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湖南2025自考[工程造价]英语(二)考前冲刺练习题一、单项选择题(共20题,每题1分,计20分)1.Intheconstructionprojectcostcontrol,thebudgetisthebaselineforcomparison.A.estimateB.budgetC.forecastD.appraisal(注:结合工程造价预算管理实际)2.Theterm"lifecyclecost"refersto:A.initialinvestmentonlyB.operationalexpensesonlyC.totalcostovertheproject'slifespanD.contingencyreserveonly(注:工程造价全生命周期成本管理概念)3.Ifaconstructionprojectisdelayedduetobadweather,thecontractormayclaimliquidateddamages.A.liquidateddamagesB.moraldamagesC.compensatorydamagesD.punitivedamages(注:湖南地区工程索赔常见场景)4.Thecost-pluscontractistypicallyusedwhen:A.thescopeiswell-definedB.theprojectishighlycomplexC.theclienthasfullcontrolD.thecontractormustbidlow(注:工程造价合同类型实务)5.Valueengineeringaimsto:A.reducecostwithoutcompromisingqualityB.increaseconstructionspeedC.extendprojectlifespanD.maximizeprofit(注:工程造价优化管理)6.The挣值管理(EVM)techniquehelpsinevaluating:A.laborproductivityB.costandscheduleperformanceC.materialqualityD.equipmentdepreciation(注:工程造价动态控制方法)7.In湖南,"三通一平"refersto:A.water,electricity,road,andsiteclearanceB.foundation,structure,roof,andexteriorwallC.design,construction,supervision,andauditD.land,building,road,anddrainage(注:湖南基建术语)8.Acostauditisprimarilyconductedto:A.approvepaymentclaimsB.detectfraudC.optimizebudgetallocationD.preparetaxreturns(注:工程造价审计实务)9.ThePMBOKguideismostrelevantto:A.financialaccountingB.constructionprojectmanagementC.softwaredevelopmentD.manufacturingcostcontrol(注:工程造价项目管理框架)10.Morrismethodisusedto:A.estimateprojectdurationB.calculateoverheadcostsC.allocateresourcesD.determineliquidateddamages(注:工程造价工期估算方法)11.Primecostincludes:A.directlaboronlyB.directmaterialsonlyC.bothlaborandmaterialsD.indirectcostsonly(注:工程造价成本构成)12.Achangeorderin湖南constructionisprocessedvia:A.verbalagreementB.writtenformC.emailonlyD.videocall(注:湖南工程造价变更流程)13.CPMstandsfor:A.CriticalPathMethodB.CapitalPerformanceModelC.CostPerformanceManagementD.ContractPerformanceMonitoring(注:工程造价进度管理工具)14.Sunkcostrefersto:A.futureexpensesyettobeincurredB.unrecoverablepastexpendituresC.plannedbudgetallocationsD.variablecosts(注:工程造价决策分析概念)15.Indirectcostsin湖南infrastructureprojectsinclude:A.contractor'sprofitB.equipmentrentalC.insuranceandpermitsD.materialpurchase(注:湖南工程造价间接费用)16.TheWBS(WorkBreakdownStructure)helpsin:A.costestimationB.scheduleplanningC.riskmanagementD.alloftheabove(注:工程造价分解结构应用)17.EarnedValueAnalysiscompares:A.plannedvs.actualcostsB.budgetvs.actualprogressC.laborvs.materialcostsD.forecastvs.actualexpenses(注:工程造价绩效评估)18.Contingencyreserveissetasidefor:A.expectedrisksB.unexpectedcostsC.contractor'sbonusD.taxpayments(注:工程造价风险管理)19.Lump-sumcontractissuitablewhen:A.thescopeishighlyvariableB.theclientprefersdetailedcontrolC.theprojectisstandardizedD.thecontractorhashighuncertainty(注:工程造价合同类型选择)20.TheGoldenRuleofCostManagementis:A."Estimatehigh,spendlow"B."Plandetailed,executestrictly"C."Minimizecost,maximizequality"D."Predictaccurately,adjustflexibly"(注:工程造价管理原则)二、阅读理解(共4题,每题2分,计8分)Passage1:AconstructionprojectinHunanwasdelayedduetounexpectedrainfall,whichcausedsoilerosionanddisruptedsupplychains.Thecontractorsubmittedaclaimforliquidateddamages,citingtheforcemajeureclauseinthecontract.Theclient,however,arguedthatthecontractorshouldhavesecuredalternativematerialsinadvance.Thedisputewasresolvedthroughmediation,withthecontractorreceivingpartialcompensation.Questions:1.Whatclausedidthecontractorusetosupporttheclaim?A.ChangeorderB.ForcemajeureC.MoraleclauseD.Liquidation2.Whoultimatelybenefitedfromthemediation?A.ThecontractoronlyB.TheclientonlyC.BothpartiesD.Governmentauditors3.Howcouldthecontractorhaveavoidedtheclaim?A.ByincreasingthecontingencyreserveB.BynotrelyingonlocalsuppliersC.ByignoringtheweatherforecastD.Bydelayingtheprojectfurther4.Thiscaseillustrates:A.TheimportanceofcontractnegotiationB.TheuselessnessofriskmanagementC.Thedominanceofweatherin湖南D.TheinefficiencyofmediationPassage2:ValueengineeringwasappliedtoahighwayprojectinHunan,reducingthecostby20%withoutcompromisingstructuralintegrity.Theprocessinvolved:1.Analyzingthedesignforcost-savingopportunities.2.Replacinghigh-costmaterialswithalternatives.3.Simplifyingconstructionmethods.4.Optimizinglaborallocation.Theprojectmanagernotedthatvalueengineeringismosteffectivewhenimplementedearlyinthedesignphase.Questions:1.Whatwastheprimarygoalofvalueengineering?A.ToincreaseprojectdurationB.ToreducecostwithoutqualitylossC.ToexpandprojectscopeD.Toeliminatealldesignelements2.Whichstepyieldedthehighestsavings?A.MaterialsubstitutionB.LaboroptimizationC.DesignanalysisD.Methodsimplification3.Whyisvalueengineeringrecommendedearlyintheproject?A.ToavoidlegalissuesB.TomaximizesavingsC.TosatisfyclientsD.Tocomplywithregulations4.Thiscaseshowsthat:A.Cost-cuttingisimpossiblewithoutqualitylossB.EngineeringinnovationalwaysfailsC.EarlyplanningreducesrisksD.HighwayprojectsareneverprofitablePassage3:AconstructioncompanyinHunanfacedacostoverrunsduetopoorcostestimation.Theprojectmanagerblamedtheinaccurateinitialbid,whichdidnotaccountforindirectcostsandmarketfluctuations.Topreventrecurrence,thecompanyimplementedtheMorrismethodformoreaccuratedurationestimationandestablisheda挣值管理(EVM)systemtomonitorperformance.Withinsixmonths,thenewapproachreducedcostdeviationsby35%.Questions:1.Whatcausedthecostoverruns?A.HighlaborcostsB.UnforeseenindirectexpensesC.ExcessivematerialwasteD.Deliberatemisestimation2.Whichmethodimprovedaccuracy?A.TraditionalestimationB.MorrismethodC.EVMsystemD.Randomguesses3.HowdidthecompanybenefitfromEVM?A.ItreducedpaperworkB.ItimprovedcostcontrolC.ItincreasedclientcomplaintsD.Itdelayedtheproject4.Thiscasehighlights:A.TheuselessnessofcostmanagementB.TheimportanceofdynamicmonitoringC.TheroleofluckinconstructionD.TheinevitabilityofdisputesPassage4:A湖南-basedinfrastructureprojectusedacost-pluscontractduetoitscomplexity.Thecontractorwasawardedtheproject,andtheclientagreedtopayafixedfeeplusactualcosts.However,disputesarosewhenthecontractorclaimedexcessiveexpensesforequipmentrentalandsubcontractorpayments.Theclientaccusedthecontractorofovercharging,whilethecontractorarguedthatthehighcostswereunavoidable.Thematterwasresolvedbyathird-partyauditor,whofoundthatthecontractorhadinflatedsomeinvoices.Questions:1.Whywasacost-pluscontractchosen?A.ItminimizedriskfortheclientB.ItwastheonlybiddingoptionC.TheprojectscopewasunclearD.Itmaximizedcontractorprofit2.Whatwasthemaindispute?A.PaymentdelaysB.CostoverrunsC.ScheduleviolationsD.Qualityissues3.Howwasthedisputeresolved?A.NegotiationB.LegalactionC.Third-partyauditD.Clientinspection4.Thiscasedemonstrates:A.Thesuperiorityoflump-sumcontractsB.Thedangerofcost-plusagreementsC.ThefairnessoffixedfeesD.Theimpossibilityofcostcontrol三、完形填空(共10空,每空1分,计10分)Passage:In湖南,constructionprojectsoftenface(1)duetoheavyrainfallandhillyterrain.Tomitigaterisks,contractorsmustallocatea(2)forpotentialdelays.Effective(3),suchas挣值管理(EVM),helpsintrackingcostsandschedules.The(4)ofindirectcosts,likeinsuranceandpermits,mustbeaccuratelyestimated.Awell-drafted(5)canpreventdisputesover(6).Forinstance,a(7)clauseensurescompensationforforcemajeureevents.Meanwhile,valueengineeringcan(8)projectcostswithoutsacrificing(9).Byadoptingthesepractices,湖南'sconstructionindustrycanachieve(10)efficiencyandprofitability.Optionsforblanks(inorder):1.A.delays2.B.contingencyreserve3.C.costmanagement4.D.allocation5.E.contract6.F.claims7.G.forcemajeure8.H.reduce9.I.quality10.J.sustainable四、翻译题(共2题,每题5分,计10分)1.中文译英:在湖南工程造价中,全生命周期成本管理要求项目方不仅要考虑初始投资,还要评估后期运营和维护费用。2.英文译中:TheMorrismethodisastatisticaltechniqueusedtoestimateprojectdurationbyanalyzingpastdataandadjustingforvariances.五、简答题(共2题,每题5分,计10分)1.Whatarethekeydifferencesbetweenalump-sumcontractandacost-pluscontractin湖南construction?2.Explaintheroleofcontingencyreserveincostmanagement.答案与解析一、单项选择题1.B(Budgetisthebaselineforcostcomparisoninprojects.)2.C(Lifecyclecostincludesallexpensesovertheproject'slifespan.)3.A(Liquidateddamagesarecompensatoryfordelaysduetoforcemajeure.)4.B(Cost-pluscontractssuitcomplexprojectswherescopeisunclear.)5.A(Valueengineeringfocusesoncostreductionwithoutqualitycompromise.)6.B(EVMevaluatescostandscheduleperformance.)7.A("三通一平"inHunanmeanswater,electricity,road,andsiteclearance.)8.B(Costauditsdetectfraudandensurecompliance.)9.B(PMBOKisastandardforconstructionprojectmanagement.)10.A(Morrismethodestimatesprojectduration.)11.C(Primecostincludesdirectlaborandmaterials.)12.B(ChangeordersinHunanmustbeinwrittenform.)13.A(CPMstandsforCriticalPathMethod.)14.B(Sunkcostisirrecoverablepastexpenditure.)15.C(Indirectcostsincludeinsuranceandpermits.)16.D(WBShelpsincostestimation,scheduleplanning,andriskmanagement.)17.B(EVAcomparesplannedvs.actualprogress.)18.B(Contingencyreservecoversunexpectedcosts.)19.C(Lump-sumcontractssuitstandardizedprojects.)20.D(TheGoldenRuleistopredictaccu
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