专题01名词数词（复习讲义）（原卷版）

专题01名词数词目录TOC\o"12"\h\u考情分析与命题趋势 1知识体系构建 2考点精析与突破 3考点一：名词单复数（重点） 3考点二：抽象名词具体化（重点） 4考点三：名词所有格（重点） 5考点四：数词 5实战精练与提升 7一、考试要求名词和数词是高考英语语法填空、完形填空的必考重点。近五年江苏省春季高考中，名词考查频率较高，主要涉及名词单复数变化、抽象名词具体化、所有格用法及词性转换；数词则侧重基数词与序数词的转换、倍数表达、年代与年龄表示法等。高考命题趋势强调语境化应用，结合社会生活实际，如科技、文化、环境等话题，突出语法知识的综合运用能力。二、命题分析考点考频考查内容命题趋势名词​5年3考词形转换和名词的单复数预测2026年在语法填空中强调名词语境化应用数词5年4考序数词前冠词的使用、倍数表达、约数预测2026年在语法填空中强调数词的逻辑推理知识点1、名词分类详解①个体名词规则变化：book→books,box→boxes不规则变化：child→childrenphenomenon→phenomenacriterion→criteria②物质名词特殊用法不可数但可量化：apieceofadvice,twocupsofwater具体化用法：acoffee（一杯咖啡）,aglass（一个玻璃杯）③抽象名词具体化三大规律1.与a/an连用表示一种：apleasure（一件乐事）2.与a/an连用表示一次：asuccess（一次成功）3.复数形式表示多类：fruits（各种水果）知识点2、名词所有格常考词转化①’s所有格使用场景：有生命名词：Tom’sbike时间名词：today’snewspaper国家/城市：China’sdevelopment②of所有格适用情况：无生命名词：thedooroftheroom较长修饰语：thecontributionofthescientistwhowontheNobelPrize③双重所有格特殊含义：afriendofmyfather's（强调父亲朋友众多）thatnovelofDickens'（含赞赏/批评意味）知识点3、数词基数词核心考点​单位换算：tenthousand（一万）,ahundredthousand（十万）约数表达：hundredsof（成百上千）,thousandsof（成千上万）数量修饰：severalhundredstudents（几百学生）序数词使用细则​缩写规则：first→1st,second→2nd,third→3rd冠词选择：thesecondchapter（特指）但asecondchance（又一）固定搭配：inthefirstplace（首先）考点一：名词单复数解题策略1.形态判断法：分析名词词尾特征。2.语义判断法：根据语境确定单复数。名词单复数考点总结改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 manmen,womanwomen,footfeet,goosegeese,mousemice单复数相同sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,species只有复数形式ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,passes一些集体名词总是用作复数people,police,cattle,staff 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,mittee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party复数形式表示特别含义customs（海关），forces（军队）,times（时代）,spirits（情绪）,drinks（饮料）,sands（沙滩）,papers（文件报纸）,manners（礼貌）,looks（外表）,brains（头脑智力）,greens（青菜）,ruins（废墟）,arms（武器）,works（工厂，工事，作品）,woods（森林）表示“某国人”加sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks，Swedes,Europeans单复数同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese 以man或woman结尾的改为men，womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen 合成名词 将主体名词变为复数sonsinlaw,lookerson,passersby,storytellers,boyfriends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grownups,goodfornothing（饭桶），gobetweens（中间人） 将两部分变为复数womensingers,menservants 例1（2024江苏模拟）Thelaboratorypurchasednew______(microscope)forthebiologyexperiment.例2Shegavemesome______(advice)onhowtoimprovemywriting.【变式训练1·基础巩固】Therearemany______(bookshelf)inthelibrary.【变式训练2·能力提升】The______(datum)showsthattheclimate______(change)areaccelerating.【变式训练3·创新应用】Asa______(journal),hehascollectednumerous______(story)aboutcultural______(difference).考点二：抽象名词具体化典型场景归纳一、情感类名词具体化具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用。多见动作行为类或者情绪情感类词汇。抽象名词具体化success成功 asuccess一件成功的事情failure失败 afailure一件失败的事情pleasure乐意apleasure一件乐事surprise惊讶asurprise一件令人惊讶的事情honour荣誉 anhonour一件引起尊敬的事情例1（2024新课标I卷）Theexhibitionturnedouttobe______huge______(succeed),attractingover10,000visitors.​考点三：名词所有格常见考点一、’s所有格1．以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ Dickens’novels,Charles’sjob,theSmith’shouse 2.表示各自的所有关系 Japan’sandChina’sproblems,Jane’sandMary’sbikes 3.表示共有的所有关系 JapanandAmerica’sproblems,JaneandMary’sfather 4.表示“某人家”、“店铺”，所有格后名词省略 thedoctor’s,thebarber’s,thetailor’s,myuncle’s二、of所有格1.用于无生命的东西 thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebook 2.用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时 theclassroomsofthefirstyearstudents 3.用于名词化的词 thestruggleoftheoppressedThedooroftheroomismadeofwood.Thecoverofthebookhasabeautifulpicture.ThecontributionofthescientistwhowontheNobelPrizeisgreat.Thestoryofthegirlwholivedinthesmallvillageisverymoving.考点四：数词常见考点一、时间和编号的表达法类别说明数量Hundred,thousand,million,billion等可以用具体的数字修饰，后接可数名词复数，表示确切的数；也可以自身用复数形式再搭配介词of后构成短语，表示不确切的数量年份一般用阿拉伯数字写出，两位数的年份直接按基数词读出；三位数的年份，可按基数词读，也可第一个数字为一个单位，后两个数字为一个单位；四位数的年份，一般每两个数字为一组以区别于整数，如“1781年”读作seventeeneightyone年月日表示“某年某月某日”时按“月份+日期的序数词+年份”写出。具体到“日”时其前用介词on，具体到“年、月”用in，在日与年之间常用逗号分开，如onApril4;inMay2009;onJune9,2006年代、岁数表示“几十年代”或“几十多岁”时，用逢十的基数词的复数，其前用介词in。表示年代，数词前用定冠词the;表示岁数，数词前用形容词性物主代词，如inthenineties;inone’sfifties几点钟“在几点”用“介词at+数字”，o’clock可省略，若区分上、下午，可在时间后加am或pm，如atseven(o’clock);at8am几分钟正读法：先读小时，再读分钟倒读法：前半小时为“分钟数+past+整点数”；30分钟用half；15分钟用aquarter。后半小时为“分钟数+to+下一个整点数”，如at2.30(attwothirty/halfpasttwo);at7.05(atfivepastseven);at10.45(attenfortyfive/ataquartertoeleven)编号double...+基数词”表示时强调“编号”；用“序数词+名词”则着重“顺序”。复杂的编号如电话号码等，多用基数词来表示。其读法为“是几读几”。两个相同的数可用double...，零可用o或zero，如Room505(Roomfiveofive);thesixthlesson;TelNo.83532353(TelephoneNumbereightthreefivethreetwothreefivethree)二、小数、分数和百分数的表达法类别说明小数小数以基数词加小数点表示，小数点读point，小数点前按数词规则读，其后的数一个个地读分数分数由基数词作分子，序数词作分母构成；分子大于1时，作分母的词用复数。但1/2一般用a/onehalf，1/4用a/onequarter百分数百分数由“基数词+百分号”构成，%读作percent，百分号还可分开写percent一、单句语法填空1.Theschoolwasmuchsmallerthanhe________(expect).2.Withover2,500bikes________(store)inourfiverentalshopsatstrategiclocations,wemakesurethereisalwaysabikeavailableforyou.3.Everyonethinksofherasanimpolitegirlbecauseshetreatstheguests________(rude)．4.In________(add),theexhibitionprovidesachanceformemberstoenjoysomeartworksinourmuseum.5.Somepatientsinhospitalexperiencehighlevelsof________(anxious).6.Theenthusiasticfansheldtheir________(breathe)andwaitedpatientlyforthemusicgeniustoappearonthestage.7.Theactivitymadeastrongimpressiononusandarousedthe________(enthusiastic)ofusstudentsforvariousplants.8.Any________(assist)youcouldgivethepolicewillbegreatlyappreciated.9.Whatanamazingnight!Thebandplayedallmyold________(favourite).10.Inrecentdecades,theworldhasfacedvariousglobal________(crisis),suchasfinancialproblemsandpublichealthemergencies.11.Thepanyupgradeditsnetwork________(secure)systemtopreventunauthorizedaccesstocustomerdata.12.Labubu’sriseintegrates________(China)strongmanufacturingbasewithcreativeinnovation,tappingintotheemotionalneedsofglobalconsumers.13.Withintheantcolony,theplex________(divide)oflabor,whichesfromanaturaldrive,guidesalltasksfromsearchingforfoodtocaringfortheyoung.14.Shewenttofetchhimawarmblanketonthecoldnight,notoutofcarealonebutpartlyoutof________(guilty).15.Susangaveupherjobasanaccountantinher________(forty).16.________(million)ofsoldierslosttheirlivesinWorldWarII.17.ManystudentssentMrs.Wanglotsofbeautifulflowersonher________(forty)birthday.18.Now,Caohasstartedthe________(two)partofhisdreamtowalkalongtheBeltandRoadroute.19.TheChineseAncientTeaMuseumwasofficiallyunveiled(揭幕)attheceremony,openingits________(one)exhibition:TheAvenueofTruth—ASpecialExhibitionofPu’erTea.20.Itisreportedthatthefloodshaveleftabouttwo________thousand)peoplehomeless.二、语法填空OurschoolheldaScienceandTechnologyFestivallastmonth.Theeventlastedforaweek,andthe1.______(three)daywasthemostexcitingoneforGrade12students.Inthemorning,weattendedmany2.______(student)inventionshows.AgroupofstudentsfromClass3presenteda3.______(twohour)speechonAItechnology.Afterthat,wevisitedtheanimallab,wherewesawfive4.______(sheep)withspecialtrackingdevices.Theteachersharedsomeuseful5.______(information)abouthowtechnologyhelpsprotectanimals.Atnoon,wehadapicnicwiththe6.______(teacher)guidance.Toourjoy,theschoolpreparedfreshfruitandhomemadecookies.Manystudentssaidthiswasabig7.______(success)ofthefestival.Intheafternoon,wejoinedapetition.Eachteamneededtomaketen8.______(activity)plansforenvironmentalprotection.Thewinnerwouldgethundredsof9.______(book)asprizes.Beforethefestivalended,theheadmastergaveoutsome10.______(knife)andtoolstohelpuswithfuturescienceprojects.Thisfestivalnotonlymadeusinterestedinsciencebutalsotaughtustoworktogether.Weallhopetherewillbemoresucheventsnextyear.三、真题演练1.（2025全国二卷）ThesundriedclothessmellespeciallypleasantwhereIlive,thankstothe__________(absent)ofsmoga