2017-2018学年高二英语译林版选修6教学案Unit2Section4

非谓语动词(Ⅱ)语法初识]原句感知自主探究①IunderstandthatyouoftenusetheexampleofthegymnastSangLantoshowhowpeoplecanfindhappinessevenduringtimesofapersonalcatastrophe.②InspiredbySangLan'sstory,thestudentsdecidetoworkharderattheirlessons.③Turningtotheleftatthecrossroads,youwillseetherailwaystationonyourright.④Havingmadeourplan,we'llputitintopractice.⑤Notknowingwhattodo,sheturnedtomeforhelp.(1)①句中不定式作目的状语。(2)②句中过去分词(短语)作原因状语；③句中现在分词短语作条件状语。(3)④句中现在分词完成式作条件状语；⑤句中现在分词的否定形式作原因状语。[语法剖析]语法点一非谓语动词作状语1.不定式作状语(1)目的状语：todo,inordertodo和soastodo,其中soastodo不能用于句首。Weeattoliveratherthanlivetoeat.我们吃饭是为了活着，而不是活着为了吃饭。Inordertofindhardevidence,hesearchedthewholehouse.为了找到有力的证据，他搜查了整个房子。[即时演练1](1)单句语法填空①(全国丙卷)Skilledworkersalsobinevarioushardwoodsandmetalto_create(create)specialdesigns.②(北京高考改编)To_make(make)iteasiertogetintouchwithus,you'dbetterkeepthiscardathand.③(北京高考改编)To_catch(catch)theearlyflight,weorderedataxiinadvanceandgotupveryearly.(2)完成句子④他轻轻进来，以免把他的妻子吵醒。Hecameinquietlysoasnottowakehiswife.⑤为了在天黑前到达，我们很早就动身了。Inordertoarrivebeforedark,westartedearly.(2)原因状语：跟在某些表示心理变化的形容词，如：glad,surprised,amazed,delighted等后面。Weweresurprisedtofindeverythingchanged.发现一切都变了，我们很惊讶。(3)结果状语：可以表示出人意料的结果，这时其前有时用逗号隔开或加副词only；也可以用于...to...to...“太……而不能……”，...enoughto...“足够……”和so/such...asto...“如此……以至于……”句型中。IhurriedtoProfessorWang'shouseonlytofindhewasout.我匆忙地赶到王教授的家可是却发现他外出了。Hewassotiredastobeunabletowalk.他累得走不动了。[名师点津]动词不定式在作表语或补语的形容词后作状语时，常用主动形式表示被动含义，常见的此类形容词有easy,hard,difficult,pleasant,interesting,fortable,safe,dangerous,impossible,fit等，该类形容词说明的是不定式的性质。Thepoemisnoteasytotranslate.这首诗翻译起来难。Themusicispleasanttolistento.这音乐听起来悦耳。[即时演练2](1)单句改错①Hewastooexcitedtonotsayafewwords.去掉not②Hisspeechwaseasytobeunderstood.be_understood→understand(2)单句语法填空③Helookedoutofthewindowto_find(find)theworldoutsidegreatlychanged.④I'msurprisedto_see(see)thatshehasgone.⑤Thewaterisnotfitto_drink(drink),soholdoutuntilwegettoashop.2．分词作状语(1)原因状语：分词用作原因状语，通常可转换成原因状语从句。Gettinguplate(＝Ashegotuplate),hemissedhisearlytrain.由于起床晚了，他没有赶上早班火车。Greatlyencouraged(＝Asweweregreatlyencouraged),wemadeupourmindtocarryonthehardwork.由于受到极大鼓舞，我们决心将艰苦的工作继续下去。[即时演练3](1)单句语法填空①(北京高考改编)Finding(find)thecourseverydifficult,shedecidedtomovetoalowerlevel.②(天津高考改编)Absorbed(absorb)inpainting,Johndidn'tnoticeeveningapproaching.③(重庆高考改编)Raised(raise)inthepoorestareaofGlasgow,hehadalong,hardroadtobeingafootballstar.(2)句型转换④Heaskedtheteacherforhelp,becausehedidn'tknowhowtoworkoutthedifficultphysicsproblem.→Notknowinghowtoworkoutthedifficultphysicsproblem,heaskedtheteacherforhelp.⑤Asheisencouragedbytheprogresshehasmade,heworksharder.→Encouragedbytheprogresshehasmade,heworksharder.(2)时间状语：分词用作时间状语，通常可转换成时间状语从句。Hearingthegoodnews(＝Whenheheardthegoodnews),hejumpedwithjoy.听到这个好消息，他高兴地跳了起来。Seenfromthehill(＝Whenitisseenfromthehill),theparklooksverybeautiful.从山上看，这个公园非常漂亮。[即时演练4]句型转换①Hearingtheirteacher'svoice,thepupilsstoppedtalkingatonce.→Onhearingtheirteacher'svoice,thepupilsstoppedtalkingatonce.→Whentheyheardtheirteacher'svoice,thepupilsstoppedtalkingatonce.②Whenhewasaskedwhenhewouldarrive,hesaiditwasuncertain.→Askedwhenhewouldarrive,hesaiditwasuncertain.(3)伴随状语或方式状语：分词用作伴随状语，通常可转换成并列谓语，它表示的动作伴随句子谓语的动作同时发生。分词用作方式状语与用作伴随状语的情形比较接近，有时可以转换成bydoingsth.结构。Tomlayonthegrass,staringatthesky(＝andstaredatthesky)foralongtime.汤姆躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。Heearnsalivingdrivingatruck(＝bydrivingatruck)．他靠开卡车谋生。Hehurriedtothehall,followedbytwoguards(＝andhewasfollowedbytwoguards)．他快步走向大厅，身后跟着两个卫兵。[即时演练5]单句语法填空①(全国丙卷)Peopleprobablycookedtheirfoodinlargepots,using(use)twigs(树枝)toremoveit.②(重庆高考改编)WhenIwaslittle,mymotherusedtositbymybed,telling(tell)mestoriestillIfellasleep.(4)条件状语：分词用作条件状语通常可转换成条件状语从句。Workinghard(＝Ifyouworkhard),youwillsucceed.努力工作，你就会成功。Givenanotherchance(＝IfIamgivenanotherchance),I'lldoitmuchbetter.如果再给我一次机会，我会做得好得多。[即时演练6]句型转换①Ifyouturntotheleft,youwillfindthepathleadingtothepark.→Turningtotheleft,_youwillfindthepathleadingtothepark.②Unitedwewillstand;dividedwewillfall.→Ifweareunitedwewillstand;ifwearedividedwewillfall.(5)结果状语：分词用作结果状语时，通常可转换成并列谓语，它表示伴随谓语动作的发生而产生的自然结果。Thefirelastedaweek,leavingnothingvaluable(＝andleftnothingvaluable)．大火持续了一周，几乎没剩下什么有用的东西。[名师点津]不定式和现在分词均可表示结果，但有区别：不定式表示结果，其动作发生在谓语动词动作之后，常表示未曾料到的结果或令人不快的结果，不定式前常加only;现在分词表示结果，是伴随谓语动词动作的发生而产生的自然结果。[即时演练7](1)单句语法填空①(天津高考改编)Thecoolingwindsweptthroughourbedroomwindows,making(make)airconditioningunnecessary.②(全国卷Ⅰ改编)Thesunlightiswhiteandblinding,throwing(throw)hard—edgedshadowsontheground.(2)完成句子③他匆忙赶到那屋子里，发现已经空无一人。Hehurriedtothehouseonly_to_findthatitwasempty.④他死了，留下了他的妻子和五个孩子。Hedied,leaving_his_wife_with_five_children.(6)让步状语：分词用作让步状语，通常可转换成让步状语从句。Althoughlivingmilesaway(＝Althoughhelivedmilesaway),heattendedthecourse.虽然住在几英里以外，他仍去上课。Defeatedagain(＝Althoughhewasdefeatedagain),thescientistdidn'tgiveup.尽管再次被打败了，但这位科学家并没有放弃。[名师点津]现在分词作状语与过去分词作状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。(1)现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间是主动关系。Hewentoutshuttingthedoorbehindhim.他出去后将门随手关上。(2)过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间是被动关系。Givenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。[即时演练8]句型转换①Althoughthestoneweightedalmostonehundredjin,itwasmovedbyhimalone.→Weighingalmostonehundredjin,thestonewasmovedbyhimalone.②Thoughtheyhadbeenwarnedofstorm,thefarmerswerestillworkinginthefield.→Warnedofstorm,thefarmerswerestillworkinginthefield.3．“连词＋分词”结构动词­ing或动词­ed可用在when,while,once,if和(al)though等的后面，构成“连词＋分词”结构，该结构可看作是状语从句的省略形式。Whenwaitingforthebus,hesawanoldfriend.在等公交车时，他遇见了一位老朋友。Oncecaught,peoplewhobreakthelawwillbepunished.一旦被抓，破坏法律的人就会受到法律的惩罚。Ifparedwiththatmovie,thisoneismoreinteresting.和那部电影比起来，这部更有趣。[即时演练9]句型转换①Ifrepairedwell,thewashingmachinecouldbeusedagain.→Ifitwasrepairedwell,thewashingmachinecouldbeusedagain.②WhileIwasreadingthearticle,IwasthinkingofhowIwouldwritethestory.→Whilereadingthearticle,_IwasthinkingofhowIwouldwritethestory.③Althoughshewasleftalone,shedidnotfeellonelyatall.→Althoughleftalone,shedidnotfeellonelyatall.语法点二非谓语动词的各种形式1.不定式的一般式、进行式和完成式及其被动语态主动语态被动语态一般式todotobedone进行式tobedoing/完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone一般式：表示不定式的动作和谓语动词同时发生或稍后发生。进行式：表示不定式的动作在谓语动词发生时正在进行。完成式：表示不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生。[即时演练10]单句语法填空①(重庆高考改编)Theenginejustwon'tstart.Somethingseemsto_have_gone(go)wrongwithit.②Heseemsto_know(know)alot.③Heseemsto_leave(leave)forShanghaisoon.④Theboypretendedto_be_working(work)hardwhentheteachercamein.⑤Heispleasedto_have_e(e)acrosshisfriend.2．现在分词的一般式、完成式及其被动语态主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone一般式：多表示与谓语动词同时进行的动作，有时也可以表示发生在谓语动词之前或之后的动作。完成式：表示发生在谓语动词之前的动作。[名师点津]不定式的被动式表示将要发生的被动动作，现在分词的被动式表示正在进行的被动动作，过去分词表示已经完成的被动动作。Lookingaround,Ifoundtherewasnoonenearby.环顾四周，我发现附近没有人。Thebridgebeingbuiltnowwillbepletedinthreemonths.正在修建中的桥三个月之后完成。Havingbeentrappedinthetraffic,hewaslateforwork.因交通阻塞，他上班迟到了。[即时演练11](1)单句语法填空①(天津高考改编)Having_worked(work)fortwodays,Stevemanagedtofinishhisreportonschedule.②(江苏高考改编)LionelMessi,having_set(set)therecordforthemostgoalsinacalendaryear,isconsideredthemosttalentedfootballplayerinEurope.(2)完成句子③由于被盯着看，这个女孩觉得不自在。Being_stared_at,_thegirlfeltuneasy.④作业完成后，他出去和别人玩。Having_finished_his_homework,_hewentoutplayingwithothers.⑤因为给了这么好的机会，他打算努力工作。Having_been_given_such_a_good_chance,_heplannedtoworkhard.3．非谓语动词的否定式不定式nottodo现在分词notdoing/nothaving(been)done过去分词notdone[名师点津]不管不定式或分词是什么形式，其否定形式总是在它们的前面加not。Nottoarrivelate,hesetoffearly.由于不想迟到，他早早就动身了。Ihidbehindthedoor,notwantingtobeseen.我躲在门后，不想被别人看见。Notseen,Ifeltlucky.由于没有被看见，我感到很幸运。[即时演练12]完成句子①由于没有被选中，她感到很失望。Not_having_been_chosen,_shefeltdisappointed.②为了避开交通堵塞，他们早就起来了。Inordernot_to_get_caught_inthetrafficjam,theygotupveryearly.③不认真仔细阅读，你就不会学到新东西。Not_reading_carefully,_you'llnotlearnanythingnew.如何写图表作文[技法指导]从图表作文的内容和要求来看，它主要用来说明现实生活中的某一现象或介绍、说明事物某一方面情况，因此图表作文一般要求做到：1．仔细审题，看清楚图表中各种数据或者提示要点之间的内在关系，弄清楚命题人想要通过图表反映什么样的信息、问题或现象。2．在掌握了全部信息之后，再审要点，审时态，分析这些数据或信息，通过分析对比，找出相似点或不同点。3．根据数据、文字内容等信息阐述自己的看法或提出建议。[表达]1．Asisapparentlyshowninthechartabove...2．50%ofthepeoplesurveyedexpressthesatisfactionwith...,whileonly40%ofthemaresatisfiedwith...3．...getsthelowestsatisfactionrate—only30%,whichismainlycausedby...4．Theremighthavebeentwomainreasonsfor...5．First,from2009uptonow...6．...accountsfor/form/prise/makeup...percent.7．Asfaras...isconcerned,muchprogresshasbeenmade.8．...remainssteady/unchanged.9．Thereisanincreaseofabout...percent,paredwith...10．Inaword,...shouldmakeefforts/measurestoimprove...[写作规范][题目要求]受某英文报的委托，你最近对高中生的英语阅读兴趣做了一次调查。请根据以下信息，用英语为该报写一篇100词左右的短文。短文的标题及首句已给出。调查内容：在新闻、故事、科普、学习方法四种英文文章中，学生最喜欢哪一种调查范围：湖北省的10所中学调查对象：高中生调查人数：1000调查方式：访谈调查结果：(见下图)ReadinginterestsofseniormiddleschoolstudentsRecently,asurveyhasbeendonetofindoutthereadinginterestsofseniormiddleschoolstudents.[三步作文法]第一步：搜索词汇1．调查survey2．采访interview3．文章article4．方法method5．是……的两倍double6．进行调查do_a_survey7．科普文章popular_science_articles8．对……感兴趣be_interested_in第二步：由词造句1．来自湖北省十所中学的一千名高中生接受了采访。①Onethousandseniormiddleschoolstudentswere_interviewed.ThesestudentswerefromtenschoolsinHubeiProvince.②OnethousandseniormiddleschoolstudentsfromtenschoolsinHubeiProvincewere_interviewed.2．他们被问及在这四类英语文章中最喜欢读哪一种。①Theywereasked.Which_did_they_like_reading_mostamongthefourkinds/categoriesofEnglisharticles?②Theywereaskedwhich_they_liked_reading_mostamongthefourkinds/categoriesofEnglisharticles.3．喜欢读科普文章的学生数量是喜欢读学习方法文章的学生数量的两倍。Thenumberofstudentswho_enjoy_readingpopularsciencearticlesdoublesthatofthosewhopreferreadingarticlesaboutlearningmethods.第三步：连句成篇ReadinginterestsofseniormiddleschoolstudentsRecently,asurveyhasbeendonetofindoutthereadinginterestsofseniormiddleschoolstudents.Inthissurvey,onethousandseniormiddleschoolstudentsfromtenschoolsinHubeiProvincewereinterviewed.TheywereaskedwhichtheylikedreadingmostamongthefourcategoriesofEnglisharticles:news,stories,popularsciencearticlesandarticlesaboutlearningmethods.Thesurveyshowsthatmorethanhalfofthestudentsliketoreadnewsmost.Twenty­sixpercentofthestudentssaythatEnglishstoriesaretheirfavourite.Onlysevenpercentofthestudentsaremostinterestedinreadingarticlesaboutlearningmethods.However,thenumberofstudentswhoenjoyreadingpopularsciencearticlesdoublesthatofthosewhopreferreadingarticlesaboutlearningmethods.Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．Themanager,having_made(make)itcleartousthathedidn'tagreewithus,leftthemeetingroom.2．—Canyouhandinyourpositiontomorrow?—Sure.To_get(get)ithandedinontime,I'llstayuptonight.3．MikepretendednottoseeAlice,saying(say)nothingwithher.4．AtonepointImadeupmymindtotalktoUncleSam.ThenIchangedmymind,realizing(realize)thathecoulddonothingtohelp.5．Thelawyerlistenedwithfullattention,trying(try)nottomissanypoint.6．Having_experienced(experience)somethinglikethisbefore,Ithinktheresultmightturnoutdifferentlynow.7．Thissentenceisverydifficultto_translate(translate).NobodycantranslateitintoChinesewithoutcertainprofessionalknowledge.8．Ifeelgreatlyhonoredto_be_weled(wele)intotheirsociety.9．Founded(found)intheearly20thcentury,theschoolkeepsoninspiringchildren'sloveofart.10．Offered(offer)animportantroleinanewmovie,Andyhasgotachancetobeefamous.11．Reminded(remind)nottodriveafterdrinking,somedriversarestilltryingtheirluck,whichisreallydangerous.12．Theoldladygotupjustbeforesunrise,assheoftendoes,to_walk(walk)alongthebeachandgetsomefreshair.13．Groupactivitieswillbeorganizedafterclassto_help(help)childrendevelopteamspirit.14．Ifasked(ask)tolookafterluggageforsomeoneelse,informthepoliceatonce.15．Not_having_read(notread)alltherequiredpapers,hedidn'tanswerthequestionsfluentlyinclass.Ⅱ.用非谓语动词完成句子1．Not_understanding_English(由于不懂英语),hedidn'tknowwhattheywanted.2．Hehurriedtotheofficeonly_to_find_that_the_boss_had_left(发现老板已走了)．3．Taken_in_time(及时服用),themedicinewillbequiteeffective.4．Satisfied_with_what_he_had_done(对他所做的事情很满意),theteacherpraisedhiminclass.5．Havingfailedtwice(已经失败了两次),hedidn'twanttotryagain.Ⅲ.语法与写作(用非谓语动词或短语作状语改写短文中画线部分)①When_my_tenth_birthday_was_ing_upIcouldn'thelpimagingwhatkindofpresentmyparentswouldgiveme.Tomysurprise,theygavemeabook,MyLifeStory,writtenbyanAmericanwriter—HelenKeller.Inthebook,shewrotethatshehadnotbeenabletosee,hearorspeak.Disabledasshewas,withthehelpofMissSullivan,shelearnedhowtowriteEnglishwordsandpublishedmanyfamousworks,②and_My_Life_Story_is_just_one_of_them.ItwasMissSullivan'scontinuousencouragementandinstructionthatinspiredhertoliveherlifetothefullest.③I_was_impressed_with_the_writer's_determination_and_Miss_Sullivan's_kindness_and_I_was_determined_to_work_hard_at_my_lessons.④Whenever_I_was_feeling_depressedbecauseoflearningdifficulties,Iwouldreadthebookoncemore.AlthoughitwastenyearsagothatIreadthebook,itshowsmeauniversaltruththatbooksareourfriends,⑤whichalwayspushustomoveon.答案：①My_tenth_birthday_ing_up②My_Life_Story_being_one_of_them③Impressed_with_the_writer's_determination_and_Miss_Sullivan's_kindness,_I_was_determined_to_work_hard_at_my_lessons④Whenever_feeling_depressed⑤pushing_us_to_move_on[对应学生课下能力提升(七)]Ⅰ.单项填空1．Lost(lose)inthemountainsforaweek,thetwostudentswerefinallysavedbythelocalpolice.2．Thetreesblown(blow)downinthestormhavebeenmovedofftheroad.3．Hesatathisdesk,looking(look)outofthewindow.4．Wehadananxiouscoupleofweeks,waiting(wait)fortheresultsoftheexperiment.5．Tomtookataxitotheairport,onlyto_find(find)hisplanehighupinthesky.6．Having_failed(fail)severaltimes,theyoungscientiststillkeptonmakinghisexperiments.7．Whenasked(ask)abouthisfutureplans,thefamousdirectorsaidthathisnextmoviewouldfollowamoderntheme.8．Whenheated(heat),thiskindofmaterialwillburnandyou'llseethicksmokerising(rise)fromit.9．Theproblemto_be_discussed(discuss)tomorrowisnottheonediscussed(discuss)atyesterday'smeeting.10．Dressed(dress)inherfinestskirt,thegirltriedtomakeherselfnoticed(notice)attheparty.Ⅱ.阅读理解OldhousesandemptyplacesincitiesandtownsaroundtheUnitedStatesarefindingnewlifeasurbanfarms.EcoCityFarminEdmonston,Maryland,islocatednearshoppingcenters,carrepairshopsandhomes.Theneighborhoodisaworking­classmunity.Peopledonothaveverymuchmoney,andtheyhavelimitedaccesstofreshfoodinthemarkets.Overthepasttwoyears,thefarmhasattractedvolunteersfromthemunitylikeMarcyClark.Sheteachesherfourchildrenathome.OnarecentdayshebroughtthemtoEcoCityFarmforalesson.Herchildrenharvestedrowsofspinach,mustardgreens,lettuce,Swisschardandcarrots.WhatdidHannah,Caleb,JohnandAlstonthinkoftheexperience?Hannah:“Youknow,it'sgoodfortheearthandit'sgoodforus.”Caleb:“Itmaynotbelikefun,butit'sfun,becauseyou'relearningandnotlikewritingsomethingoutonapieceofpaper.”John：“BasicallyinsteadoffeelingdownwhenIhavetoeatvegetables,Ifeelhappy.”Alston:“Ilikeingouthere.Youknow,youconnectwiththeearth,whereyourfoodesfrom.Youappreciatethefoodalittlebitmore.”MargaretstartedEcoCityFarm.Shewantedtobuildaplacewherepeoplecanlearntolivehealthierlives.Shesaid，“Ourviewisthatwhathappensinamunityinfluencesthecultureofthatmunity.Soourideaisgrowingfoodinamunityandshowingthatyoucanhavefarmseveninurbanareasandbringingpeopletogether.Whatwedohereisademonstrationtoshowpeopleeverythingabouthowtohaveasustainablemunity.”Thatmeansnotonlyfarmingfoodandraisingchickensandbees,butimprovingthesoilwithpostmadefromfoodwaste.BennyErezisatechnicaladviserthere.Shetoldusthefarmgetsitspowerfromthesun.Inwinter,thegreenhousesareheatedthroughageothermalsystem.语篇解读：本文主要介绍了美国一些城市的旧房子和空地被重新利用建城市农场，以及一些孩子去环保城市农场体验的经历。1．Whatdidthechildrenthinkoftheexperience?A．Calebwantedtowritesomethingaboutthefarm.B．Theyalllikedeatingvegetablesverymuch.C．Theywereallfondofingtothefarm.D．HannahandAlstonlikedhavingsportsonthefarm.解析：选C细节理解题。由四个孩子所说的话可知大家都很喜欢在农场的经历，故选C项。误解分析：由Caleb所说的话可知他认为“去农场可以从中学到东西，而不是在纸上写东西”，并不是说他想写东西；由John所说的话可知“吃蔬菜的时候心情不太好”，故B项有误；文中并没提到他们想去农场进行体育运动。2．WhatcanweNOTlearnfromthepassage?A．Theyraisevegetablesaswellasanimalsonthefarm.B．Thefoodwastecanbeusedtoimprovethesoil.C．Thefarmhasaneffectonthecultureofthemunity.D．Thevegetablesaremainlyplantedinthewater.解析：选D细节理解题。由倒数第二段第三句以及最后一句“...influencesthecultureofthatmunity...Thatmeansnotonlyfarmingfoodandraisingchickensandbees,butimprovingthesoilwithpostmadefromfoodwaste.”可知前三项正确。3．WhydidMargaretstartthefarm?A．Tostresstheimportanceoffarming.B．Tohelppeopleleadhealthierlives.C．Toshowchildrenhowtodofarmwork.D．Toprovideaplacetoexperiencethecountrylife.解析：选B细节理解题。由倒数第二段第二句“Shewantedtobuildaplacewherepeoplecanlearntolivehealthierlives.”可知她建这个农场的目的是让大家过上更健康的生活。4．AccordingtoBennyErez,thefarmis________.A．attractiveB．eco­friendlyC．artificialD．valuable解析：选B推理判断题。由最后一段最后两句“Shetoldusthefarmgetsitspowerfromthesun.Inwinter,thegreenhousesareheatedthroughageothermalsystem.”可知这个农场是环保的。Ⅲ.任务型阅读ImproveyourmemoryDoyoufindyourselfforgettingwhereyouleftyourkeysorblankingoutinformationonimportanttests?1.________Beforeyournextbigexam,besuretocheckoutsomeofthesetriedandtestedwaysofimprovingmemory.Focusyourattentiononthematerialsyouarestudying.Attentionisoneofthemajorponents(组成部分)ofmemory.Inorderforinformationtomovefromshort­termmemoryintolong­termmemory,youneedtoactivelyattendtothisinformation.2.________Structureandorganizetheinformationyouarestudying.Researchershavefoundthatinformationisbestorganizedinrelatedgroups.3.________Oryoucanmakeanoutlineofyournotesandtextbookreadingstohelpgrouprelatedconcepts(概念)．4．________Whenyouarestudyingunfamiliarmaterial,takethetimetothinkabouthowthisinformationrelatestothingsthatyoualreadyknow.Byestablishingrelationshipsbetweennewideasandpreviouslyexistingmemories,youcangreatlyincreasethelikelihoodofrecalling(回想起)therecentlylearnedinformation.Payextraattentiontodifficultinformation.Rememberinginformationatthebeginningorendofanarticleiseasy.However,recalling