雨课堂学堂云在线《环境学（东北 ）》单元测试考核答案

注：不含主观题第1题多选题(2分)Whydowestudyenvironmentalscience?ABecausethereismuchtobeworriedaboutinourglobalenvironment.BBecausewecanlearnandusethetoolsandknowledgetocopewithenvironmentalcrises.CBecauseweshouldlearntospreadthebenefitsofourtechnologicalandeconomicprogressmoreequably.DBecausewehavetofindwaystolivesustainablyoverthelongrun.正确答案：ABCD第2题多选题(2分)WhatisenvironmentalscienceAEnvironentalscienceisaninterdisciplinaryfieldthatincludesbothscientificandsocialaspectsofhumanimpactontheworld..BEnvironmentalscienceisthestudyofinterrelationshipsbetweenhumansandthenaturalworld.CEnvironmentalscienceinvolvesanunderstandingofscientificprinciples,economicinfluences,andpoliticalaction.DEnvironmentalscienceisamixtureofthetraditionalscience,individualandsocietalvalues,economicfactors,andpoliticalawarenessthatareimportanttosolvingenvironmentalproblems.正确答案：ABCD第3题单选题(1分)WhichistheworkoftheClubofRome?ASilentSpringBTheLimitstoGrowthCSustainableDevelopmentDOnlyOneEarth2.1TheCallforaNewEthic(2points)第1题多选题(2分)WhichofthefollowingstatementsarecorrectAEthicsisabranchof

philosophy.BEthicsseekstoresolvequestionsofhuman

morality

bydefiningconceptssuchasrightand

wrong.CProponentsofculturalrelativismtendtoarguethatthenormsandvaluesofonecultureshouldnotbeevaluatedusingthenormsandvaluesofanother.DWeshouldmakeagloballyenvironmentalcommitmentdespiteofculturalrelativism.正确答案：ABCD2.2EnvironmentalEthics(3points)第1题单选题(1分)Environmentalethicscanbestbedefinedas(fromEnger)AUsingtheenvironmentwiselyBMaintainingenvironmentalsustainabilityCExamingthemoralbasisofenvironmentalresponsibilityanditsextentDNoneoftheabove第2题单选题(1分)Theclaim"Allformsoflifehavetherighttoexist"is

AAnthropocentricBBiocentricCEcocentricDIndividualistic第3题单选题(1分)Ifyouareananthropocenticenvironmentalist,youbelievethat(fromEnger)AWehaveenvironmentalresponsibilityduetohuman'srelianceonnature.BWehaveenvironmentalresponsibilitytoensurethattheEarthcansupporthumanlife.CWehave

environmentalresponsibilitytoensurethathumanlifeispleasant.DAlloftheaboveEnvironmentalAttitudes(2points)第1题单选题(1分)Thosewhoholddevelopingattitudetendtobelieveineconomicgrowthandresourceexploitation.ATrueBFalse第2题单选题(1分)TheenvironmentalconservationistbelievesthatAAlllandsshouldbeputintoconservationBAlllandsshouldbedevelopedCAbalanceshouldexistbetweenresourceuseandresourcepreservationDNoneoftheaboveEnvironmentalJustice(3point)第1题单选题(1分)EnvironmentaljusticerequiresAThatallpeoplehaveaccesstocleanair.BThatnogroupofpeoplebearadisproportionateshareofnegativeenvironmentalconsequencesfromindustrialandcommercialoperations.CThatallpeopleareequallytreated.DNoneoftheabove第2题多选题(2分)IssuesthatinvolveenvironmentaljusticeincludeAWheretoplacehazardousandpollutingfacilitiesBClimatechange(e.g.exposuretonaturaldisasters)

CAccesstoenvironmentalinformationDTransportation(e.g.emissionfromvehicles)正确答案：ABCDEcologicalConcepts(2points)第1题单选题(1分)Habitatcanbestbedefinedas(fromEnger)ATheplaceanorganismlivesBThestudyofhoworganismsinteractwiththeirenvironmentCTheassessmentofwhatanorganismneedstosurviveDAlloftheabove第2题单选题(1分)Whichofthefollowingiscorrect?(fromEnger)AApopulationiswidespreadandaspeciesislocatedinaspecificgeographicregionBAspeciesiswidespreadandapopulationislocatedinaspecificgeographicregionCIndividualsofapopulationcontainthesamegenesDIndividualsofaspeciescontainthesamegenesNaturalSelectionandEvolution(2points)第1题多选题(2分)Whichofthefollowingstatementarecorrect?ANaturalselectionistheprocesswherebysuccessfulorganismspassonthecharacteristicswhichmadethemsuccessfultotheiroffspring.

BBynaturalselection,

eachorganismisfinelytunedtoaparticularhabitatandniche,andunfitindividualsareremovedfromthepopulation.CNaturalselectionisoneofthekeymechanismsofevolution.DTheprocessofevolutionhasgivenrisetobiodiversityateverylevel,fromgenetic,individualtospecieslevel.正确答案：ABCDKindsofOrganismInteractions(3points)第1题单选题(1分)Commensalismis(fromEnger)AAcommunitystructureinwhichallorganismsshareresourcesBAtypeofsymbiosisinwhichoneorganismbenefitsandtheotherisnotaffectedCAformofparasitismDNoneoftheabove第2题单选题(1分)PrimaryconsumersareAHerbivoresBCarnivoresCHerbivoresandcarnivoresDNoneoftheabove第3题单选题(1分)SecondaryconsumersareAHerbivoresBCarnivoresCHerbivoresandcarnivoresDNoneoftheaboveEcosysteminteractionsandNutrientCycles(5points)第1题单选题(1分)Inadditiontoburningfossilfuels,whichactivityhascausedsignificantchangestothecarboncycle?(fromEnger)ADammingofmajorriversBUseoffertilizersCBuildingofurbanareasDConversionofforeststoagriculturallands第2题单选题(1分)Theenvironmentoforganismscontainbioticandabioticcomponents.ATrueBFalse第3题单选题(1分)Ifeatingfishfromlakes,inordertoreducemetalintakeitisbesttoeatbigfish.ATrueBFalse第4题多选题(2分)FertilizerusebyfarmingareasresultsinAFishdeathBAlgeabloomCBacteragrowthDLackofoxygeninlakes正确答案：ABCDPopulationCharacteristcs(3points)第1题单选题(1分)Birthrateisthe(fromEnger)ANumberofindividualsbornper1000individualsperyearBNumberofindividualsbornper1000womenperyearCNumberofindividualsbornminusthenumberofdeathsperyearper1000individualsDNoneoftheabove第2题多选题(2分)CharacteristicsofapopulationincludeANatalityandmortalityBSexratioandagedistributionCPopulationrowthrateDPopulationdensityandspatialdistribution正确答案：ABCDLimitingfactors(5points)第1题单选题(1分)BioticpotentialisAThepotentialtosurvive.BTheabilityofeachspeciestoproduceoffspring.CTheabilitytofindfood.DNoneoftheabove第2题多选题(2分)FactorsdeterminingcarryingcapacityAAvailabilityofrawmaterialsBAvailabilityofenergyCAccumulationofwasteproductsDInteractionsamongorganisms正确答案：ABCD第3题多选题(1分)PopulationgrowthofbacteriagrowinginapetridishincludephasesofAAlagphaseBAnexponentialgrowthCAstabalizedphaseDAdeathphase正确答案：ABDReproductivestrategies(3points)第1题单选题(1分)K-strategistsAArelargeorganismsBArelong-livedorganismsCProducefewoffspringDAlloftheabove第2题单选题(1分)R-strategistsreproducequickly.ATrueBFalse第3题单选题(1分)Density-independentlimitingfactorsincludeAFloodsBReproductiveratesCAgriculturalcropsDPopulationagestructureFossilFuelFormation(2points)第1题单选题(1分)FossilfuelsareproducedfromAPlantmaterialBAnimalmaterialCOrganicmaterialDAlloftheabove第2题单选题(1分)Toqualifyasareserve,asubstancemustbe(fromEnger)AExtractedeconomicallyBExtractedwithexistingtechnologyCExtractedprofitablyDAlloftheaboveIssuesrelatedtofossilfuel(4points)第1题单选题(1分)OverburdenisthetermusedtodefineAMaterialontopofcoalveinsthatmustberemovedtoextractthecoalBThedifferencebetweentheweightofthecoal,andtheweightoftheextractedmaterialCMaterialleftoverfromrefiningcoalforindustrialuseDNoneoftheabove第2题单选题(1分)UndergroundminingcanleadtoALandsubsidenceBDebrisaccumulationCBlacklungdiseaseDAlloftheabove第3题单选题(1分)AprimarycauseofacidminedrainagefromcoalminingisACarbonBSulfurCOxygenDNoneoftheabove第4题单选题(1分)Themajorityofoilpollutionintheoceansistheresultofroutineshippingoperations.ATrueBFalseNuclearEnergy(2points)第1题单选题(1分)WhenaradioactiveatomundergoesspontaneousdecompositionitcanreleaseAProtonsBNeutonsCElectronsDAlloftheabove第2题单选题(1分)ThecombiningoftwolighteratomicnucleitoformaheavieratomicnucleusiscalledANuclearfusionBNuclearfissionCRadioactivedecayDNoneoftheaboveNuclearConcerns(5points)第1题多选题(2分)Whichofthefollowingarecorrect?AAdisadvantageoftheboiling-waterreactoristhattherearesomeradioactivematerialleftinthesteam.BAnuclearbreederreactorusesfastneutronsstrikethenucleusofaU-238atomtoformfissionablePu-239.

CThespentrodsarenonfissionableanymore,socanbelandfilledwithoutreprocessing.

DPressurizedwaterreactoristhemostcommontypeintheworld.正确答案：ABD第2题多选题(2分)ThenuclearfuelcycleincludesAMiningBMillingCEnrichmentDFabricationEWashingFStorage正确答案：ABCDF第3题单选题(1分)ThehighestleveloftheInternationalNuclearandRadiologicalEventScale(INES)is

A8B7C6D5BiomassandHydropower(2points)第1题单选题(1分)Whichofthefollowingiscorrect?AWoodistheprimarysourceofenergyfornearlyhalfoftheworld"spopulation.BAbout80percentofmunicipalsolidwasteisburnable.CThecropresiduecanbeusedasabiomassfuel.DAlloftheabove第2题单选题(1分)Hydropowerisrenewable,sodoesnotcreateenvironmentalimpacts.ATrueBFalseSolarandWindPower(2points)第1题单选题(1分)Bothsolarandwindenergyareintermittent.ATrueBFalse第2题单选题(1分)Solarandwindpowerareperpetualenergy.ATrueBFalseTidalandgeothermalenergy(2points)第1题单选题(1分)Whichofthefollowingiscorrect?ATidalpowerispracticallyinexhaustible.BTidalpoweruseswaterflowsfromahigherleveltoalowerlevel,likehydroelectricpower,tospinanelectricity-generatingturbine.C

Tidalstreamgeneratorsmakeuseofthekineticenergyofmovingwatertopowerturbines.DAlloftheabove第2题单选题(1分)Geothermalenergyoriginatesfromtheformationoftheplanetandfromradioactivedecayofmaterials.

ATrueBFalseBiodiversityIssues(10points)第1题单选题(1分)Biodiversityisabroadtermthatdescribesthediversityof______inaregion.AGenesBSpeciesCEcosystemsDAlloftheabove第2题单选题(1分)MutationsarechangesintheAAppearanceofanorganismBGeneticinformationofanorganismCThereproductiverateofanorganismDNoneoftheabove第3题单选题(1分)SpeciesdiversityistheASurvivalrateofaspeciesinanareaBReproductiverateofaspeciesinanareaCMeasureofthenumberofdifferentspeciesinanareaDNoneoftheabove第4题单选题(1分)ThetaxonomicgroupwiththegreatestnumberofdescribedspeciesisAFishBBirdsCPlantsDInsects第5题单选题(1分)AccordingtotheWorldConservationUnion,themajorityofthreatenedspeciesareatriskduetoALossofhabitatBHuntingCPesticidesDNoneoftheabove第6题单选题(1分)Forestsservenotonlyashabitats,butalsoAModifyclimatesBReducerun-offCReducesoilerosionDAlloftheabove第7题单选题(1分)Patchworkclearcuttingisamoreenvironmentally-friendlymethodoftimberharvestingthanclearcutting.ATrueBFalse第8题单选题(1分)Habitatlosscannotoccurinaquaticsystems.ATrueBFalse第9题单选题(1分)Amajorenvironmentalconcernforfreshwateraquacultureisnutrientoverload.ATrueBFalse第10题单选题(1分)InvasivespeciesareAPlantsBAnimalsCFishDAlloftheaboveSoilFormation(3points)第1题单选题(1分)MechanicalweatheringofsoilADoesnotchangethechemicalnatureoftherockBOccursquicklyCChangesthechemicalmakeupoftheparentmaterialDNoneoftheabove第2题单选题(1分)ExamplesofchemicalweatheringprocessesofsoilincludeAOxidationBHydrolysisCDissolutionDAlloftheabove第3题单选题(1分)Biologicalprocessesdonotplayaroleinsoildevelopment.ATrueBFalseSoilProperties(3points)第1题单选题(1分)Asoilprofileisaseriesofhorizontallayersofdifferentchemicalcomposition,particlesize,andamountoforganicmaterial.ATrueBFalse第2题单选题(1分)ThebestsoiltypeforagricultureisAClayBSandCLoamDSilt第3题单选题(1分)Topsoilisfoundinwhichsoilhorizon?

AAhorizonBB

horizonCC

horizonDE

horizonSoilErosion(1points)第1题单选题(1分)Erosionisthetransportationofsoilbywater,windorice.ATrueBFalseSoilConservationPractices(1points)第1题单选题(1分)Inordertoreducesoilerosionfromverysteepslopes,thebesttillagepracticewouldbeAContourfarmingBTerracingCStripfarmingDAlloftheaboveTheWaterIssues(3points)第1题单选题(1分)Approximatelywhatpercentoftheworld'swaterisfreshwater?A3B8C15D18第2题单选题(1分)IssuesrelatedtowateruseincludeADepletionofwaterresourcesBWaterpollutionCWaterrightDAlloftheabove第3题单选题(1分)DiseaserelatedtowateruseincludeAMalariaBCholeraCDenguefeverDAlloftheaboveTheHydrologicalCycle(3points)第1题多选题(2分)HumaninfluencesonthehydrologicalcycleincludeARunoffBEvaporationCInfiltrationDWaterwithdrawal正确答案：ABCD第2题单选题(1分)ThevadosezoneisanareabelowthegroundthatisAAsourceofgroundwaterBConfinedaboveandbelowbyimperviouslayersCUnsaturatedDAlloftheaboveWaterUse(3points)第1题单选题(1分)Waterwithdrawalistheamountofwatertakenfromasource.ATrueBFalse第2题单选题(1分)Waterusedforirrigationisnonconsumptive.ATrueBFalse第3题单选题(1分)In-streamusedoesnotconsumewater,nordoesitaddwasteproductstoit.ATrueBFalseKindsandSourcesofWaterPollution(6points)第1题单选题(1分)NonpointsourcesofpollutionincludeAAiremissionsfromafactorysmokestackBAgriculturalrunofffromfieldsCWastewaterdischargefromanindustryDNoneoftheabove第2题单选题(1分)SewagetreatmentthatprovideswaterpurificationusingphysicalsettlingoflargeparticlesisbestdefinedasAPrimarysewagetreatmentBSecondarysewagetreatmentCTertiarysewagetreatmentDNoneoftheabove第3题单选题(1分)MajorsourcesofgroundwatercontaminationincludeAAgricultureBUndergroundstoragetanksCLandfillsDAlloftheabove第4题单选题(1分)EutrophicationisbestdescribedasATheabilityofplantstogrowundernutrient-limitedconditionsBExcessivegrowthofalgaeandaquaticplantsduetonutrientadditionCCompetitionfornutrientandsunlightbetweentwoplantspeciesDNoneoftheabove第5题单选题(1分)Secondarytreatmentinvolvesavarietyoftechniquestoremovedissolvedpollutantsleftafterprimaryandsecondarytreatments.ATrueBFalse第6题单选题(1分)Dissolvedoxygen

istheamountofoxygenrequiredtodecayacertainamountoforganicmatter.Itisonewaytodeterminehowpollutedabodyofwateris.

ATrueBFalseWaterPlanning(1point)第1题单选题(1分)Whichofthefollowingiscorrect？AGroundwaterminingmeansthatwaterisremovedfromanaquiferfasterthanitisreplaced.BWhenirrigatedplantsextractthewatertheyneed,saltsareleftbehindandcausethenaturalwatertobecomemoreconcentrated.CMetropolitanareasmustprovideawatersupplyforhumanandindustrialneeds,wastewatercollectionandtreatment,andstorm-watercollectionandmanagement.DAlloftheaboveTheAtmosphere(2points)第1题单选题(1分)Inwhichlayerdoallthepressure,wind,andprecipitationchangesoccur?AOuterspaceBStratosphereCTroposphereDIonosphereEMesosphere第2题单选题(1分)Whichofthefollowingiscorrect?AThereisapositivewatervaporfeedbackloopthatcontributesmoretototalgreenhouseeffectthangaseouscarbondioxideandmethane.BEarth’s“currentatmosphere”formedasplantsandanimalsthriveinbalance.

CAirmovementsasaresultoftheCoriolisEffectfromtheearth’sspincreatesthewindandweatherpatternsorconvectioncellsofdifferentregionsoftheworld.

DAlloftheaboveCategoriesofAirPollutants(3points)第1题单选题(1分)ThemajorityofsulfurdioxidereleasedtotheatmosphereinChinaisfromAManufacturingindustriesBCoal-burningpowerplantsCWastewatertreatmentplantsDNoneoftheabove第2题单选题(1分)TheprimarysourceofnitrogenoxidesreleasedtotheatmosphereisAAutomobilesBCoal-burningpowerplantsCManufacturingindustriesDChemicalcompanies第3题单选题(1分)Whichofthefollowingissecondaryairpollutant?ACarbondioxideBSulfuricacidCOzoneDAlloftheaboveSulfurousandPhotochemicalSmog(1points)第1题单选题(1分)Whichofthefollowingisnotcorrect?ASulfurousSmogismostlyrelatedtoautomobileuse,whilephotochemicalsmogisdirectlyfromtheburningofcoaloroilatlargepowerplants.BPhotochemicalreactionsinvolvenitrogenoxidesandorganiccompoundslikehydrocarbons.CBothsmogofteninvolvethermalinversion.

DVOCsreleasedbyvehiclesprovideanalternativepathwayforNOtooxidizetoformNO2andperoxyacetylnitrates(PANs).ControlofAirPollution(5points)第1题单选题(1分)Whydocoal-burningpowerplantsandoilrefinerieshavetallsmokestacks?AToutilizethescrubbersinthesmokestacksthatremovepollutantsBTomakeuseofthenaturalverticalmovementsofairCToventexhaustshighintotheatmospherefordilutionanddispersalDToavoidphotochemicalreactionswithozoneneartheground第2题多选题(2分)Wecancontrolofairpollutionfromtwoemissionsources:AIn-doorsourcesBOut-doorsourcesCStationarysourcesDMobilesources正确答案：CD第3题多选题(2分)Wecanusefollowingtoolstocontrolairpollutions:AEconomictools,suchascarbontradeBTechnological,suchasscrubberCLegal,suchaslawofairpollutioncontrol

DEthical,suchas