英语直接引语与间接引语转换练习题

英语直接引语与间接引语转换：从理论到实践的精炼指南在英语的日常交流与书面表达中，我们常常需要转述他人的话语或思想。这便涉及到直接引语（DirectSpeech）与间接引语（IndirectSpeech，亦称ReportedSpeech）的灵活运用与转换。掌握这一语法点，不仅能提升语言表达的准确性与丰富性，更是实现有效沟通的关键一环。本文将系统梳理两者转换的核心规则，并辅以精心设计的练习题，助您扎实掌握这一知识点。一、直接引语与间接引语的本质区别直接引语是直接引用说话人的原话，通常置于引号之内，并需明确指出说话者。例如：Shesaid,"Iamgoingtothepark."间接引语则是用自己的话转述他人的意思，不使用引号，且通常需要一个引导词（如that,if,whether,或疑问词）来连接转述的内容与主句。例如：Shesaid(that)shewasgoingtothepark.转换的核心在于：间接引语并非简单复制原话，而是要根据转述时的语境（尤其是时间、地点、说话人视角）对原话的时态、人称、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等进行相应调整。二、转换的核心规则与要点1.引导词的运用*陈述句：间接引语通常由"that"引导，"that"在口语中常可省略。*例：Hesaid,"Ilikeapples."→Hesaid(that)helikedapples.*一般疑问句：间接引语由"if"或"whether"引导，且从句须用陈述句语序。*例：Sheasked,"DoyouspeakEnglish?"→Sheaskedif/whetherIspokeEnglish.*特殊疑问句：间接引语由原问句中的疑问词（what,who,when,where,why,how等）引导，从句同样用陈述句语序。*例：Theyasked,"Wheredidyougoyesterday?"→TheyaskedwhereIhadgonethedaybefore.*祈使句：间接引语通常转换为"ask/tell/order/advise+sb.+(not)todosth."的结构。*例：Theteachersaid,"Openyourbooks."→Theteachertoldustoopenourbooks.*例：Hesaid,"Don'tsmokehere."→Heaskedusnottosmokethere.2.时态的变化当主句的谓语动词为过去时态（如said,told,asked）时，间接引语中的动词时态通常需要“倒退”一步，以体现时间的推移。常见的时态变化如下：*一般现在时→一般过去时*Hesays,"Iamhappy."→Hesaid(that)hewashappy.*现在进行时→过去进行时*Shesays,"Iamreading."→Shesaid(that)shewasreading.*现在完成时→过去完成时*Theysay,"Wehavefinished."→Theysaid(that)theyhadfinished.*一般过去时→过去完成时(若强调动作的先后关系，或原话本身就是基于过去的语境)*Hesaid,"Isawheryesterday."→Hesaid(that)hehadseenherthedaybefore.(有时在口语中，若时间状语清晰，也可保留一般过去时：Hesaidhesawheryesterday.)*一般将来时→过去将来时(would+动词原形/was/weregoingto+动词原形)注意：*如果直接引语陈述的是客观真理、永恒不变的事实或习惯性动作，间接引语中的时态可以保持不变。*例：Theteachersaid,"Theearthgoesaroundthesun."→Theteachersaid(that)theearthgoesaroundthesun.*如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时、现在完成时或一般将来时，间接引语中的时态通常也保持不变。*例：Heoftensays,"Iwillstudyhard."→Heoftensays(that)hewillstudyhard.3.人称代词、物主代词及反身代词的变化这需根据转述者的视角进行调整，确保指代清晰。*例：TomsaidtoMary,"Iloveyournewdress."→TomtoldMary(that)helovedhernewdress.*例：Shesaid,"Weareproudofourselves."→Shesaid(that)theywereproudofthemselves.4.指示代词、时间状语和地点状语的变化*this→that;these→those*Shesaid,"Thisismypen."→Shesaid(that)thatwasherpen.*now→then;today→thatday;tonight→thatnight*Hesaid,"I'mbusynow."→Hesaid(that)hewasbusythen.*yesterday→thedaybefore;thedaybeforeyesterday→twodaysbefore*Theysaid,"Wearrivedyesterday."→Theysaid(that)theyhadarrivedthedaybefore.*tomorrow→thenextday/thefollowingday;nextweek/month/year→thenextweek/month/year*Shesaid,"Iwillleavetomorrow."→Shesaid(that)shewouldleavethenextday.*here→there三、精选练习题练习一：将下列直接引语转换为间接引语1."IamlearningEnglish,"shesaid.2.Hesaid,"Wewillhaveatesttomorrow."3."Doyoulikecoffee?"Maryaskedme.4.Theteachersaid,"Thesunrisesintheeast."5."Wherehaveyoubeen?"mymotheraskedme.6.Tomsaidtome,"Openthewindow,please."7."Icanswimverywell,"thelittleboytoldus.8.Shesaid,"IvisitedParislastyear."练习二：将下列间接引语转换为直接引语1.Hetoldmethathewasfeelingtired.2.Shesaidthatshewouldgoshoppingthenextday.3.Thedoctoradvisedhimthatheshouldtakemoreexercise.4.Theyaskedifwehadfinishedourhomework.5.Myfathertoldmenottoplayinthestreet.四、练习题参考答案与解析练习一参考答案1.Shesaid(that)shewaslearningEnglish.*解析：一般现在时"amlearning"变为一般过去时"waslearning"；人称"I"变为"she"。2.Hesaid(that)theywouldhaveatestthenextday.*解析：一般将来时"willhave"变为过去将来时"wouldhave"；时间状语"tomorrow"变为"thenextday"；人称"we"保持"they"（根据语境，若转述者包含在内，也可能为"we"，此处默认不包含）。3.Maryaskedmeif/whetherIlikedcoffee.*解析：一般疑问句，用"if/whether"引导；一般现在时"doyoulike"变为一般过去时"Iliked"；语序调整为陈述句语序。4.Theteachersaid(that)thesunrisesintheeast.*解析：客观真理，时态保持不变。5.MymotheraskedmewhereIhadbeen.*解析：特殊疑问句，用"where"引导；现在完成时"haveyoubeen"变为过去完成时"Ihadbeen"；语序调整。6.Tomaskedmetoopenthewindow.*解析：祈使句，表示请求，用"askedsb.todosth."结构；"please"可省略或体现在语气中。7.Thelittleboytoldus(that)hecouldswimverywell.*解析：情态动词"can"变为过去式"could"；人称"I"变为"he"。8.Shesaid(that)shehadvisitedParistheyearbefore.*解析：一般过去时"visited"变为过去完成时"hadvisited"；时间状语"lastyear"变为"theyearbefore"；人称"I"变为"she"。练习二参考答案1.Hesaidtome,"Iamfeelingtired."*解析：间接引语中"wasfeeling"还原为直接引语的"amfeeling"；"he"还原为"I"；添加引号和说话对象提示"saidtome"。2.Shesaid,"Iwillgoshoppingtomorrow."*解析："wouldgo"还原为"willgo"；"thenextday"还原为"tomorrow"；"she"还原为"I"。3.Thedoctorsaidtohim,"Youshouldtakemoreexercise."或Thedoctoradvised,"Youshouldtakemoreexercise."*解析："advisedhimthatheshould"可还原为"saidtohim,'Youshould...'"或保留"advised"作为引导词，直接引语为"'Youshouldtakemoreexercise.'"4.Theysaidtous,"Haveyoufinishedyourhomework?"*解析："askedifwehadfinished"还原为一般疑问句"Haveyoufinished...?"；"they"和"we"根据语境还原为"theysaidtous"和"your"。5.Myfathersaidtome,"Don'tplayinthestreet."*解析："toldmenottoplay"还原为祈使句的否定形式"Don'tplay..."；添加"saidtome"。五、转换要点与常见错误提示*时态呼应是核心：务必牢记主句为过去时态时，间接引语中动词时态的相应调整规则，但客观真理除外。*人称代词需灵活：根据说话人、听话人及转述人的关系，准确调整人称代词。*指示与状