since1998,moreandmoreattentionhasbeenpaidtoculture-loadedwords,andmoreandmorescholarshavestudiedthetranslationofculture-loadedwords.Furthermore,thetranslationandtransmissionofChineseliteraryworksfigureprominentlyincross-culturalcommunication.Therefore,howtocorrectlytranslateculture-loadedwordsinliteraryworksisanimportantstepinChineseculturaloutput,andhowtodealwithculturalfactorshasbecomeahardnuttocrackforthetranslator.1.2SignificanceoftheStudyJiangRong'sbookWolfTotemsetoffareadingboomafteritspublicationandwaswidelypraisedathomeandabroad.WolfTotemhasbeenthetop10bestsellingliterarybooksfor6consecutiveyearswithacirculationofnearly5millioncopies.HaswontheManAsianLiteraryPrice,theEnglishversionwastranslatedbyHowardGoldblattwhoisafamousAmericansinologistandatranslatorofnumerousworksofcontemporaryChineseliterature.Inaddition,WolfTotemisalsotranslatedintomanylanguages,whichisalandmarkcaseofcopyrightexport.Chineseculture-loadedwordsareimportantfactorstoknowChinesecultureandencourageculturalexchangebetweenChinaandtheWest.Therefore,tostudythetranslationstrategiesofculture-loadedwordsinWolfTotemhasbothpracticalaswellasacademicsignificance.1.3ResearchQuestionsTherelevanceofliterarytranslationisvital,andtheculture-loadedwordsareessentialinculturalexportation.LiterarytranslationwillfailtoturnintothebridgebetweenChineseandEnglishcultureifthetranslatorcannotfindtherelevancebetweenthesourcelanguageandthetargetlanguageandleadtothefailuretocorrectlyconveytheoriginalauthor’scommunicativeintention.Therefore,thisthesisistorelaterelevancetheorytothetranslationoftheculture-loadedwordsinWolfTotemandfocusonthefollowingquestions:Whataretheculture-loadedwordsintheEnglishversion?WhattranslationmethodsareappliedinWolfTotemundertheguidanceofrelevancetheory?InordertopushChineseculturetotheworld,whattranslationstrategiesshouldtranslatorsadoptwhentranslatingculture-loadedwords?1.4OrganizationoftheStudyThethesisconsistsofsixchapters.ChapterOneaimsatprovidingageneralintroductionofthepaper.Itincludestheresearchbackground,significanceofthestudy,researchquestionandthethesisstructure.ChapterTwoisliteraturereview.ItfocusesonthepreviousstudiesonthetranslationofWolfTotem.AndthepreviousstudiesoftherelevancetheoryinChinawillbediscussed.ChapterThreeistheoreticalframework.Twopartsareinvolvedinthetheoreticalframework.Thefirstpartistheintroductionoftherelevancetheory.Inthispart,themaincontentswillbeintroduced.Thentheauthorofthethesiswillmovetotheapplicationoftherelevancetheoryintranslation.ChapterFouristheculture-loadswordsinWolfTotem.Itisaboutthedefinitionofculture-loadedwords,andtheclassificationofculture-loadedwordsincludingtheMongolianculturalwords,theGreatCulturalRevolutionwords,thehistorical-culturewordsaswellastheIdiomaticPhrases.ChapterFiveistheHowardGoldblatt’stranslationstrategiesbasedontheclassificationofculture-loadedwords.Inthispart,thetranslationofculture-loadedwordswillbeanalyzedfromtheperspectiveoftherelevancetheory.ChapterSixistheconclusionofthethesis.II.LiteratureReviewSinceGuttappliedtherelevancetheorytotranslation,moreandmoreattentionhasbeenpaidtorelevancetheory.TherelevancetranslationtheorywasfirstintroducedtoChinabyLinKenanin1994.Afterthen,domesticscholarsandtranslatorsbegantonoticetheinfluenceofrelevancetheoryontranslation.HeZiranbelievedthatmakingacorrectassessmentofthetargetreader’scognitiveenvironmentaswellastheculturaldifferencesbetweenthesourcelanguageandthetargetlanguageistheprimarytaskfortranslators(He,1997).ZhaoYanchunexplainedthetranslationphenomenawithrelevancetheoryandpointedoutthattranslatorexistasbothreaderandcommunicator(Zhao,1999).OtherscholarslikeZhaoXinhongandMoAipingstudiedthetranslationviewofrelevancetheoryandputforwardpracticalsuggestions(Yao,2012:8).WangJianguomadeastudyonrelevancetheoryin2003andpointedoutthelimitationsofrelevancetheory,butalsoaffirmeditssignificancetoguidingtranslation(Yao,2012:8).JiangRong’sWolfTotemhasbeenhugelysuccessfulinspreadingoverseas,whicharousedresearchwave.AccordingtothedataofCNKI,thereare812studiesaboutLangTuTenganddozensofthemonthetranslation.AmongthoseconcerningtheEnglishversion,themajorityofstudiesrelatetothetranslationstrategies,rewriting,ormanipulationandsoon.Andonlyafewstudiesarewritingfromamicroperspectivelikethetranslationofculture-loadedwords.WangYingchongstudiedthepragmaticfunctionandculturalconnotationculturalconnotationofthetitleofthepseudokinshipinthenovelbyanalyzingthedialoguebetweenJiangRongandHowardGoldblatt(Tan,2017).Fromtheaspectsoftranslator,publisherandcommentator,LiYongdongandLiYaboanalyzedthereceptivityofforeigncountriestotheWolfTotemandtheChinesenovelinthenewera,andthenreflectedontheproblemsexistingintheexportofChineseliterature(Tan,2017).XuXupointedouttheenlightenmentofreceptiontheoryintranslationstudiesandmadeadescriptivestudyoftheEnglishtranslationofWolfTotem.Shebelieved,“thetranslatorshouldgivefullplaytothesubjectivityandtakethemaximumacceptanceofthereadersasthegoal”(Xu,2012:6).LiangBin后加的文献suggested,“thesuccessoftranslationinvolvestakingsuchparametersastranslationpurpose,ideology,poeticsandreaders’receptionintoconsideration”(Liang,2014:6).Withtheincreaseoftheresearchonculturalloadwords,thetranslationofculturalloadwordshasreceivedmoreandmoreattention.ThroughouttheCNKI,thescholarsinChinahavegraduallystudiedthetranslationofculturalloadwordsintheEnglishtranslationofWolfTotemfromdifferentperspectivessince2009.SuXiulisummarizedtheconcreteapplicationsofsixmethodsintranslationofculture-loadedwordsundertheguidanceofdomesticationandforeignization(Su,2011:4).ZhangYongxian后加的文献(后来加的文献2012)carriedoutasystematicanalysisoftranslationstrategiesandmethodsutilizedbythetranslator.Thenfromtheperspectiveofcontextualadaptationtheory,ZhangYongxian(2012)illustratedhowthepragmaticcultureadjuststolinguisticstructures,social,mentalandphysicalworldsinGoldblatt'sdynamictranslation,summarizingthatthetranslatorprefersthedomesticationtacticwithabstractingseventranslationapproaches.Fromtheperspectiveoftranslator’ssubjectivity,BianXiaoqianclaimedthattranslationisnotonlytheprocessoftranslatingtheoriginalwork,butalsotheprocessofgivingfullplaytothetranslator’sinitiativeandcreativity(Bian,2016:11).后加的文献后加的文献后来加的文献Tosumup,thetotalamountofliteratureonthetranslationofculture-loadedwordsinWolfTotemissmall,butitsresearchheatisrisingsteadily.Fromtheperspectiveofrelevancetheory,thispaperattemptstoanalyzethetranslationofculture-loadedwordsinWolfTotemandthenexplorewhattranslationstrategieshasHowardGoldblattapplied.III.TheoreticalFrameworkRelevancetheoryisakindofcognitivepragmaticstheoryproposedinaworkRelevance:CommunicationandCognitionbyDanSperberandDeirdreWilsonin1986.TheirstudentGutttooktheleadinapplyingrelevancetheorytotranslationstudiesandpublishedTranslationandRelevance:CognitionandContextin1991.Hepointedoutthattranslationisaprocessofcross-languagecommunicationandbelongstoaspecialformofverbalcommunication,whichenablesrelevancetheorytoguidetranslationpractice.3.1RelevanceTheoryInrelevancetheory,thecommunicationbetweenpeopleisregardedasanintentionalandpurposefulactivity.Andtheverbalcommunicationisconsideredtobeanostensive-inferentialcognitiveprocess.Inverbalcommunication,thecommunicatorexpresseshisorherinformationintentionandcommunicativeintentiontotheaudiencethroughexplicitbehavior.Itistheostensiveprocess.Thenthroughtheostensionprovidedbythecommunicator,theaudienceinferstheintentionofthecommunicator.Itistheinferentialprocess,whichisactuallytofindouttherelevance.Inrelevancetheory,theinferenceisdeterminedbythecommoncognitiveenvironmentofcommunicatorsandaudiences(Yao,2012:4).Thecognitiveenvironmentofapersonconsistsofawealthofpotentiallychanginginformation.Andthischanginginformationexistsinthephysicalenvironment,aperson'sculturalbackgroundandknowledge(Gutt,2004).“Theinformationmentionedabovecanbedividedintothreeparts:logicalinformation,encyclopedicknowledgeandlexicalinformationincognitivecontext”(Yao,2012:4).“Whenpeoplearecommunicating,theywillsharepartofthecognitiveenvironmentoftheother,sothatthecommoncognitiveenvironmentevolvesintoacommoncognitivecontext”(Yao,2012:4).Therearetwoprinciplesofrelevancetheory:cognitiveprincipleandcommunicativeprinciple.(1)Cognitiveprinciples:Humancognitionoftencoincideswithmaximumrelevance(Sperber&Wilson,2001).Themaximumrelevanceisthatthediscourseisunderstoodwiththeleasteffortasfaraspossibletoachievemaximumcontextualeffects(Sperber&Wilson,1986).Relevancetheorybelievesthatwhenpeoplereceiveandunderstanddiscourse,theyprocessnewinformationonthebasisofever-changingcontext.Thenewinformationnotonlycanaddorreinforceoriginalassumptionsbutalsonegateoriginalassumptions.Asaresult,theincrease,reinforcement,andnegationofhypothesesare“contexteffects”or“cognitiveeffects”.Underthesameconditions,thegreaterthecognitiveeffectofprocessinganinputcontent,thestrongertherelevanceis;thelesseffortismadetoprocesstheinformation,thestrongertherelevanceis.Thatis,thecognitiveeffectachievedisproportionaltotherelevance,andtheeffortpaidisinverselyproportionaltotherelevance.(2)Communicativeprinciple:everyostensiveactofcommunicationisconceivedasitsownoptimalrelevance(Sperber&Wilson,2001).Theoptimalrelevanceisthatsufficientcontextualeffectsachievedbyeffectiveeffortsindiscoursecomprehension.Accordingtorelevancetheory,translationaimsatachievingoptimalrelevance.Intheprocessoftranslation,theauthor'sintentionandthereader'sreceptivityshouldbetakenintoaccount.Optimalrelevanceisthegoalthatthetranslatorsstrivetoachieveandisthestandardoftranslationstudies(Gutt,1991).Itisthetranslator'sdutytotrytomatchtheoriginalauthor'sintentionswiththetargetreaders'expectations(Gutt,1991:180-187).3.2ApplicationofRelevanceTheoryinTranslationSincerelevancetheorycanguidetranslation,somescholarshaveappliedrelevancetheorytodifferenttranslationstudies,suchastranslationteaching,legaltranslation,filmandtelevisiontranslation,advertisingtranslationandsoon.Taketranslationteachingandlegaltranslationasexamples:ZhaoLili(2016)exploredtheeffectoftranslationteachingonEnglishmajors’translationlearningundertherelevancetheory.Shecomparedthetwogroupsofstudentsforonesemester.54studentsweredividedintotwogroupsonaverage,experimentalgroupandcontrolgroup.Sheguidedthestudentsofexperimentalgroupintranslationwiththreesteps:thetrainingonthetheoryconsciousnessandtheforeignculturalconsciousness,thetrainingonthetranslationskillsandthetheoreticalaswellasthetrainingoncommunicationnorm(Zhao,2016).Usingrelevancetheorytoguidethetranslationofstudentsintheexperimentalgroup,itisconcludedthattheoveralltranslationperformanceofthestudentsintheexperimentalgroupissignificantlyhigherthanthatofthestudentsinthecontrolgroup(Zhao,2016).AndshefoundthattranslationteachingundertheguidanceofrelevanceTheoryisbeneficialtoimprovestudents'Translationability(Zhao,2016).LiShujiao(2013)listedanumberofcommonly-usedsentencepatternsinlegalChineseandanalyzedthesentencesfromtheperspectiveofrelevance.Takeanexampleofthetranslationof“的”inherthesis:“公民下落不明满两年的，利害关系人可以向人民法院申请宣告他为失踪人。《中华人民共和国民法通则》第二十条”.(Li,2013:40)“Ifacitizen’swhereaboutshavebeenunknownfortwoyears,aninterestedpersonmayapplytoapeople’scourtforadeclarationofthecitizenasmissing”(Li,2013:40).Shethoughtthatthemostreasonabletranslationoftheabovearticleisasfollows:“Whenacitizen’swhereaboutshavebeenuntraceableforafulltwoyears,andinterestedpartymayapplytothePeople’sCourtforadeclarationofthecitizenasmissing”(Li,2013:41).Accordingtorelevancetheory,iftheoriginaltextcontainsthehypothesis,thetranslatorshouldconveythishypothesisinthetranslation.Shebelievedthattheabovearticleclearlyexpressesarelationofpresumptionanditonlybecomeseffectivewithatemporallimitationratherthanasimplepresumption(Li,2013:41).Hence,accordingtoEnglishlinguisticfeaturesandthecognitiveabilityoftheEnglishreader,replace“if”with“when”isthemostreasonablechoice(Li,2013:41).IV.TranslationStrategiesofCulture-loadedWordsinWolfTotemfromthePerspectiveofRelevanceTheoryThetraditionalChinesecultureisrich,extensiveandprofound.Eachnationhasitsownuniqueexpressionindifferenttimes.Andtheculture-loadedwordsreflecttheculturalessenceofdifferentnationalities.Therearealargenumberofculture-loadedwordsinWolfTotem;soinordertobetterstudythetranslationofthem,itisindispensabletodividedthemintospecificcategoriesforfurtherstudy.4.1ClassificationofCulture-loadedWordsManyscholarsathomeandabroadclassifycultural-loadedwordsintodifferentcategories.WangRongpei,atranslatorandlexicologist,classifiedculture-loadedwordsintoeightcategoriesaccordingtodifferentaspectsofpeople'slife:politics,society,color,allusionsandlegends,animals,humanbody,foodandothers(WangRongpei,2002:203).EugeneA.Nida,afamousAmericantranslator,dividesthecultural-loadedwordsencounteredintranslationintofivecategories:ecologicalculture,materialculture,socialculture,religiousculture,andlinguisticculture(Nida,1993:91).Inthisthesis,basedonthecharacteristicsofWolfTotem,theauthorwillcategorizetheculture-loadedwordsintofourtypes:(1)theMongolianCulturalWords;(2)theHistorical-cultureWords;(3)theIdiomaticPhrases.Inthefollowingparts,theauthorwilllisttheculture-loadedwordsandtheirtranslationofdifferentcategoriesandthenanalyzewhatstrategiesareadoptedtosomeoftheexamples.4.2TranslationoftheMongolianCulturalWordsInWolfTotem,theMongolianwordsincludethehistoricalfigures,appellationwords,placename,customsandreligionofMongolia.Table1MajorMongolianwordsinWolfTotemCulture-loadedwordsPageThetranslationPage毕利格3Bilgee1腾格里6Tengger5嘎斯迈7Gasmai8道尔基15Dorji22浩特23hot35霍勒黑30huolehei47米尼乎34minihu53布赫132Buhe210萨满和喇嘛129ShamanismandLamaism205马驹子河298Majuziriver433大命29biglife45小命29littlelife45天葬39Skyburial62蒙古包23/4yurt354.3TranslationoftheHistorical-cultureWordsHistorical-culturewordsrefertothewordsabouthistoryandallusion.Itincludesthehistoricalfigures,dynasty,place,events,poets,storiesandsoon.Table2Majorhistorical-culturewordsinWolfTotemCulture-loadedwordsPageThetranslationPage孙子61Sun-tzu97花木兰10thefemalegeneralHuaMulan12周、秦、汉、唐、宋61Zhou,Qin,Han,Tang,Song99二郎神69DemonErlang110唐太宗132Taizong54大都164Dadu258天高皇帝远14Heavenishighandthenemperorfaraway20三十六计86Thirty-sixstratagems137兵者，诡道也89soldieringistheartofdeception143轻武重文127placetheciviloverthemilitary202中庸之道252themiddleway376乐不思蜀42Happily67和亲政策62marrytheirdaughterstominoritynationalities98班门弄斧113likeanapprenticeshowingoffbeforehismaster(ft180本是同根生，相煎何太急?233They’rebornofthesameroots,sowhyaretheysoquicktofight?350比东郭还东郭273howdensecanyoube4044.4TranslationoftheIdiomaticPhrasesIdiomaticphrasesincludeidioms,aphorisms,sayings,proverbs,slang,jargon,etc.Idiomaticphrasesaresimpleandstraightforwardandhaveaprofoundmessage,whicharetheessenceoflanguage.Table3MajoridiomaticphrasesinWolfTotemCulture-loadedwordsPageThetranslationPage灵魂出窍59soulhasbeendrivenoutofhisbody49狡兔三窟88rabbitsmakethreeescaperoutes141吃在碗里，霸住锅里109eatoutofabowlandguardthepot173螳臂当车189Mantistryingtostopawagon295肥水不流外人田109hoardthebestforhimself(FT173君子动口不动手124agentlemanarguesbutdoesnotfight197十拿九稳104successfullyninetimesoutoften166神出鬼没104comeandgolikeshadows1654.5TranslationMethodsandStrategiesAdoptedbyHowardGoldblattfromthePerspectiveofRelevanceTheoryBysumminguptheculture-loadedwordsoftheoriginaltextandthetranslation,itcansafelygettheconclusionthatHowardGoldblattmainlyadoptedtransliteration,literaltranslation,freetranslation.4.5.1TransliterationTransliterationreferstotheuseofwordswiththesameorsimilarpronunciationinthetargetlanguagetoexpressthesourcelanguageduringtranslation.Example1“蒙古草原出产最著名的乌珠穆沁战马的产地——马驹子河流域，将变成大规模的农场”(Jiang,2004:298).“TheMajuziRiverarea,wherethefamousUjimchiwarhorseswereraised,wouldbealarge-scalefarmland”(Goldblatt,2008:45).Inthisnovel,thewords“马驹子”means“foal”inEnglish.Thetranslatortranslatedthewords“马驹子河”isinto“MajuziRiver”toconveythenameofariverratherthan“foalriver”thatconfusethetargetreaders.Besides,thetargetreaderscaneasilyaccessinformationthroughthefollowwords“river”withlesseffort.Example2“陈阵忽然想草原牧民那样在危急关头心中呼唤起腾格里……”(Jiang,2004:6).“Suddenly,ChenZhen,liketheshepherdhewassupposedtobe,appealedtoTengger,Mongolheaven…”(Goldblatt,2008:5).“腾格里”isMongols’religiousbelief.Theyseeitastheirheaven.Byadoptingtransliteration,Goldblatttranslatesitinto“Tengger”thathasthesimilarpronunciationoftheChinesecharacter“腾格里”withanexplanation“Mongolheaven”.ItnotonlyintroducestheMongolianculturetotheforeignreadersbutalsoconveytheoriginalauthor’sintention.Andthetargetreadercanmakesenseofiteasilythroughtheirowncognitiveenvironment.Besides,thewordslike“嘎斯迈”,“道尔基”,“毕利格”and“米尼乎”arethepeople’snamesandaddressesinInnerMongolia.Inthenovel,thetranslatortransliteratestheminto“Gasmai”,“Dorji”,“Bilgee”,and“minihu”topreservetheMongolianuniquestyleofnamesthatdifferentfromotherethnicgroups.Withlesseffortmadebythetranslator,thereadercanunderstandMongoliannamesaccordingtothecontextandtheirknowledgeofEnglishpronunciation.Inaddition,“孙子”and“花木兰”arethehistoricalfigures;“周、秦、汉、唐、宋”areChinesehistoricaldynasties;“大都”isthecapitalofYuandynasty.ThesewordsThesewordsdonotexistinthecognitiveenvironmentofthetargetaudiences.Thetranslatoradoptedtransliterationortransliterationplusannotation,sothattargetreaderscangettheintentionoforiginalauthorwithoutunnecessaryprocessingeffort.Inaword,whentranslatingthepeople’snames,placenamesordynastiesthataregenerallynotexistintargetreaders’cognition,HowardGoldblattadoptedtransliterationtoconveytheintentionofauthorandpreservethefeaturesoftheoriginaltext.4.5.2LiteraltranslationLiteraltranslationreferstoword-for-wordtranslation.Itkeepstheformandcontentoftheoriginaltextinordertomaketheexpressionandsyntacticstructureofthetranslationconsistentwiththeoriginaltextasmuchaspossible.Example1“在蒙古草原，草和草原是大命，剩下的都是小命，小命要靠大命才能活命，连狼和人都是小命”(Jiang,2004:29).“Outhere,thegrassandthegrasslandarethelife,thebiglife.Allelseislittlelifethatdependsonthebiglifeforsurvival.Evenwolvesandhumansarelittlelife”(Goldblatt,2008:45).“大命”and“小命”areakindofannotationtograsslandlifeofnomadicpeople.Inthenovel,thetwowordsareusedtodescribewhichoneismoreimportant,grass,grassland,wolvesorhumans.Thereaderscanunderstandthemeanofthetwowordsfromthecontextofthesentence.Sothetranslatortranslatedthetwowordsinto"biglife"and"littlelife"byliteraltranslation,whichreservesnotonlytheoriginalcontentbutalsotheoriginalform.Theauthordidnotspendtoomuchprocessingefforttomakethetranslationsbeacceptedbyreaderswithinthereader’sknowledgeacceptance.Example2“那天盟里的记者上马群找我，巴图也在，您不信问问他，我是不是瞒了一半的数”(Jiang,2004:24).“AjournalistfromtheMongolLeaguecametothehorseunittoseemetheotherday.Batuwasthere;youcanaskhimifIdidn’tcutthenumberinhalf”(Goldblatt,2008:36).“盟”isadministrativeregionintheMongolAutonomousRegionandisnotrelatedtothe“league”oftargetreaders’cognitivecontext.Thetranslatorliterallytranslatesitinto“league”withanannotation“League:Anadministrativeunitroughlyequivalenttoaprefecture”.Sothetargetreaderscaninferthemeaningofthe“league”inInnerMongolbyassociating“prefecture”with“league”.Example3“打狼就是打仗，斗体力，斗精力，斗智斗勇，三十六计除了美人计使不上，什么都得使”(Jiang,2004:86).“Fightingwolvesislikefightingawar:strengthagainststrength,spritagainst,wisdomandcourageagainstwisdomandcourage.Allthethirty-sixstratagemsexceptforusingthewilesofabeautifulwoman,areinplay”(Goldblatt,2008:137).“三十六计”refersto36militarystrategiesinancientChinese,evolvingfrom36historicalstories.Inthissentence,theauthor'sintentionistoexpressthedifficultyoffightingwolves,and“三十六计”hasnoimpliedmeaning.Therefore,thetranslatorcancommunicatetheintentionwellbyliteraltranslation.Andthetargetreadercaninferthemeaningwithouttoomucheffort.Inaddition,“stratagem”isatrickorplanthatyouusetogainanadvantageortotrickanopponent,whichismoreattunedtotheoriginalcontextandreader'sperceptionthan“strategy”.Example4“视觉嗅觉极其灵敏的黄羊群，被杀鸡驯猴式的手段吓得拼命往山梁上跑”(Jiang,2004:19).“Thegazelles,withtheirkeensightandsmell,weresoterrifiedbythisstrategy-killingthechickenstofrightenthemonkey-theybrokeforthemountain”(Goldblatt,2008:28).“杀鸡驯猴”isaChineseidiom,meaningthatpunishsomeoneasawarningtoothers.Theimpliedmeaningofthisidiomisobviousandtheliteralformandfigurativeimagecanbeacceptedbyreaders.Sothetranslatorliterallytranslateditinto“killingthechickenstofrightenthemonkeys”.Inaddition,culture-loadedwordslike“灵魂出窍”and“吃在碗里，霸住锅里”doesnothaveimpliedmeaninginit,soliteraltranslationcanconveytheauthor’sintentioncorrectlyandtargetreadersgettheinformationwithlessprocessingefforts.Whenthereisnoimplicitmeaninginculture-loadedwordsandthetargetreaderscangetinformationdirectlyfromtheliteralmeaning,HowardGoldblattadoptedtheliteraltranslationtoobtaintherelevanceinthecognitivecontextoftheauthorandthetargetreaderswithlessprocessingeffort,andretaintheoriginalform.4.5.3FreetranslationFreetranslationmeanstranslatingthewordsaccordingtotheoriginalmeaningoftheoriginaltext,sothatthemeaningoftheoriginaltextcanbereproducedmoresmoothlyandauthentically.Example1“本是同根生，相煎何太急?”(Jiang,2004:233).“They’rebornofthesameroots,sowhyaretheysoquicktofight?”(Goldblatt,2008:350).“本是同根生，相煎何太急?”isapoemthatwaswrittenbythewell-knownpoetCaoZhioftheThreeKingdomsPeriod.CaoZhiwasthefourthsonofCaoCaowhowastheemperorofWei.HisfatherwasfondofCaoZhiverymuchbecauseofhisintelligence,whichmadehisolderbrotherbejealousofhim.AfterCaoCaowasdead,hisolderbrothersucceededinthethrone.ThenhisolderbrothergaveCaoZhiachancetocomposeapoemwithinsevensteps,orCaoZhiwouldbebeheaded.“本是同根生，相煎何太急?”means“beansandbeenstalkswereoriginallygrownonthesameroot,whyarebeenstalkssourgenttocookbeans”.CaoZhiusedittodescribewhyCaoPiwassoeagertokillhisownlittlebrother.ThenGoldblattsubstituted"cook"for"fight"andconvertedtheimplicitmeaningofthispoemintoanon-implicitmeaningwithfreetranslationtoconveythatnomadsandfarmersinEastAsiafoughtwitheachother.Accordingtothecontext,thetargetreaderscanunderstanditeasily.Furthermore,thetranslatoralsoadoptsfreetranslationwhentranslatingthewordslike“班门弄斧”,“比东郭还东郭”,“大意失荆州”andsoon.Becauseofthelonghistory,thehistorical-culturewordscontainrichencyclopedicknowledgewhichisquitenewandcomplicatedforthetargetreaders.Example2“狼的行踪如此神出鬼没，如果他不亲手养一条实实在在、看得见摸得着的活狼”(Jiang,2004:104).“Hefeltanincreasingsenseofurgencytoraiseacubowingtohisdeep-seatedrespectfortheMongolpeople’stotemandhisobsessiveinterestintheprofoundmysteriessurroundingwolves,thewaytheycameandwentlikeshadows”(Goldblatt,2008:28).“神出鬼没”isusedtodescribeawhereaboutswhichiselusiveandcovert.Westernpeoplebelieveshadowisillusoryandelusive.Therefore,HowardGoldblattfreelytranslatedthewordinto“comeandgolikeshadows”fromtheperspectiveofreadersinWolfTotemtoach