北京市2021-2025年高考英语试题分类汇编：阅读理解说明文（议论文）解析版

专败11闵履理斛说明文（衩松文）（就京专用）

（五年考情•探规律）c

五年考情（2021-2025）

考点分布

命题趋势

年份体裁词数话题细节推理主旨词义

理解判断大忠猜测

对社会比较这一观念的思考：并非所有题材聚焦科技前沿（如AI伦

理、航天技术）、社会热点（如

议论文406社会比较都不健康，可加以利用促进自0111

环保治理、心理健康）与文化

2025我提升

传承，融入地域特色，凸显时

个人故事与自我认同、幸福感之间关系代性与价僚观引领。题型设计

说明文3991210

及如何改变个人故事。强化高阶思维，推理判断题占

比提升，要求分析论证逻辑

讨论科学问题：宇宙是否是由计算机模

议论文4080301（如因果关系、对比结构）和

拟生成的

作者隐含态度，主旨题侧重提

2024

人类道德准则的形成过程及人类建炼核心观点或论证框架。语篇

说明文3841110

立道德准则的标准结构复杂化，长难句（如定语

从句、非谓语动词）和多重转

说明文366人类社会发展中人们的短视现象0300

2023折关系增多，需通过上下文语

说明文对现代生活的影响

429AI0211义关联（如同义复现、反义对

说明文415解决全球挑战的重要方法——系统思维1200比）解题。词汇难度适中但注

重学术性，涉及科技术语和文

2022量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功

议论文4001111化特定词汇，熟同生义考查频

吗？

率增加。命题强调跨学科能力

说明文354全球崩塌（globalcollapse）的概念0201与批判性思维，引导考生辩证

2021文章通过讨论时间的定义，讲述了人们分析技术发展与人文价值的

议论文

4801210关系。

应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境。

（五年真题•分点精准练）

（2025•北京・高考）

Nottoolongago,onacoldwinternight,therewasateenagerwhowantedmorescreentimeandaparentwho

saidno.Theteenagerwasadvocatingforherrighttoscroll（翻屏）fbranextra30minutes.Theparentarguedthat

noneofherfriends'parentsletthemhavescreensafter9o'clock."1thought,inthisfamily,wedon'tcompare

ourselveswithotherpeople,Dad?”【heteenagerreplied.Theparent—whowasme,bytheway—justgotserved.

Sincetheywereyoung,Ihavetoldmykidsnottocomparethemselveswithotherpeople.Ihavearguedcountless

timesthatcomparisonsarethe“thiefofjoy”.

Althoughmydaughterdidn'twin,shedidhelpexposeoneoftheworstpiecesofadviceIhaveevergiven.Inmy

de佗nee,Ididwhatwe'vealldonebefore,whichisrepeatreceivedwisdomwithoutexploringthenuances.Butnow

isthetimetosettherecordstraight,whichstartswithquestioningtheideathatallsocialcomparisonisunhealthy.

Socialcomparisonsdo,ofcourse,oftengetusintoemotionaltrouble.Buttheycanbeharnessed［利用）forour

bettermentifweunderstandhowtheywork.Thesocialcomparisonsv/emake—onesthatleadustofeelgoodorbad

aboutourselves—arevitaltoourabilitytothrive（成长）.Scienceprovidesaguidewecanusetoharnessthewaywe

performthesecomparisonstoreducetheirnegativeemotionalimpacts.

Comparingyourselfwithsomeonewhoisoutperformingyoucouldresultinfeelingsofenvyifyoufocusonthe

thingstheyhaveandyoudon't,oritcanbeenergizingandinspiringifyonusethesecomparisonsasasourceof

motivation,fbrexample,4tIftheycanachievethat,socan1."Comparingyourselfwithsomeonewhoisdoingworse

thanyoucouldresultinfearandworryifyouthinkabouthowyoucouldfallintosimilarcircumstances,oritcan

drawoutfeelingsofgratitudeandappreciationifyouusethatcomparisontobroadenyourviews-forexample,

uWow,thingscouldbemuchworse;Tmdoinggreat/'

WhatIwishIlaughimydaughterearlierarethesenuances.Howwefeelaboutourselvesrestsnotjustonwhom

wccompareourselveswithbutalsoonhowwcthinkaboutthatcomparison.That'ssomethingwcallhavecontrol

over.

28.Howdidtheauthorfeelabouthisdaughter'sargument?

A.Excited.B.Inspired.C.Energized.D.Relieved.

29.Whatdocstheword“nuances”underlinedinParagraph2mostprobablymean?

A.Majorachievements.B.Complexfeelings.

C.Significantimpacts.D.Finedifferences.

30.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?

A.ComparingOurselveswithOthersCanBecomeaHealthyHabit

B.ComparingOurselveswithOthersCanStrengthenFamilyTies

C.SocialComparisonsCanGetUsintoEmotionalTrouble

D.SocialComparisonsCanBeControlledbyScience

【答案】28.B29.D30.A

【主题】本文是一篇议论文。作者通过讲述自己和女儿关于能否延长看屏幕时间的争论，引巴对社会比较

这一观念的思考，指出并非所有社会比较都不健康，若理解其原理，可加以利用促进自我提升。

28.【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段**Althoughmydaughterdidn'twin,shedidhelpexposeoneoftheworstpieces

ofadviceIhaveevergiven.（虽然我女儿没有嬴，但她确实帮助揭露了我曾经给出的最糟糕的建议之一。）”以

及后文作者对社会比较的重新思考可知，作者从女儿的争论中得到了启发。故选B。

29.【解析】词句猜测题。根据第二段“Inmydefence,Ididwhatwe'vealldonebefore,whichisrepeatreceived

wisdomwithoutexploringthenuances.Butnowisthetimetosettherecordstraight,whichstartswithquestioning

theideathatallsocialcomparisonisunhealthy.（为自己辩护一下，我做了我们所有人都做过的事，就是重复那

些大家都认可的观点，却没有探究其中的—o但现在是时候纠正这个观点了，首先要质疑所有社会比较

都是不健康的这一想法.)”可知,作者之前只是重复普遍观点，没有深入探究不同情况，现在要重新审视,

所以“nuances”意思可能是“组微差别”。故选D。

30.【解析】主旨大意题。根据第三段“Socialcomparisonsdo,ofcourse,oftengelusintoemotionaltrouble.But

theycanbeharnessed（利用）forourbettermentifweunderstandhowiheywork.（当然，社会比较常常会给我们

带来情感困扰。但如果我们了解其运作原理，就可以利用它们来提升自我。）”，以及第四段“Comparing

yourselfwithsomeonewhoisoutperformingyoucouldresultinfeelingsofenvyifyoufocusonthethingsthey

haveandyoudon't,oritcanbeenergizingandinspiringifyouusethesecomparisonsasasourceofmotivation（如

果你关注那些比你表现出色的人所拥有而你没有的东西，与他们比较可能会导致嫉妒之情；但如果你将这

些比较作为动力来源，它也可以让你充满活力并受到鼓舞）”等内容，表明了社会比较并非全然有害，若运

用得当可成为健康习惯，助力个人发展。所以选项A“与他人比较可以成为一种健康的习惯”为最佳标题，

故选Ao

（2025•北京•高考）

Thecallto“knowyourself5hasbeentheresinceancienttimes,butoursenseofselfdoesn'talwaysmatchwhat

othersperceive.Consideringthestorieswetellaboutourselvescanhelpustochangeourmindsforbetter.

Formanyyears,psychologistssawidentityasacombinationofsomeone'svalues,beliefs,goalsandsocialroles.

Then,inthe1980s,BobJohnsoncreatedthelifestorymodelofidentity,inwhichheproposesthat,aswegothrough

life,thesecorefeaturesarebuiltinwithourmemoriestocreateapersonalstorythroughwhichweunderstandour

lives.

Ourlifestoryissomethingthatstartscomingtogetherinourteenageyears,whenwebegintoorganiseourlives

intochaptersaroundkeyeventsorifechanges,andbegintoseeourselvesasboththecentralcharacterand,toa

varyingextent,thestory'sauthor.Peoplewithmoreconsistentstoriestendtohaveastrongersenseofidentity,and

theyfeeltheirlifehasmoremeaning,directionandsenseofpurpose.Suchpeopleshowgreateroveralllife

satisfaction,too.

Johnsonhasalsoinvestigatedthelinkbetweenwell-beingandcertainstorythemes.Hediscoveredthatwhether

someonedescribeshavinghadsomecontrolovereventsintheirpastisanimportantpredictorofaperson'smental

health.Anotherkey（hemeinvolvesfindingsomekindofpositivemeaningafterstressfulevents.4tPecplecouldtalk

aboutgainingknowledgeorpersonalgrowth,''saysJohnson.Hisresearchshowsthatthisisoftenmissingfbrpeople

withmentalhealthconditions.Thegoodnewsisthatthereisevidencewecanlearntochangeourownstory.

LisaGreen,anotherresearcher,soundsafewnotesofcaution（谨慎）.Forinstance,hearingaboutthepowerof

redemptive（拯救1生的）stories,manypeoplemayfeelforcedtofindapositiveangleonhorribleevents.Shesaysthat

Westernculturealreadypushespeopletolookfbrthesilverliningbehindeverycloud.

Ifyouwanttoturnoveranewleaf,though,onetoptipisthatithelpstochooseasignificantdatethatsignalsthe

startofanew“chapler”.Contrary（opopulardoubt,resolutionsmadeonIJanuaryaremoreeffectiveforthisreason.

So,whetheryourgoalissavingmoneyorgettingfit,thereisnobettertimetobecometheauthorofourowndestiny

（命运）.

31.Whatcanbeinferredaboutpersonalstories?

A.Theyareunrelatedtohealth.B.Consistentonesleadtostress.

ourselvescanhelpustochangeourmindsforbetter.（u认识你自己”这一呼吁自古便有,但我们对自己的认知

并不总是与他人对我们的看法相吻合。思考我们讲述的关于自己的故事，能帮助我们以更好的方式改变自

己的想法。）”和第二段中44Then.inthe1980s,BobJohnsoncreatedthelifestorymodelofidentity,inwhichhe

proposesthat,aswegothroughlife,thesecorefeaturesarebuiltinwithourmemoriestocreateapersonalstory

throughwhichweunderstandourlives.（然后，在20世纪80年代，鲍勃•约翰逊创造了身份的生活故事模型，

他提出，在我们的一生中，这些核心特征与我们的记忆一起构建了一个个人故事，我们通过这个故事来理

解我们的生活。）”和第四段中"Johnsonhasalsoinvestigatedthelinkbetweenwell-beingandcertainstory

themes.（约翰逊还研究了幸福感与某些故事主题之间的联系。）”可知，全文围绕“个人生活故事如何构建

自我认知并影响幸福感”展开，分析了其形成、作用及相关研究。"Howself-identityworks”自我认同是如

何运作的。）”符合题意。故选A。

（2024•北京•高考）

Thenotionthatweliveinsomeoneelse'svideogameisirresistibletomany.Searchingtheterm^simulation

hypothesis”（模拟假说）returnsnumerousresultsthatdebatewhethertheuniverseisacomputersimulationa

concept（ha（somescientistsactuallytakeseriously.Unfortunately,thisisnotascientificquestion.Wewillprobably

neverknowwhetherit'strue.Wecan,instead,usethisideatoadvancescientificknowledge.

The18th-centuryphilosopherKantarguedthat（heuniverseultimatelyconsistsofthings-in-themselvesthat

areunknowable.Whileheheldthenotionthatobjectiverealityexists,hesaidourmindplaysanecessaryrolein

strucluringandshapingourperceplions.Modernscienceshaverevealed（hatourperceptualexperienceof（heworld

istheresultofmanystagesofprocessingbysensorysystemsandcognitive（认知的）functionsinthebrain.Noone

knowsexactlywhathappenswithinthisblackbox.Ifempirical（实证的）experiencefailstorevealreality,

reasoningwon'trevealrealityeithersinceitreliesonconceptsandwordsthatareccntingenlonoursocial,cultural

andpsychologicalhistories.Again,ablackbox.

So,ifweacceptthattheuniverseisunknowable,wealsoacceptwewillneverknowifweliveinacomputer

simulation.Andthen,wccanshiftourinquityfrom“Istheuniverseacomputersimulation?**to“Canwcmodelthe

universeasacomputersimulation?Modellingrealityiswhatwedo.Tofacilitateourcomprehensionoftheworld,

webuildmodelsbasedonconceptualmetaphors（隐【喻）thatarefamiliartous.InNewton'sera,weimaginedthe

universeasaclock.InEinstein's,weuncoveredthestandardmodelofparticle（粒子）physics.

Nowthatweareintheinformationage,vvehavenewconceptssuchasthecomputer,informationprocessing,

virtualreality,andsimulation.Unsurprisingly,thesenewconceptsinspireustobuildnewmodelsoftheuniverse.

Modelsarenotthereality,however.Thereisnopointinarguingif:heuniverseisaclock,asetofparticlesoran

outputofcomputation.Allthesemodelsaretoolstodealwiththeunknownandtomakediscoveries.Andthemore

toolswehave,themoreeffectiveandinsightfulwecanbecome.

Itcanbeimaginedthatcomparabletotheprocessofbuildingpreviousscientificmodels,developingthe

“computersimulation''metaphor-basedmodelwillalsobeahugelyrewardingexercise.

28.Whatdoestheauthorintendtodobychallengingahypothesis?

A.Makeanassumption.B.Illustrateanargument.

C.Giveasuggestion.D.Justifyacomparison.

29.Whatdoesthephrase^contingenton^^underlinedinParagraph2probablymean?

A.Acceptedby.B.Determinedby.C.Awakenedby.D.Discoveredby.

30.AsfbrKant'sargument,theauthoris.

A.appreciativeB.doubtfulC.unconcernedD.disapproving

31.Itisimpliedinthispassagethatweshould.

A.comparethecurrentmodelswiththepreviousones

B.continueexploringtheclassicalmodelsinhistory

C.stoparguingwhethertheuniverseisasimulation

D.turnsimulationsoftheuniverseintorealitiesup.

【答案】28.C29.B30.A31.C

【解析】

【主题】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了哲学家对于宇宙的认知和信息时代下的作者对于宇宙争论的

看法。

28.【解析】推理判断题八根据第一段“Searchingtheterm^simulationhypothesis”（模拟假说）returnsnumerous

resultsthatdebatewhethertheuniverseisacomputersimulationaconceptthatsomescientistsactuallytake

seriously.Unfortunately,thisisnotascientificquestion.Wewillprobablyneverknowwhetheril'strue.Wecan,

instead,usethisideatoadvancescientificknowledge.（搜索“模拟假说"这一术语会得到许多关于宇宙是否是计

算机模拟的争论结果一一些科学家实际上认真对待这个概念。不幸的是，这不是一个科学问题。我们可

能永远都不知道这是不是真的。相反，我们可以利用这个想法来推进科学知识）”可知，作者对F模拟假说提

出质疑，是为了提出自己的建议，建议使用这一想法来推进科学知识。故选C项。

29【解析】词句猜测题。根据第一段“Ifempirical（比证的）experiencefailstorevealreality,reasoningwon't

revealrealityeithersinceitreliesonconceptsandwordsthatarecontingentonoursocial,culturaland

psychologicalhistories.Again,ablackbox.（如果经验不能揭示现实，推理也不会揭示现实，因为它依赖于

contingenton我们的社会、文化和心理历史的概念和词语）“可知，句中that引导限制性定语从句，指代先行

词conceptsandwords,且结合常识，概念和词语取决「我们的社会、文化和心理历史，推测划线短语表示“取

决于”,与determinedby意义相近。故选B项。

3（）.【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段“The18th-centuryphilosopherKantarguedthattheuniverseultimately

consistsofthingsinthemselvesthatarcunknowable.Whileheheldthenotionthatobjectiverealityexists,hesaid

ourmindplaysanecessaryroleinstructuringandshapingourperceptions.（18世纪的哲学家康德认为,宇宙最终

由不可知的事物本身组成。虽然他认为客观现实是存在的，但他说，我们的大脑在构建和塑造我们的感知

方面发挥着必要的作用）”以及第三段“So,ifweacceptthattheuniverseisunknowable,wealsoacceptwewill

neverknowifweliveinacomputersimulation4因此，如果我们接受宇宙是不可知的，我们也接受我们永远不

会知道我们是否生活在计算机模拟中）”可知，作者引用康德的观点，并在客观陈述后利用该观点来构建自己

的论述，由此可知，作者对康德的论点持欣赏的态度。故选A项。

31.［解析］推理判断题。根据第四段“Thereisnopointinarguingiftheuniverseisaclock,asetofparticlesoran

outputofcomputation.Alltheseincxiclsaretoolstodealwiththeunknownandtomakediscoveries.Andthemore

too.swehave,themoreeffectiveandinsightfulwecanbecome.（争论宇宙是否是一个时钟、一组粒子还是计算

输出的产物是没有意义的。所有这些模型都是处理未知事物和发现事物的工具。我们拥有的工具越多，我

们就能变得越有效、越有洞察力）”以及第五段“Itcanbeimaginedthatcomparabletotheprocessofbuilding

previousscientificmodels,developingthe“computersimulation,'metaphor-basedmodelwillalsobeahugely

rewardingexercise.（可以想象，与之前构建科学模型的过程相比，开发基于“计算机模拟”隐喻的模型也将是

一项非常有益的工作）”可知，作者认为争论宇宙是否是虚拟的，这是没有意义的，我们应该停止争论宇宙是

否为模拟，而应该着手于将其作为一个模型来探索和理解，这样会更有助于科学的进步。故选C项。

（2024•北京•高考）

FranzBoas'sdescriptionofInuit（因纽特人）lifeinthe19thcenturyillustratestheprobablemoralcodeof

earlyhumans.Here,norms（规范）wereunwrittenandrarelyexpressedclearly,butwerewellunderstoodandtaken

toheart.Dishonestandviolentbehavioursweredisapprovedof;leadership,marriageandinteracticnswithother

groupswerelooselygovernedbytraditions.Conflictwasoftenresolvedinmusicalbattles.Becausearguingangrily

leadstochaos,itwasstronglydiscouraged.WithlifeintheunforgivingNorthernCanadabeingsodemanding,the

Inuit'spracticalapproachtomoralitymadegoodsense.

Thesimilarityofmoralvirtuesacrossculturesisstriking,eventhoughtherelativerankingofthevirtuesmay

varywithasocialgroup'shistoryandenvironment.Typically,crueltyandcheatingarediscouraged,while

cooperation,humblenessandcouragearepraised.Theseuniversalnormsfarpre-datetheconceptofiinymoralising

religionorwrittenlaw.Instead,theyarerootedinihesimilarityofbasichumanneedsandoursharedmechanisms

forlearningandproblemsolving.Oursocialinstincts（本能）includetheintensedesiretobelong.Theapprovalof

othersisrewarding,whiletheirdisapprovalisstronglydisliked.Thesesocialemotionsprepareourbrainstoshape

ourbehaviouraccordingtothenormsandvaluesofourfamilyandourcommunity.Moregenerally,socialinstincts

motivateustolearnhowtobehaveinasociallycomplexworld.

Themechanisminvolvesarepurposedrewardsystemoriginallyusedtodevelophabitsimportamforself-care.

Ourbrainsusethesystemtoacquirebehaviouralpatternsregardingsaferouteshome,efficientfoodgatheringand

dangerstoavoid.Goodhabitssave:ime,energyandsometimesyourlife.Goodsocialhabitsdosomethingsimilar

inasocialcontext.Welearntotellthetruth,evenwhenlyingisself-serving;wehelpagrandparentevenwhenitis

inconvenient.Weacquirewhatwecallasenseofrightandwrong.

Socialbenefitsareaccompaniedbysocialdemands:wemustgelalong,butnotputupwithtoomuch.Hence

self-disciplineisadvantageous.Inhumans,agreatlyenlargedbrainboostsself-control,justasitboosts

problem-solvingskillsinthesocialaswellas（hephysicalworld.Theseabilitiesarestrengthenedbyourcapacity

forlanguage,whichallowssocialpracticestodevelopinextremelyuiiobviousways.

32.WhatcanbeinferredaboutthefbmiingoftheInuit'smoralcode?

A.Livingconditionswerethedrive.B.Unwrittenruleswerethetarget.

C.Socialtraditionwasthebasis.D.Honestywasihekey.

33.Whatcanwclearnfromthispassage?

A.Inconveniencesarethecauseoftellinglies.B.Basichumanneedsleadtouniversalnorms.

C.Languagecapacityislimitedbyself-control.D.Writtenlawshavegreatinfluenceonvirtues.

34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?

A.Virtues:BridgesAcrossCulturesB.TheValuesofSelf-discipline

C.Brains:WallsAgainstChaosD.TheRootsofMorality

【答案】32.C33.B34.D

【主题】本文是一篇说明文。主要围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过

程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中。

32.【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段“Here,norms（规范）wereunwrittenandrarelyexpressedclearly,butwere

wellunderstoodandtakentoheart.Dishonestandviolentbehavioursweredisapprovedof;leadership,marriage

andinteractionswithothergroupswerelooselygovernedbytraditions.Conflictwasoftenresolvedinmusical

batlles.Becausearguingangrilyleadstochaos,itwasstronglydiscouraged.WithlifeintheunforgivingNorthern

Canadabeingsodemanding,theInuit'spracticalapproachtomoralitymadegoodsense.（在这里，规范是不成文

的，很少明确表达，但被很好地理解和铭记。不赞成不诚实和暴力行为；领导、婚姻以及与其他群体的互

动都受到传统的松散控制。冲突往往通过音乐斗争来解决。因为愤怒的争论会导致混乱，所以强烈反对。

在无情的加拿大北部，生活的要求如此之高，因纽特人对待道德的务实态度很有道埋）“口」知，因纽特人的生

活中，规范是不成文的，因纽特人的道德准则的形成是以社会传统为基础的。故选C项。

33.【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段“Theseuniversalnormsfarpre-datetheconceplofanymoralisingreligionor

writtenlaw.Instead,theyarerootedinthesimilarityofbasichumanneedsandoursharedmechanismsforlearning

andproblemsolving.（这些普遍规范远远早于任何道德化宗教或成文法律的概念。相反，它们植根于人类基本

需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制）”可知，普遍的道德规范植根于人类基本需求的相似性以

及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制，即人类的基本需求导致普遍的道德规范形成。故选B项。

34.【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段"FranzBoas'sdescriptionofInuit（因纽特人）lifeinthe19thcentury

illustratestheprobablemoralcodeofearlyhumans.（弗朗兹・博厄籽*j19世纪因纽特人生活的描述说明了早期

人类可能的道德准则）”以及文章内容可知，本文围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，主要介绍了早期人类道

德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中，所以“道德的起源”

适合作为文章标题。故选D项。

（2023•北京•高考）

Inrecentyears,researchersfromdiversefieldshaveagreedthatshort-termismisnowasignificantproblem

inindustrialisedsocieties.Theinabilitytoengagewithlonger-termcausesandconsequencesleadstosomeofthe

world'smostseriousproblems:climatechange,biodiversitycollapse,andmore.ThehistorianFrancisColeargues

thattheWesthasenteredaperiodwhere“onlythepresentexists,apresentcharacterisedatoncebythecrueltyof

theinstantandbytheboredomofanunendingnow”.

Ithasbeenprovedthatpeoplehaveabias（偏向）towardsthepresent,focusingonloudattractionsin（he

momentattheexpenseofthehealth,well-beingandfinancialstabilityoftheirfutureselvesorcommunity.In

business,thisbiassurfacesasshort-sighteddecisions.Andonslow-burningproblemslikeclimatechange,it

translatesintotheunwillingnesstomakesmallsacrifices（牺牲）todaythatcouldmakeamaiordifference

tomorrow.Instead,allthatmattersisnextquarter'sprofit,orsatisfyingsonicothernear-termdesires.

Thesebiasedperspectivescannotbeblamedononesinglecause.Itisfairtosay,though,thatour

psychologicalbiasesplayamajorrole.People'shesitancytodelaysatisfactionisthemostobviousexample,but

thereareothers.Oneofthemisabouthowthemostaccessibleinformationinthepresentaffectsdecisionsabout

thefuture.Forinstance,youmighthearsomeonesay:"It'scoldthiswinter,soIneedn'tworryaboutglobal

warming."Anotheristhatloudandurgentmattersaregiventoomuchimportance,makingpeopleignore

longer-termtrendsthatarguablymattermore.Thisiswhenapopstardrawsfarmoreattentionthan,say,gradual

biodiversitydecline.

Asapsychologistoncejoked,ifaliens（夕卜星人）wantedtoweakenhumanity,theywouldn'tsendships;they

wouldinventclimatechange.Indeed,whenilcomestoenvironmentaltransformations,wecandevelopaformof

collective“poormemory"，andeachnewgenerationcanbelievethestateofaffairstheyencounterisnothingoutof

theordinary.Olderpeopletoday,forexample,canrememberatimewithinsect-coveredcarwindscreensafterlong

drives.Children,ontheotherhand,havenoideathatinsectpopulationhasdroppeddramatically.

28.TheauthorquotesFrancisColemainlyto.

A.drawacomparison

B.introduceatopic

C.evaluateastatement

D.highlightaproblem

29.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?

A.Climatechangehasbeenforgotten.

B.Lessonsofhistoryarchighlyvalued.

C.Thehumanmindishadatnotingslowchange.

D.Humansareunwillingtoadmittheirshortcomings.

30.Whatdoestheauthorintendtotellus?

A.Far-sightedthinkingmatterstohumans.

B.Humanstendtomakelong-termsacrifices.

C.Currentpoliciesfacilitatefuturedecision-making.

D.Biastowardsthepresenthelpsreducenear-termdesires.

【答案】28.D29.C30.A

【主题】本文是说明文。近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个

重大问题。事实证明，人们对现在有偏见，以牺牲健康为代价，专注于当下有吸引力的事物，而牺牲了未

来自己或社区的健康、幸福和财务稳定。

28.【解析】推理判断题。第一段首句“Inrecentyears,researchersfromdiversefieldshaveagreed（hat

short-termismisnowasignificantprobleminindustrialisedsocieties.（近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认

为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。）”提出一个问题一一短期主义，接着下文“Thehistorian

FrancisColearguesthattheWesthasenteredaperiodwhere“onlythepresentexists,apresentcharacterisedat

oncebythecrueltyoftheinstantandbytheboredomofanunendingnow”.（历史学家弗朗西斯•科尔（Francis

Cole）认为，西方已经进入了一个“只有现在存在的时代，现在的特点是瞬间的残酷和无休止的现在的无聊”j

引用历史学家FrancisCole的话来强调只注重现在的这种短期主义的危害，由此可推知,文章引用FrancisCol

的话是为了强调一个问题，故选D。

29.【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Asapsychologistoncejoked,ifaliens（外星人）warnedtoweaken

humanity,theywouldn'tsendships;theywouldinventclimatechange.Indeed,whenitcomestoenvironmental

transformations,wecandevelopaformofcollective“poormemory”,andeachnewgenerationcanbelievethe

stateofaffairstheyencounterisnothingoutoftheordinary/—位心理学家曾经开玩笑说，如果外星人想削弱人

类，他们不会派出飞船