《红楼梦》中人物对话之翻译方法初探

PAGE《红楼梦》中人物对话之翻译方法初探摘要文学作品中的人物对白是作者塑造人物形象的基本素材和手段。文学翻译是要用另一种语言工具传达原作的意境和神韵。人物对白的翻译是文学翻译的一部分，而且有其自身的特点。译者要根据不同人物的阶级、职业、经历、生活习惯、思想感情和精神状态等，将原作中富有个性特点的语言，用恰当的目的语言去表现不同人物的性格特征。本论文第一章介绍了当前中国文学翻译的现状，引出此次论文研究的对象，说明了研究的意义及论文组织结构。第二章对口语和书面语做出定义，分析了其特点和区别。然后介绍《红楼梦》中人物对白的特点及翻译的难度及对翻译质量的评价标准，其次说明翻译相关的理论和常见方法。第三章对作者选择的语料进行了说明，介绍了杨宪益、戴乃迭夫妇翻译的ADreamofRedMansions(以下简称杨译本)和大卫·霍克斯翻译的TheStoryoftheStone(以下简称霍译本)，以及实例选择的标准。第四章重点介绍了8种常见的翻译方法:换序法；转句法；转性法；增词法；减词法；习语法；直译法；异议法。针对每一个方法选取部分精彩的人物对话及其翻译作为研究对象,结合多个实例对两个英译本所采取的翻译方法进行对比,分析人物对话风格传达对人物性格塑造的影响,评价对话译文风格是否与原文保持一致。第五章分析了杨、霍两个译本的差异以及产生这种差异的原因，并给出以后在应用这些翻译方法时的建议。第六章针对如何成为一个好的文学翻译者，总结了人物对话翻翻译工作中所需要遵循的原则和规律，希望对以后的翻译有所帮助。关键词:文学作品；人物语言；翻译方法；口语；

AbstractThecharacterdialogueinliteraryworksisthebasicmeansforwriterstoshapetheircharacters.Literarytranslationistouseanotherlanguagetooltoconveytheartisticconceptionandcharmoftheoriginalwork.Thetranslationofdialogueplaysanimportantroleinthetranslatedliteraryworksandhasitsowncharacteristics.Accordingtotheclass,occupation,experience,livinghabits,thoughts,feelingsandspiritualstatesofdifferentcharacters,translatorsshoulduseappropriatetargetlanguagetoexpressthepersonalitycharacteristicsofdifferentcharacters.ThefirstchapterofthisthesisintroducesthecurrentsituationofChineseliteraturetranslation,introducestheobjectofthisthesis,andexplainsthesignificanceoftheresearchandthestructureofthethesis.Thesecondchapterdefinesspokenandwrittenlanguage,andanalyzesitscharacteristicsanddifferences.Thenitintroducesthecharacteristicsofdialogue,thedifficultyoftranslationandtheevaluationcriteriaoftranslationquality,andthenexplainsthetranslationrelatedtheoriesandcommonmethods.Thethirdchapterexplainsthecorpuschosenbytheauthor,introducesADreamofRedMansionstranslatedbyYangHsien-yiandGladysYangandtheStoryoftheStonetranslatedbyDavidHawkes,aswellasthecriteriaofcaseselection.Chapterfourfocusesoneightcommontranslationmethods:changingthepositionsofsomephrases;changingwordsorphrasesintosentences;changingthepartofspeech;addingwordswhennecessary;leavingoutunnecessarywords;useidioms;literaltranslation;freetranslation.Foreachmethod,wechoosesomewonderfuldialoguesandtheirtranslationastheresearchobject,andcomparethetranslationmethodsofthetwoEnglishversionswithseveralexamples,analyzetheinfluenceofthecommunicationofthedialoguestyleonthecharacterizationofthecharacters,andevaluatewhetherthetranslationstyleofthedialogueisconsistentwiththeoriginal.ChapterfiveanalyzesthedifferencesbetweenYangandHawkes'versionsandthereasonsforthedifferences,andgivessomesuggestionsforthefutureapplicationofthesetranslationmethods.Inchaptersix,aimingathowtobeagoodliterarytranslator,theauthorsummarizestheprinciplesandrulesthatneedtobefollowedintheprocessoftranslatingcharacters,hopingtobehelpfulforthefuturetranslation.Keywords:literaryworks;characterlanguage;translationmethods;spokenlanguage;

TableofContentsPages1.Introduction11.1BackgroundoftheResearch11.2ObjectiveoftheResearch21.3SignificanceoftheResearch21.4OrganizationofthePaper32.Rationale32.1DefinitionsofColloquialandWrittenLanguage32.2CharacteristicsofPersonnelDialogueInHLM32.3BasicTranslationTheory42.3.1Definitionsoftranslation42.3.2Criteriafortranslation52.4MethodsontheDialogueTranslation62.4.1ChangingthePositionsofSomePhrases72.4.2ChangingWordsorPhrasesintoSentences72.4.3ChangingthePartofSpeech72.4.4AddingWordsWhenNecessary72.4.5LeavingoutUnnecessaryWords72.4.6UsingIdioms82.4.7Literaltranslation82.4.8Freetranslation83.DataDescription83.1BriefIntroductionoftheSLT83.2BriefIntroductiontotheTLT93.3StandardofData-selection94.DataAnalysis94.1ChangingthePositionsofSomePhrases104.2ChangingWordsorPhrasesintoSentences104.3ChangingthePartofSpeech114.4AddingWordsWhenNecessary124.5LeavingoutUnnecessaryWords124.6UseIdioms134.7Literaltranslation144.8Freetranslation155.ResultsandSuggestions165.1Results165.2Suggestions176.Conclusion20Bibliography21Appendix21PAGEPAGE2ATentativeStudyontheMethodsofChinese-EnglishCharacterDialogueTranslation– ACaseStudyofHongLouMeng1.IntroductionThepaperfirststartswiththeIntroductionpart,whichconsistsoffoursections,researchbackground;researchobjective;researchsignificanceandpaperorganization.1.1BackgroundoftheResearchInrecentyears,withtherapiddevelopmentofChina'seconomyandthepromotionofitsinternationalstatus,theintercommunioninculturebecomemorefrequentbetweenchinaandtheothercountries.IntroducingexcellentChinesetraditionalculturetotheworldisbecomingamissionforChineseliterarytranslators.However,intheprocessofintroducingChineseculture,thepresentsituationoftranslationofChinesemodernandclassicalliteratureisnotoptimistic.ToexaminetheacceptanceanddisseminationofChineseliteraryworksinthetarget-languagecountries,themostintuitivewayistoexaminethesalesofChineseliteraryworksinbookstoresandon-line.Peoplestudyingabroad,traveling,makingbusinesstoWesterncountriesforfewyears,whofindthetranslationworksofmodernandclassicalChineseliteraturearescarceinpublicbookstoresandonlinestores.Theamountofbookborrowingispitifullysmall.Therefore,theacceptanceofChineseliterarytranslationsintheEnglishworldisnotoptimistic.Themainreasonsforthissituationareasfollows:OneisthedifferencebetweenChineseandWesternhistoryandculture.Theso-calledhistoryandculturaldifferencesrefertothedifferencesinlanguage,knowledge,belief,religion,outlookonlife,values,andwaysofthinking,morality,customsandhabitsformedindifferenthistoricalprocesses,geographicalandnaturalenvironments.Thesurvivalanddevelopmentofanyliteraryworksareinseparablefromthesocialandculturalenvironmentonwhichtheydepend.ForBritishandAmericanpeople,oneofthemainobstaclestounderstandingChineseliteraryworksisthedifferencebetweenChineseandWesternhistoryandculture.ThedifferenceofhistoryandculturewillleadtothemisunderstandingandevenmisunderstandingofrichculturalconnotationsinmanyChineseliteraryworksbyWesternreaders.ThesecondisthelackofexcellentChinese-Englishtranslators.ThelackofqualifiedChinese-EnglishtranslatorsisthebottleneckrestrictingthesuccessfultranslationofChinesemodernandclassicalliterature.SomeexcellenttranslationsofChineseliteraryworksareofpoorqualityduetothelackoftranslators'competence.AccordingtoGilbertHighet,atranslator,[1]"Poorwritingisonlyamistake;itisasintotranslateagoodbookfromamediocreone."（Hung, 1991:39） Asforthoseproblematictranslations,theimproperrendering,intheopinionoftheauthor,isthatmosttranslatorsarepronetostaywiththeoriginaltextdirectlyandafraidtoputitinadifferentwaysothatthetranslationishardforwesternerstoreadandcomprehend.Probingpropertranslationstrategiestoeasethisdilemmaasmuchaspossibleistheultimatepurposeofthispaper.ObjectiveoftheResearchTheobjectiveofthisstudyistohelpEnglishlearnersreviewcommontranslationtechniquesandstrategies,andtofurtherimprovethetranslator'stranslationlevel.AsanoutstandingrepresentativeofChineseclassicalliterature,HongLouMenghascreatedmanycharacters,eachofwhomhasitsownuniquepersonalitycharacteristics.Howtoconveytheuniquehistoricalandculturalinformationaccuratelybehindthelanguageisindeedadifficulttask.ThispaperchoosessomeclassicaldialoguesofHongLouMengcharacters,analysesthedifferencesofthetranslationmethodsandstrategiesadoptedinthetwoversions,andexploreshowthetranslatorcanconveythespiritandmeaningoftheoriginal.SignificanceoftheResearchThesignificanceofthisstudyisreviewingChinesetraditionalliteraryworkstoimprovelearners'literaryappreciationability,targetedlearningofChinese-Englishtranslationmethodstoimprovelearners'applicationability,comparingdifferenttranslationmethodsadoptedindialoguetranslationtoimprovelearners'flexibleandchangeablethinking.OrganizationofthePaperThepapercomprisessixparts.FollowingtheintroductionofPartOne,PartTwogivesabriefreviewofthedifferencesbetweenspokenandwrittenlanguages,thecharacteristicsofthedialoguesinHLM,thetheoriesandcriteriaofC-Etranslation,andthenintroducesthecommontranslationstrategies.PartThreedescribesthedatatobeanalyzed,thesourceandtypesofdata,etc.PartFourmakesadetailanalysisofthetranslationsofexamples.Foreachcase,theauthorcomparesthetranslationwiththeoriginalandcommentsonthetranslationstrategiesusedseparately.PartFiveisadiscussionofthepropertranslationstrategiesandsuggestions.Thelastpartconcludesthepaper.2.RationaleDefinitionsofColloquialandWrittenLanguage[2]Asdefinedbythephilosophyoflanguage,colloquiallanguageisanordinaryornaturallanguagethatusescolloquialisms.Colloquialismsareinformalwords,phrases,orsayingsoftenspecifictoonegeographicalareaandtypicallyonlyusedininformalsettings.Generally,linguistsmakedistinctionsbetweencolloquiallanguageandslang,jargon,anddialect.Writtenlanguagereferstothewrittenlanguagethatrecordsevents,thoughtsandfeelings.Contrarytowrittenlanguage,spokenlanguagehasmanydifferences.Visitingandusingwrittenlanguagerequirestwokeylanguageskills:writingandreading.Withoutthesetwowords,especiallyreading,itisalmostimpossibletounderstandwhatiswritten,eventhoughmostwordsareunderstoodbyhearing.CharacteristicsofPersonnelDialogueInHLMTheauthorofHLMdepictsmanycharacters,ofwhichalmosteveryonehashisownuniquelanguage.Whetherthecharactersareimportantornot,theirlanguageiswonderfulandinteresting.Character'sspeechisanindicativewayofexpressingimportanceinfiction.Generallyspeaking,thatthewordsofunimportantpeoplearelessthanthatimportant.Thetemperament,personalityandsocialstatusofdifferentcharactersareexpressusingdifferentlanguages.Languageisveryimportantforshapingacompletecharacterimage.BasicTranslationTheoryDefinitionsoftranslationTranslation,beingagenerallyacknowledgedcomplexprocess,ishardtodescribecompletelyandthoroughlywithafewwords.Manyfamoustranslatorsandtranslationtheoristshavebeenstudyingthedefinitionoftranslationfromtheviewsoflinguistics,cultureandinterculturalcommunicationsinceancienttimes.Herearedefinitionsgivenbysomefamousscholars.[3]EugeneA.Nida,thefamousAmericanlinguistandtranslationtheorists,definestranslationas“reproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesource-languagemessage,firstintermsofmeaningand secondlyintermsofstyle”.(EugeneA.Nida1964:159-160)Translationisamentalactivityinwhichameaningofgivenlinguisticdiscourseisrenderedfromonelanguagetoanother.Itistheactoftransferringthelinguisticentitiesfromonelanguageintotheirequivalentsintoanotherlanguage.[4]Translationisanactthroughwhichthecontentofatextistransferredfromthesourcelanguageintothetargetlanguage(Foster,1958).Thelanguagetobetranslatediscalledthesourcelanguage(SL),whereasthelanguagetobetranslatedintoorarrivedatiscalledthetargetlanguage(TL).Thetranslatorneedstohavegoodknowledgeofboththesourceandthetargetlanguage,inadditiontoahighlinguisticsensitivityasheshouldtransmitthewriter'sintention,originalthoughtsandopinionsinthetranslatedversionaspreciselyandfaithfullyaspossible.Duetoitsprominence,translationhasbeenvieweddifferently.[5]AccordingtoGhazala(1995),"translationisgenerallyusedtorefertoalltheprocessandmethodsusedtoconveythemeaningofthesourcelanguageintothetargetlanguage"(P.1.Ghazala'sdefinitionfocusesonthenotionofmeaningasanessentialelementintranslation.Thatis,whentranslating,understandingthemeaningofsourcetextisvitaltohavetheappropriateequivalentinthetargettextthus,itismeaningthatistranslatedinrelationtogrammar,styleandsounds(Ghazala,1995).Translationisaprocessandaproduct.[6]AccordingtoCatford(1995),translationisthereplacementoftextualmaterialinonelanguage(SL)byequivalenttextualmaterialinanotherlanguage(TL)",(p20).Thisdefinitionshowsthattranslationisaprocessinthesensethatisanactivity.Performedbypeoplethroughtime,whenexpressionsaretranslatedintosimpleronesinthesamelanguage(Rewordingandpara-phrasing).[7]Itcanbedonealsofromonelanguageintoanotherdifferentlanguage.Translationis,ontheotherhand,aproductsinceitprovidesuswithotherdifferentcultures,toancientsocietiesandcivilizationlifewhenthetranslatedtextsreachesus(YowellandMutfah,1999).Amongtheabove-mentioneddefinitions,weknowntranslationisacomplexprocesscharacterizedbyinterculturalcommunicationandinterpretation,inotherwords,thetranslationofthoseworksrichinculturalconnotationrequiresanunderstandingofthesubtleandrichculturalcontentfirstandthenafaithfulreproductionoftheseculturalelementswiththeadoptionofanappropriatetranslationtechnique.CriteriafortranslationWhatisagoodtranslation?Foraverylongtime,peoplehavearguedanddebatedheatedlyoverthisissueandhaveproposedvariouscriteriafortranslation.[8]In1790,AlexanderFraserTytler,thefamousBritishtranslationtheoristinhisbookEssay on the Principles of Translation,whopointedoutthatthreelaws:"Thatthetranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork.Thatthestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterwiththatoftheoriginal.Thatthetranslationshouldhaveallthecaseoforiginalcomposition."Whentalkingabouttranslatingcharacters'personallanguage,HuangFanbao,aprofessorandtranslatorofChina,[9]whoputsforwardthree"coincidences":thatis,coincidencewithcharacters'identity,personalityandspecificenvironment.Whentranslatingcharacters'dialoguesinfiction,thetranslatornotonlyshouldsatisfywiththefaithfulnessattheliterarylevel,butalsobaseontherealityintranslation.Thesituationretainsthecharacteristicsofdialogueintheoriginaltext,adaptstothecontextandchoosesthetargetlanguagethatconformstoitsidentity,andtranslatesthedialoguesofcharacterssothatthereadersofthetranslatedtext,likethereadersoftheoriginaltext,canfeelthewonderfuldialogueintheoriginaltext.Therefore,thewriterthinksthatsomeprinciplessuchasveracity,figurativenessandreadabilityareindispensableinthetranslationofEnglishandChineseLiterary.MethodsontheDialogueTranslationThedialoguetranslationrequirestranslatorstoshowtheirconsciousculturalawareness,humanisticcharacter,culturalandaestheticcreativityintranslationactivitiesinordertoachievetranslationpurposes,whilerespectingtheoriginalworks.Itsultimategoalistoachievetheequivalenteffect,sothatthetargetlanguagereaderscangetthesameorsimilarunderstandingandfeelingsaspossible.Afterunderstandingthemeaningofthedialogue,weshouldtryourbesttoconveythepragmaticmeaningofthedialoguetothetargetlanguagereaders,ratherthantheliteralmeaning.Withregardtothedialoguetranslation,theresearcherhasanalyzedtheidentity,personalityandspecificsceneofthecharactersinthenovel,tryingtosummarizethegeneralprinciplesandmethodsofdialoguetranslation.However,thespecifictranslationpracticeisvariesgreatlyandweneedmoreexplorationandsummary.ThroughthepracticeofChinese-EnglishtranslationofdialogueinHLM,thispaperaimstodiscussthecommonmethodsusedbytranslatorsinthedialoguetranslationfromtheperspectivesofvocabulary,thesyntaxtranslationandthebackgroundanalysis.ChangingthePositionsofSomePhrasesDuetothedifferencesintheexpressionpatternsbetweenChineseandEnglish,thetranslationofthetwolanguagessometimesrequirescorrespondingtransformationordertocatertothecommonexpressionpatternsofanotherlanguage.PrepositionalstatementsoftenusedinEnglishwiththeresultfirstandthecausesecond,whereasinChinese,theyusuallyproceedgraduallywiththeresultfirst,andfinallysummarizeandpointoutthetheme.Changingthepositionsofsomephrasesinvolveschangingthepositionsofthesubject,predicate,attribute,adverbial,etc.ChangingWordsorPhrasesintoSentencesAwordoranoun,attributiveoradverbialphraseinEnglishcanbechangedintoasentencewhenitisbeingtranslatedintoChinese,especiallyifithasrichmeanings.WhetherinEnglishorChinese,therearesuchwords,phrasesorphrases,althoughshortandconcise,butrichinmeaning.Whenwetranslateitintothetargetlanguage,wewillfindthatifweputitinitsoriginalposition,thewholetranslatedsentencecannotbesmoothorweird.Thenweneedtobreakupthewords,phrasesorphrasesoftheoriginalsentenceaccordingtothelaw,andconvertthemintoasentencetoexpressitsinternalmeaningclearly.ChangingthePartofSpeechThepartofspeechofanEnglishwordneedstobechangedwhenitisbeingtranslatedintoChinese,otherwisetheChinesemaysoundawkwardorunnatural.Forexample:theoriginaltextoftheprepositionintoverbs,verbsintonounsandsoon.AddingWordsWhenNecessaryAccordingtothedifferentwaysofthinking,languagehabitsandformsinEnglishandChinese,somewords,phrasesorsentencesareaddedtothetranslationsoastoexpressthemeaningcontainedintheoriginaltextmoreaccurately.LeavingoutUnnecessaryWordsItmeansomittingtheuseless,superfluouswordsandeventhewordsthatwillbeastumblingblockinthetargetlanguageintranslationtomakeyourversionnotjustaccessibletoreaders,buteasilyunderstood;notonlyexpressive,butalsoimpressive.UsingIdiomsSometimesanEnglishidiomandaChineseidiommatchinbothformandcontent.Theysharenotonlymoreorlessthesamemeaning,butalsosimilarrhetoricalflavor.Insuchcases,usingreadyidiomsinthereceptorlanguagewillsaveusalotoftrouble.LiteraltranslationLiteraltranslationreferstothetranslationthatatranslatortriestokeeptheoriginalformandmeaning,includingmeaning,structure,style,figureofspeech,etc.FreetranslationFreetranslationisanalternativeapproachgenerallyusedtoconveythemeaningandspiritoftheoriginalwithouttryingtocopingitssentencepatternsorfiguresofspeech.3.DataDescriptionInthefollowingsection,anumberofdialoguesfromsourcelanguagetext(SLT)andtargetlanguagetext(TLT)havebeenchosenasexamples.TheSLTisChineseclassicalworksADreamofRedMansions(1982)writtenbyCaoXueqinandGaoE(曹雪芹、高鄂).TheTLTisTheStoryoftheStone(1977)translatedbyDavidHawkesandJohnMinford(abbreviatedasHawkesinthefollowingparts).TheotherversionisADreamofRedMansionstranslatedbyYangHsien-yiandGladysYang(杨宪益、戴乃迭abbreviatedasYanginthefollowingparts).Inaddition,theauthoralsoreferstootherreferences.Forexample,[13]ADictionaryofEnglishProverbs（《汉英成语词典》）(1996)byWangDeFu（王德福）,LanguageArtofDreamofRedMansions（《红楼梦的语言艺术》）(1982)byZhouZhongMing（周中明）,etc.Meanwhile,someotherrelatedexamplesarealsoreferredtoandmarkedwithproperacknowledgement.BriefIntroductionoftheSLTTheauthorre-readtheeditionofHLMpublishedbyMr.FengQiyongin2005,andanalyzedhundredsofcharactersportrayedbyCao.Thedialoguebetweenthecharactersoccupiedalargespace.Allkindsofcharactersareharmoniouslycoordinatedwitheachother,sothateachrolemainlydependsonitsownlanguage,standsuponpaper,andcomestothefrontofthereader.BriefIntroductiontotheTLTHawkes'stranslationemphasizesthatthetranslationshouldconformtothelanguagenormsandculturalhabitsofthetargetlanguage.Therefore,domesticatedtranslationstrategiesandfreetranslationmethodsareadopted.ThepurposeoftranslationistosharetheenthusiasmofthebookwithWesternreadersandmeettheneedsofforeignreaders.Yang'stranslationfocusesonthefaithfulnessoftheoriginal,adoptsthestrategyofalienationandthemethodofliteraltranslation.ItsmainpurposeistointroduceChineseculturetoforeignreaderssothattheycanhaveadeeperunderstandingofChineseculture.StandardofData-selectionYangHsien-yiwasborninChinawhomethiswifeGladysYangwhenhestudiedinBritain.HawkesDavidandhisson-in-lawJohnMinfordwereborninBritainwhobothstudiedandlivedinChinaformanyyears.ThesetranslatorshaveaprofoundunderstandingofEasternandWesterncultures,allhaveastronginterestinandin-depthstudyofChinesetraditionalcultureandclassicalliterature.Bothversionsaremarkedbydistinctpersonalandnationalcultures,especiallytheuseofalargenumberofwords,idioms,proverbsandslangincharacterdialogues.Thispaperchoosessomedialoguesforanalysisandresearch.Thestandardofdialoguesistoreflectthespeaker'sdistinctpersonality.Meanwhile,thetranslatorusesordinarytranslationmethodstoexpresstheoriginalmeaningskillfullyandcompletely.4.DataAnalysisEnglishtranslationisacomprehensiveprocessoflanguageapplication,whichrequiresasolidknowledgeoftranslationtheoryandahighleveloflanguagefoundation.Italsorequireseffectivemasteryandapplicationofdiversifiedtranslationmethodsandtechniquesinpractice.ItalsorequiresadeeperunderstandingoftheEnglishlanguageandconsiderationofthecontextinordertomaketranslationmoreaccurate.Thefollowingelaborationfocusesonhowtheauthorappliescommontranslationmethodstodialoguetranslationproperly,thusreflectingthedistinctpersonalitycharacteristicsofthecharacters.ChangingthePositionsofSomePhrasesThisisacommontranslationmethodinthetranslationofHLM.Thefollowingexampledemonstratesthisskill.InExample1,王熙凤因笑道:"天下真有这样标致人物，我今儿才算见了！…"Yang:Shecriedwithalaugh,“thisisthefirsttimeI’veseteyesonsucharavishingbeauty….”ThepurposeofsentenceistopraiseDaiyu'sbeautythroughXifeng'smouth.However,theauthordidnotspendmoreinkonthedegreeofbeauty,whojustprovidesadialogueandenablesthereadersthinkaboutitbyhimself.Xifengwasborninanofficialfamilyandwasgoodatcommunicating.Shesawtoomanysuchbeautifulwomen.Butshesaid"我今儿才算见了！".Moreover,accordingtothecharacteristicsofChinese,thisimportantsentenceisputinthebacktohighlightingXifeng'seloquentpersonality,inordertowinLadyDowager's(贾母)favor.InEnglish,thehabitistoputtheimportantwordsinfrontofthesentence.Yangadjusteditandput"thisisthefirsttime"infrontofthesentence,andexpressedtheoriginalideafaithfully.ChangingWordsorPhrasesintoSentencesGenerally,EnglishsentencesarelongerthanChinesesentences,andanEnglishsentencehasmorecapacitythanaChinesesentence.Therefore,itisnecessaryandpossibleforustotranslatetwoormoreChinesesentencesintooneEnglishsentencewhentranslatingfromChinesetoEnglish.InExample2,紫鹃笑道:"我说的是好话，不过叫你心里留神，并没叫你去为非作歹，何苦回老太太，叫我吃了亏，又有何好处？"Yang:‘Imeantwell,’wasthesmilinganswer.‘Ijustwantedyoutolookoutforyourself,nottodoanythingwrong.Whatgoodwillitdoifyoureportmetotheoldladyandgetmeintotrouble?’WiththatZijuanclosedhereyes.Zijuan,aservantofDaiyu,whoadvisedherMisstothinkabouthermarriageassoonaspossible.Daiyuhadnoideaherselfandblamedhertoonoisy.Zijuanfeltaggrievedandcomplained.Yangtranslatedthelastthreesentencesintoonesentence.ItnotonlyconformedtothereadinghabitsofWesterners,butalsorevealedthewisdomofZijuanthroughthisverylogicalsentence.SeeAppendix[InExample3~6]formoreexamplesChangingthePartofSpeechIntheprocessoftranslation,thepartofspeech,sentencepatternandvoiceoftheoriginalsentenceistransformedinordertomakethetranslationconformtotheexpressions,methodsandhabitsofthetargetlanguage.Suchflexiblemethodscanoftensavethetranslatorfrom"danger",andifasentencecannotbeturnedover,itwillcomebacktolifeonceithasbeentransformed.Thisshowsthatpartofspeechitselfisoftenanobstacle,sowecannotfocusonthepartofspeechoftheoriginaltextintranslation.InExample7,月间不过派一个人拿几两银子去买柴米就完了。Yang:"Thenallweneeddoistosendsomeonewithafewtaelsofsilvereverymonthfortheirfirewoodandrice”"拿"and"买"areverbs,butonlyoneverbcanbeusedasapredicateinEnglish,sotheauthortranslatesthemintoprepositions"with"and"for".Beforetranslating,weshouldbefamiliarwiththecharacteristicsofChineseandEnglish,andtakeintoaccountthestructureofthewholesentence,thewayofexpressionandtheinternalrelationshipbetweenthesentences.OnlyinthiswaycanweflexiblyandappropriatelyusethedifferentpartsofspeechinChineseandEnglish,makethetranslationmorefluent,andkeepthesamestylewiththeoriginaltext,orevenbetter.SeeAppendix[InExample8~9]formoreexamplesAddingWordsWhenNecessaryAmplificationmeanssupplyingnecessarywordsinourtranslationonthebasisofaccuratecomprehensionoftheoriginal.Thiskindofskillisacommontranslationmethod.InExample10,凤姐笑道:"好兄弟，你是个尊贵人，女孩儿一样的人品，别学他们猴在马上。…”Yang:“Dearcousin,youhaveyourdignityandareasdelicateasanygirl.Don’tcopythoseapesonhorseback.…”Hawkes:“Baodear,”saidXi-feng,“apersonofyourrefinementbelongsherewithus.Youdon’twanttogoclompingaroundthecountrysidelikeapesonhorsebackwiththosehorridmen!...”"猴"isananimal.Thephenomenonof"denominalverbs"vividlydescribeBaoyu'spostureofriding.Meanwhile,thereadersalsorealizeXiFeng'sforcefulandfriendlycharactersthroughthisword.Whentra