软考英语考前练习试题及答案(九)

软考英语考前练习试题及答案(九)PartIVocabularyandStructure(20points)Directions:Thereare20incompletesentencesinthispart.ForeachsentencetherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosetheONEthatbestcompletesthesentence.Thenwritethecorrespondingletterontheanswersheet.1.Theprojectmanagerinsistedthateveryrisk______intheweeklyreport,nomatterhowtrivialitseemed.A.isdocumentedB.bedocumentedC.documentedD.documents2.Aftertheserverupgrade,theaverageresponsetime______by38percent,exceedingtheSLAtarget.A.shrankB.compressedC.decreasedD.lowered3.Thesecurityauditrevealedaflawthatcouldallowanattackerto______arbitrarycodeontheserver.A.injectB.ejectC.projectD.subject4.______theincreasingnumberofphishinge-mails,thecompanydeployedanadditionalfilterlayer.A.InlieuofB.InviewofC.InspiteofD.Infavorof5.Thedatabaseadministratorwroteastoredprocedurethat______allorphanedrecordseverynight.A.wipesoffB.wipesoutC.wipesawayD.wipesup6.Theteamdecidedtoadoptamicro-servicearchitecture______themonolithicsystembecamedifficulttoscale.A.unlessB.whereasC.becauseD.provided7.Thenewregulationrequiresthatpersonaldata______encryptedbothintransitandatrest.A.isB.areC.wasD.be8.TheQAleadaskedthedevelopersto______thebuglistbeforethenextbuild.A.triageB.triggerC.traceD.trail9.Thecontractorfailedtodeliverthemoduleontime,______theentiremilestone.A.jeopardizingB.justifyingC.juxtaposingD.jolting10.Thefirmwareupdateutilityrefusestorun______thedeviceisconnectedtoalow-powerUSBport.A.ifB.unlessC.whileD.once11.Theproductowneremphasizedthatusability,______performance,mustbetreatedasafirst-classrequirement.A.ratherthanB.togetherwithC.exceptforD.instead12.Thestatic-analysistoolflaggedthefunctionaspotentiallyunsafebecauseitdidnot______thereturnvalueofstrcpy.A.checkB.changeC.chaseD.chant13.Thedisaster-recoveryplancallsforaduplicatedatacenter______600kilometersawayfromtheprimarysite.A.locatingB.locatedC.locatesD.locate14.Theteamagreedto______thedailystand-upmeetingto15minutesinordertoimprovefocus.A.capB.cupC.tapD.map15.Thecertificatewill______atmidnightUTCon31December2027;renewalmustbecompletedbeforethatdate.A.expireB.inspireC.respireD.conspire16.Thekernelpanicwastracedtoaraceconditionthat______onlywhentwospecificinterruptsarrivedsimultaneously.A.arousedB.aroseC.arisedD.arising17.Thecompany’sprivacypolicyclearlystatesthatuserdata______soldtothirdpartiesunderanycircumstances.A.mustn’tB.won’tC.shouldn’tD.shan’t18.ThearchitectrecommendedthatthelegacySOAPinterface______withaRESTfulalternativeinthenextrelease.A.replacesB.replaceC.replacedD.bereplaced19.Theautomatedtestsuiteexecutesmorethantwothousandcases,______thebuildpipelinefinishesinundertenminutes.A.yetB.forC.soD.or20.Theauditorrequestedevidencethatallchangestotheconfiguration______reviewedbyasecondengineer.A.areB.wereC.haveD.hadPartIIClozeTest(15points)Directions:Readthefollowingpassageandfillineachblankwiththemostappropriatewordfromthefourchoicesgiven.Theshift-leftapproachtosoftwaretestinghasgainedsignificanttractioninrecentyears.__21__,theideaissimple:detectdefectsasearlyaspossible,whentheyarecheapesttofix.__22__traditionalmodelswaituntilthecodingphaseiscomplete,shift-leftteamswriteautomatedtests__23__thefirstlineofproductioncodeispenned.Thesetestsarenotlimitedtounitlevel;__24__integrationandsecuritychecksaremovedforwardinthetimeline.Theresultisadramatic__25__inthenumberofbugsthatreachthestagingenvironment.However,thetransitionisnot__26__.Developerswhoareaccustomedtowritingfeaturesfirstandtestslateroftenresistthe__27__overheadofconstructingtestscaffolding.Management,too,maybalkatthe__28__scheduleimpact,mistakenlybelievingthattestingactivitiescanbe“caughtup”later.Toovercometheseobstacles,coachesrecommendstartingwitha__29__pilotprojectthatdemonstratesmeasurablequalityimprovementswithinonereleasecycle.Oncethedata__30__thatescapeddefectsdropby40%ormore,skepticismtendsto__31__.Toolingisanothercriticalfactor.Ashift-leftinitiativewithoutfast,reliablepipelineswill__32__underitsownweight.Teamsneedinstantaneousfeedback,whichmeansbuildsmustcompleteinminutes,nothours.Parallelexecution,incrementalcompilation,andartifactcachingaretherefore__33__.Inaddition,flakytestsmustbeeradicatedruthlessly;nothingerodesconfidencefasterthananintermittentfailurethat__34__root-causeanalysis.Finally,organizationsshouldinvestindashboardsthattranslatetechnicalmetricsintobusinessrisk,ensuringthatstakeholdersremain__35__andsupportive.21.A.AtfirstglanceB.InretrospectC.ByallmeansD.Underthehood22.A.BecauseB.WhileC.UnlessD.Once23.A.beforeB.afterC.duringD.since24.A.evenB.onlyC.ratherD.once25.A.surgeB.plungeC.fluctuationD.stabilization26.A.transparentB.effortlessC.optionalD.negligible27.A.perceivedB.concealedC.reducedD.deferred28.A.upfrontB.downstreamC.leftoverD.intangible29.A.high-profileB.full-scaleC.long-termD.resource-intensive30.A.deniesB.confirmsC.refutesD.conceals31.A.escalateB.evaporateC.propagateD.linger32.A.flourishB.stagnateC.collapseD.diversify33.A.optionalB.non-negotiableC.experimentalD.redundant34.A.defiesB.simplifiesC.invitesD.accelerates35.A.accountableB.complacentC.engagedD.autonomousPartIIIReadingComprehension(30points)Directions:Readthethreepassagesbelowandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.Choosethebestanswerandwritethecorrespondingletterontheanswersheet.PassageATheterm“observability”originatedincontroltheory,whereitmeasureshowwelltheinternalstatesofasystemcanbeinferredfromitsexternaloutputs.Inmodernsoftware,observabilityhasbecomeasupersetofmonitoring,logging,andtracing,enrichedwithdimensionalityandcontext.Whilemonitoringanswersthequestion“Issomethingwrong?”,observabilityenablesengineerstoask“Whyissomethingwrong?”withoutpriorknowledgeofwhatmetricsmightberelevant.Thisshiftiscriticalfordistributedarchitectureswherethenumberofpossiblefailuremodesexceedsanypredeterminedchecklist.High-cardinalityfields—suchasuserID,sessiontoken,orshopping-cartID—wereonceconsideredtooexpensivetostoreandquery.Today,columnardatabasesandsamplingtechniquesmakeitfeasibletoretainbillionsofuniquevalues.Coupledwithtrace-basedprofiling,teamscannowfollowasinglerequestacrossdozensofmicro-servicesandidentifypreciselywherelatencyspikesorerrorsoccur.Thepayoffisnotmerelyfasterincidentresolution;itisalsotheabilitytonegotiatebetterSLAswithcustomersbecausetheorganizationcanquantifyreliabilitywithstatisticalconfidence.Questions36-4036.Accordingtothepassage,observabilitydiffersfromtraditionalmonitoringinthatitA.reliesonlow-cardinalitymetricsonlyB.requirespriorknowledgeoffailuremodesC.allowsexploratoryquestionsafteranomaliesariseD.focusesexclusivelyonexternaloutputs37.Theauthormentions“shopping-cartID”primarilytoillustrateA.theprivacyrisksofhigh-cardinalitydataB.thefeasibilityofstoringgranularidentifiersC.theneedforencryptionatrestD.thedeclineofrelationaldatabases38.Whichofthefollowingiscitedasabusinessbenefitofadvancedobservability?A.ReducedneedforunittestsB.LowerstoragecostspergigabyteC.StrongernegotiatingpositiononSLAsD.Eliminationofsamplingbias39.Theword“cardinality”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.complexityB.uniquenessC.velocityD.volume40.ThetoneofthepassagecanbestbedescribedasA.cautionaryB.celebratoryC.neutralD.skepticalPassageBIn2022,theU.S.NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnologypublishedarevisedsupply-chainsecurityguidelinethatexplicitlymentions“softwarebillofmaterials”(SBOM)asamandatoryartifactforfederalacquisitions.AnSBOMisanestedinventorythatlistseverylibrary,module,andsnippetincorporatedintoadeliverable.Whiletheconceptisstraightforward,implementationrevealssubtlechallenges.Forinstance,dynamicallylinkeddependenciesmayberesolvedatrun-time,producingadifferentartifactgraphoneachexecutionenvironment.Containerimagesexacerbatetheproblembylayeringfilesystemsthatcanoverrideormasklower-levelpackages.Toaddressthesegaps,NISTrecommends“depth-limitedprovenancetracing,”atechniquethatstopsatstaticallydeclaredreferencesbutrecordsthebuildenvironment’scryptographichash.TheguidelinealsoconcedesthatanSBOMaloneisinsufficient;continuousvulnerabilityfeedsandautomatedpolicyenginesarenecessarytotranslateinventorydataintoactionableriskscores.Questions41-4541.ThepassageimpliesthatanSBOM’saccuracycanbeunderminedbyA.compile-timeoptimizationsB.run-timedependencyresolutionC.staticcodeanalysisD.semanticversioning42.“Depth-limitedprovenancetracing”ispresentedasA.aperfectsolutiontosupply-chainriskB.acompromisebetweencompletenessandfeasibilityC.areplacementforcryptographicsigningD.amethodtoeliminatecontainerlayers43.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasacomplementarymeasuretoSBOM?A.ContinuousvulnerabilityfeedsB.AutomatedpolicyenginesC.ManualpenetrationtestsD.Risk-scoretranslation44.Theword“concedes”inthelastsentenceindicatesthatNISTA.admitsthelimitationofSBOMsB.rejectstheneedforextratoolingC.arguesforfederalderegulationD.deniesanyimplementationdifficulty45.TheprimarypurposeofthepassageistoA.criticizefederalprocurementrulesB.explainpracticalhurdlesinSBOMadoptionC.promoteacommercialSBOMproductD.compareSBOMformatsPassageCQuantumcomputingposesbothopportunitiesandthreatstopublic-keycryptography.Shor’salgorithm,whenexecutedonasufficientlylargeuniversalquantumcomputer,factorsintegersandcomputesdiscretelogarithmsinpolynomialtime,renderingRSAandECCobsolete.Althoughcurrentmachinesarelimitedbynoiseandcoherencetimes,cryptographersrecommendanimmediatemigrationto“post-quantum”algorithmsthatrunonclassicalhardwarebutarebelievedtoresistquantumattacks.TheNationalSecurityAgencyhasannouncedatimelinethatmandatesquantum-resistantalgorithmsforallclassifiedsystemsby2033.Criticsarguethatprematuredeploymentmayintroducenewvulnerabilities,especiallyifstandardizedschemesarelaterbrokenbynovelcryptanalytictechniques.Tobalancerisk,hybridkey-establishmentprotocolsthatcombineclassicalandpost-quantumalgorithmsarebeingstandardized,allowinggradualtransitionwithoutasingleflagday.Questions46-5046.Shor’salgorithmisdescribedasathreatbecauseitA.increaseskey-generationlatencyB.undermineswidelyusedpublic-keyschemesC.consumesexcessiveenergyD.requiressatellite-basedqubits47.TheNSA’s2033deadlineismentionedtoemphasizeA.theurgencyofquantum-resistantmigrationB.theimpossibilityofretrofittinglegacysystemsC.thesuperiorityofsymmetriccryptographyD.thecostsavingsofhybridprotocols48.Criticsofearlypost-quantumdeploymentworryaboutA.shortageofquantumprogrammersB.potentialfuturebreaksinnewalgorithmsC.excessivekeysizesD.patentlitigation49.“Hybridkey-establishmentprotocols”areportrayedasA.astopgapmeasureB.anultimatesolutionC.amarketinggimmickD.aregulatoryburden50.Thepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingconclusions?A.Classicalcryptographywillremainsecureindefinitely.