小升初英语考点解读知识讲解典例探究分层训练-第一讲名词（学生版）

第一讲：名词【考点解读】名词是人类认识事物所使用的基本词汇，是用来表示人、事物、地方、现象或抽象概念的名称的词。在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、称呼语等。小升初的考点主要集中在名词的分类判断和名词的修饰成分上面。【知识讲解】知识点1——名词的分类和可数名词的单复数一、名词的种类名词是用来表示人名、地名、事物名称及其抽象概念的词类。名词普通名词可数名词具体名词抽象名词不可数名词例:book,student例：colour,message具体名词抽象名词例：rice,sugar名词普通名词可数名词具体名词抽象名词不可数名词例:book,student例：colour,message具体名词抽象名词例：rice,sugar例：work,advice二、名词的数（一）可数名词有单数和复数两种。名词复数的构成法：变化规则读音规则示例特殊情况一般在名词后加s在清辅音后读/s/bookbooks,mapmapshousehouses发音/ziz/在元音和浊辅音后/z/toetoes,roomrooms名词以s/x/ch/sh结尾在其后加eses一般读/ɪz/busbuses,boxboxes,dishdishes,matchmatches①以th结尾的加s，例：month—months②stomach—stomachs以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词，把y改为ie，再加s一般读/ɪz/familyfamilies,citycities,strawberrystrawberries以“辅音字母+y”结尾直接加“s”：toytoysmonkeymonkeys以字母f/fe结尾，把f/fe变为“ve”再加s一般读/vz/leafleaves,knifekniveswolfwolves,wifewivesthiefthieves特例：roofroofsdwarfdwarfschiefchiefs以字母o结尾的名词大部分加s一般读/z/zoozooskangarookangaroosphotophotospianopianoshero—heroesmango—mangoestomato—tomatoes,potato—potatoes,Negro—Negroes（黑人）zerozeros/es不规则变化的名词tooth—teethfoot—feetgoosegeeseman—menwoman—womenmouse—micechild—childrenox—oxen（公牛）单复数形式相同sheep—sheepdeer—deer,fish一fish（指鱼的条数时）fish—fishes（指鱼的种类时)只以复数形式出现scissors（剪刀）trousers（长裤）shorts（短裤）jeans（牛仔裤）passes（圆规或指南针）scales（天平）sunglasses（太阳镜）surroundings（环境）savings（储蓄）writings（作品）peoplecattlepolice以s结尾，但永远表示单数形式的单词可数：mathsphysicsclothesmeans例：ameans(一种方式）不可数：news例：apieceofnews复合名词变复数以man或woman为前缀的复合名词变复数，前后两个名词都变复数，例:manservant→menservants,womandoctor→womendoctors.但以其他名词前缀的复合名词只需要变后面的名词为复数。例：boystudent—boystudents.girlstudentgirlstudents（二）国人变复数的规则如下表：国名人民（s）/国籍语言Asia(Asians)ChinaChineseChinese(mandarin)JapanJapaneseJapaneseKoreaKorean(s)KoreanIndiaIndian(s)IndianThailandThai(s)ThaiSingaporeSingaporean(s)ChineseandEnglishAmerica(Americans)theUSA(America)American(s)EnglishCanadaCanadian(s)EnglishandFrenchBrazilBrazilian(s)BrazilianEurope(Europeans)England/Britain/theUKEnglish(men)EnglishFranceFrench(men)FrenchItalyItalian(s)ItalianGermanyGerman(s)GermanSpainSpanishSpanishGreeceGreekGreekSwitzerlandSwissSwissHollandDutch(godutch)DutchEgyptEgyptian(s)EgyptianAfrica(Africans)KenyaKenyan(s)KenyanRSASouthAfricansOceaniaAustraliaAustralian(s)EnglishNewslandNewslander(s)EnglishAustriaAustrian(s)Austrian知识点2——常见的不可数名词以及修饰名词的数量词一常见的不可数名词如下表液体类milk,juice,coffee,water,tea,coke,oil,vinegar(醋),soy,yogurt,wine,petrol（汽油）blood,flood食物类fruit,food,meat,beef,pork,mutton,rice,flour,bread,salt,sugar,butter,cream,jam,sauce,pizza,jelly,jam,ham自然类weather,rain,snow,wind,fog,frost(霜),light,fire,sunshine,thunder,lightning,electricity材料类silk,wool,cotton,cloth,iron,steel,glass(玻璃)，paper，coal,gold,silver,plastic,wood其他furniture，money,air,fun,music,news,glue,tape,time(时间)，work,homework,housework,information,advice二修饰名词的数量词如下表可数名词s不可数名词some/any√√alotof/lotsof√√plentyof√√many√具体的数字/several√agreatnumberof√(a)few√alargeamountof√agreatdealof√much√(a)little√知识点3——名词的句法作用名词在句子中可以用作如下成分：1.名词作主语Theboyopenedthedoor.那个男孩把门打开了。2.名词作宾语Isawtheboy.我看到那个男孩。（boy作动词saw的宾语）Givethemoneytoyourbrother.把这些钱给你兄弟。(brother作介词to的宾语)名词作表语Heisacleverboy.他是个聪明的孩子。名词宾语补足语Theycalledhimafool.他们叫他傻瓜。Hewascalledafool.（当含有宾语补足语的句子变为被动语态的时候，原来的宾语变成了主语，那么原来的宾语补足语就变成了主语补足语。）名词作定语Isitacolourfilm?是彩色影片吗？名词作同位语ThisismyfriendJohn.知识点4——名词修饰成分的排列顺序下面所列的修饰语的顺序就是名词前修饰成分的常见顺序：1.限定词包括冠词（a,an,the）、指示代词(this,that,these,those)、所有格和形容词性物主代词，他们不能同时出现。2.数量形容词包括序数词和基数词，他们不能同时出现。3.描述性的修饰语（beautiful,interesting,important）4.常见的表示大小、高度或长度的形容词（big,large,huge,small,little,tiny,tall,high,deep,long,short等）。5.常见的表示年龄、新旧或温度的形容词（old,new,hot,cold,freezing,burning等）6.常见的表示形状的形容词（round,square,triangle等）。7.常见的表示颜色的形容词（green,yellow,brown,black,blue等）。8.表示国籍、出身或地点的修饰词（American,Chinese,French,Italian,city等）。9.表示物质或成分的修饰语（silver,wooden,gold,silk,steel,glass等）将常见的修饰语按其顺序用汉语变成顺口溜。我们已经熟悉代词和冠词通常放在前面，所以从数量词开始我们不妨记为：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老；颜色国籍跟材料，作用类别往后靠。三、【典例探究】【例题1】：1.Shemustlookafterthose_______.A.dogB.sheepC.parrotD.animal答案：B【解析】词汇辨析。Those+ns,决定了要选择名词复数。A，C，D三个选项都是可数名词的单数，而B项sheep单复同形，所以答案为B。【例题2】：2.—Lucy,doyoulike ?—Yes.Mostofmyclothesare .A.anorange；anorange B.orange；orangeC.oranges；oranges D.orange；anorange答案：B【解析】词汇辨析。orange作为可数名词意思是“橘子"，复数形式为oranges；作为不可数名词意为“橘子汁，橙汁，橘黄色",无复数形式；作为形容词意为“橘黄色的”根据答语可知此题考查它作为形容词和颜色名词的用法，故选择B。四、【课堂运用】【基础】【练习1】一、 朗读下列单词，并按照要求把单词写在相应的横线处。plane,lake,water,sugar,chair,butter,tea,meat,air,milk,card,cheese,match,news,rice可数名词 不可数名词 【练习2】名词的练习1.写出下列名词的复数：tooth_______goose________table_______sheep________mandriver______potato________piano_______mouse_______loaf________glass(玻璃杯)_______2.找出下列句子中的错误并改正：1）Thisisapairoftrouser.2）Hegavemesomeadvices.3）Shewenttothelibrarywithtwoladiesfriends.4）Thepoliceislookingforhim.【巩固】【练习1】可数名词复数不规则变化

1.

What

are

these?

They

are

__________.

A.

deers

B.

radios

C.

radioes

D.tomatos

2.

How

many

__________

are

there

in

these

__________?

A.

tomatos,

photos

B.

tomatoes,

photos

C.

tomatoes,

photoes

D.potatos,photoes

3.

Mr.

Chen

has

two

__________.

A.

tooths

B.

teeth

C.

teeths

D.toothes

4.

Here

are

__________

for

you,

Sue.

A.

potatos

B.

some

potatoes

C.

three

tomatos

D.

some

tomato

5.

Then

the

__________

began

to

eat

the

green

__________

of

young

trees.

A.

deer,

leafs

B.

deer,

leaves

C.

deer,

leaf

D.

deers,

leafs

【练习2】国人复数变化专项

1.

I

met

some

__________

in

the

park

and

talked

with

them

the

other

day.

A.

Japanese

B.

American

C.

Chineses

D.

English

2.

Excuse

me,

are

you

__________?

Yes,

I’m

from

__________.

A.

Japan,

Japanese

B.

China,

Chinese

C.

England,

English

D.American,

America

3.

A

group

of

__________are

talking

with

two__________

over

there.

A.

Frenchmen,

Germans

B.

Frenchmen,

Germen

C.

Frenchmen,

German

D.

Frenchmanes,

Germans

4.

Yesterday

a

few

__________

came

to

visit

some__________

in

Shantou.

A.

German,

places

of

interest

B.

Germans,

places

of

interests

C.

Germans,

places

of

interest

D.

Germen,

places

of

interest。

5.

Two

__________

and

five

__________

are

studying

Chinese

at

Beijing

University.

A.

German,

English

B.

Germans,

English

C.

Germans,

Englishmen

D.

Germen,

Englishmen【拔高】【练习1】1.There

are

two__________

over

there.

(watch)

2.

I

like

taking

__________.

(photo)

3.

l

can

see

a

__________and

two

__________

standing

there.

(man,

woman)

4.

There

are

two

baskets

of__________

on

the

floor.

(apple)

5.

Look

at

those__________.

(child)

6.

He

doesn't

like

these__________.

(glass)

7.

How

many

__________can

you

see?

(radio)

8.

There

are

more

and

more

__________

drivers

in

Shanghai

now.

(woman)

9.

Give

me

some

__________,

please.

(water)

含性别的复合名词

There

are

twenty

__________

in

our

hospital.

A.

woman

doctors

B.

women

doctor

C.

women

doctors

D.

woman

doctor

__________

are

usually

careful

in

doing

exercises.

Girl

students

B.

Girls

students

C.

Girls’

students

D.Girl’s

students

复合名词

The

delicious

dishes

are

cooked

by

__________.

A.

women

cookers

B.

women

cooks

C

.woman

cooks

D.

woman

cookers

2.

Julie

went

to

the

__________

to

buy

a

pair

of

shoes.

A.

shoes

store

B.

shoe’s

store

C.

shoe

store

D.

shoes’

store

【练习2】1.

Look

at

the

shoes.

They

are

my

__________.

A.

sister

B.

sisters

C.

sisters’s

D.

sisters'

2.

This

is

__________

room.

e

in,

please.

A.

John

and

Joan

of

B.

John

and

Joan’s

C.

John’s

and

Joan’s

D.

John’s

and

Joan

3.

We

sell

__________

in

our

shop.

A.

woman

and

child’s

clothes

B.

women

and

children

Tshirts

C.

women’s

and

children’s

jackets

D.

woman’s

and

child’s

coats4.

We

had

a

good

time

during

our

__________

holiday.

A.

two

weeks

B.

twoweek

C.

twoweek’s

D.

two

weeks’

5.

__________

room

is

on

the

5th

floor.

A.

Lucy

and

Lily

B.

Lucy

and

Lily’s

C.

Lucy’s

and

Lily

D.

Lucy’s

and

Lily’s

6.

I

like

that

son

of

__________.

A.

John’s

sister

B.

John

sister’s

C.

John’s

sister’s

D.

John’s

sisters

7.

On

__________,

all

the

children

can

play

games

all

day.

A.

Children’s

Day

B.

Childrens’

Day

C.

The

Children’s

Day

D.children

day

8.

This

is

not

my

cap,

but

my

__________.

A.

brothers

B.

brother’s

C.

brothers’

D.

brother

9.

Tom's

car

is

more

beautiful

than__________.

A.

his

brother's

and

sister

B.

his

brother

and

sister

C.

his

brothers

and

sisters

D.

his

brother's

and

sister's

10.

I’ll

go

and

call

at

__________

right

after

school.

A.

the

doctor

B.

the

Smiths

C.

Smith

D.my

uncle’s

【练习3】1．The____housesmellsasifithasn'tbeenlivedinforyears.A.littlewhitewoodenB.littlewoodenwhiteC.whitewoodenlittleD.woodenwhitelittle2.Thehusbandgavehiswife______everymonthinordertopleaseher.A.allhalfhisineB.hishalfallineC.halfhisallineD.allhishalfine3._____studentarerequiredtotakepartintheboatrace.A.TenstrongyoungChineseB.TenChinesestrongyoungC.ChinesetenyoungstrongD.YoungstrongtenChinese4.JohnSmith,asuccessfulbusinessman,hasa_____car.A.largeGermanwhiteB.largewhiteGermanC.whitelargeGermanD.Germanlargewhite5.This______girlisLinda’scousin.A.prettylittleSpanishB.SpanishlittleprettyC.SpanishprettylittleD.littleprettySpanish【课后巩固】【习题1】根据可数名词的复数规则变化

，完成下列表格。名词单数名词复数名词单数名词复数名词单数名词复数map

girlpen

bagcarbus

brush

box

watch

herocountryzoowolfscarflife二．可数名词复数不规则变化

6.

child__________foot__________

tooth__________

mouse__________

man__________

三．国人单复数变化

7.

German__________

Englishman__________

Chinese_________

四．单复数同形

8.

deer__________

sheep__________

yuan__________

【习题2】1.

After

moving

to

their

new

house,

the

Lees

bought

some

______

in

the

mall

nearby.

(08上海)

A.

furniture

B.

chair

C.

table

D.

shelf

2.

We

haven’t

got

much

__________

for

our

picnic.

Will

you

go

and

get

some?

(07上海)

A.

apple

B.

tomato

C.

bread

D.

biscuit

3.

He

knows

__________

Chinese

and

has

__________

Chinese

friends.

A.

much,

many

B.

many,

much

C.

much,

much

D.

many,

many

4.

I’m

thirsty.

I

think

I’ll

buy

some

__________.

A.

water

B.

bread

C.

eggs

D.

apples

5.

Would

you

like

some

__________?

Oh,

yes,

just（只）

a

little.

A.

pears

B.

oranges

C.

milk

D.

grapes

6.

Look

!

There

are

some

__________on

the

floor.

A

child

B

boxes

C

water

D

girl

7.

There

are

many

__________

in

the

fridge.