《航海英语二三副》-Unit 7-5 Container operations

1.WordsandExpressions

accommodate 容纳;适应;向…提供住处;考虑到aperture 孔；隙缝；bayplan 贝位图bridgefitting 桥锁cellguide 箱格导轨chassis 车辆的）底盘;（飞机的）起落架collapsible 可折叠的，可拆卸的containercodes 集装箱代码crisscross 纵横交错的网；纵横交错，交叉exposure 暴露;揭发eyeplate 眼板；眼环feedership 支线船3.WordsandExpressionsimmaterial 不重要的;非实质的lashingrod 绑扎拉杆mothership 干线船positioningcone 定位锥rack 使痛苦;毁坏，破坏ProperShippingName 正确运输名称slot 跟踪;开槽于susceptible 易受影响的;易受感染的tip 尖端；小费；倾斜，翻倒；给小费turnbuckle 花篮螺丝twistlock 扭锁UNNumbers 联合国编号2.IntroductionModerngeneralcargoshiparebuilttoperformdifferenttransportfunctions;todistinguishthemfromothermultipurposefreighters,theyaresometimesknownasbreak-bulkfreighters.Inadditiontotheequipmentwhichmakesthemsuitableforcarryingbreak-bulkcargoes,theygenerallyalsohavefacilitiestoallowthemtoaccommodatecontainers.Suchshipsareofopenconstruction,i.e.thehatchareaisverylargerelativetothedeckarea.Thisensuresthatliftinggearcangaindirectaccesstocontainers.Thesameappliestogeneralcargooraccessisatleastfacilitatedtosuchanextentthatbelowdeckstowagecanbeavoided.Specificconstructionfeaturesmayincreasehandlingefficiencyinportandreducethelossratio.Semi-containership

aresuitableforcarryingbothnormalgeneralcargoandcontainers.Holddimensions,deckloadingvalues,theload-carryingcapacityoftheloadinggearetc.aretailoredtothecarriageofstandardshippingcontainers.Suchvesselshave'tweendecksgenerallywithflush-closingmechanicalhatchcovers.

All-containershipsareinprincipleofopenconstructionasitmustbepossibletogaindirectaccesstoeachcontainerwithliftinggearsuchastopspreadersandsimilargear.Inordertoobtainsmooth,squaredholds,thesevesselsareoftenconstructedwithadoublehull.anyholdswhichareunsuitableforcarryingcontainersareoftenfittedoutastanks.no'tweendecks.primarilycarrycontainersandarespeciallyequippedforthispurpose.

Hatchlesscontainershipfirstappearedaroundthebeginningofthe1990s.Theywereintendedtomakecargohandlingmoreeconomic.In1993and1994,Howaldstwerke-DeutscheWerftAG(HDW)deliveredfourhatchlesscontainershipstotheSwissshippingcompanyNorasiaLine.equippedwithaninnovativecargoprotectionsystem.Exceptforholds1and2,whichareequippedwithpontoonhatchcoverstoallowthecarriageofhazardousmaterials,thesevesselshavenohatchcovers.Equipholds3to7withtwelverainprotectionroofsoflightweightsteelconstruction.Eachrainroofrestsonthetransversecoamingofthecontainercellguidesandissecuredbyrapidfastenings.

Therainroofsprotectnotonlythestowedcontainers,buttheshipaswell,aslargequantitiesofrainwaterintheholdscausestabilityproblems.Otherownersof"opentop"containershipsusehighpowerbilgepumpstocombatthisproblem.

FeedershipsTheseshipscarrycontainersbetweenmajorcontainerterminalsandotherportswhicharenotservedbythemajorshippinglines.Theterm"feedership"providesnoindicationastothesizeofthevessels,norastowhethertheyareequippedwithon-boardliftinggear.Mostfeederships,however,arerelativelysmallormedium-sizedvessels.

Ferries

areequippedtocarrybothpassengersandrollingcargo,whichmaycompriseautomobiles,trucks,chassis,trailersorrailroadvehicles.Inmanycases,cargoiscarriedon"cassettes"whicharepackedandunpackedinportandtransferredonandoffthevesselwithspecialtractors.Containersareonlyloadedorunloadedindirectlyusingrolltrailersorthelike.Stern,bowand/orsideportsensurerapidcargohandling.Inmanytypesofvessel,aone-waysystemisused,ensuring"firstinfirstout"trafficflow.

Container-ro/roships

carrybothcontainersandrollingcargo.Ro/rocargoesaremainlyloadedbelowdeck,whilecontainersareprimarilystowedondeck.Insomevessels,e.g.ACLorPolishOceanLine,specialcontainershaftsareprovidedintheforwardthirdoftheshiptoaccommodatecontainersbelowdeck.Inregionsofservicewithhighcargovolumes,containerhandlingiscarriedoutbyon-shoregantrycranes.Theshipsrarelyhavetheirownloadinggear.ro/ro-lo/lo-containervessel

Ithasaro/rocomponentintheformofasterndoor.Ontheonesideithasaninternalvehicleramptoprovideaccesstothetwo'tweendecks.Thefittedon-boardcranesallowcontainerstobehandledinportswithouton-shoreliftinggear.

Ro/ro-lo/lo-containership

Bargecarriers

arespecializedcontainertransportvessels,theydependonrelativelycalmareasofwateror"floatingareas"fortransferringthebarges.Bargetransportoperationsareonlyworthwhilebetweeneconomicareaswhichhavevirtuallyidenticalvolumesofgoodspassingineachdirection,andinparticularwhereinlandwaterwaysleadinlandsothatgoodusecanbemadeoftheadvantagesofthefloatingcontainers.highcostofbuildingtheshipsandthecapitalexpenditureforthreesetsofbargesmeanthatsuchsystemsarenoteconomicallyviableeverywhere.

1)LASHstandsforLightersAboardSHipIntheLASHsystem,bargesarecarriedathwartshipsinholdsandondeck.ThebargesarepickedupandsetdownatthesternbytheLASH'son-boardgantrycraneusingspreaders.Distinguishingexternalfeaturesofthesecarriersarethefarforwardlocationofthesuperstructuresordeckhouses,thelocationoftheexhauststackstotheaftandsides,thesternoutriggersandthelargegantrycranewithaliftingcapacityofmorethan500metrictons.

EmbarkingLASHbargesinthefloatingarea

SternembarkationofLASHbargesbygantrycrane

2)SEABEEcarriers

arecapableofembarkingbargesatthesternusingwinch-drivenliftplatformswithaload-carryingcapacityofmorethan2,000metrictons.Bargesareloaded,usuallyinpairs,bybeingfloatedintothedock-likeafterbodyoftheshipovertheloweredliftingplatforms,thenlifteduptodeckheight,fromwheretheyarerolledintotheshiponveryflatrail-mountedtrolleys.SEABEEshipsareabletocarrycontainersandothercargoesondeck,buttheseshipsdonothaveon-boardliftinggearforsuchcargoes.ContainerterminalsContainerterminalsContainerterminalsaredesignatedforthehandling,storage,andpossiblyloadingorunloadingofcargointooroutofcontainers,andwherecontainerscanbepickedup,droppedoff,maintained,stored,orloadedorunloadedfromonemodeoftransporttoanother(thatis,vessel,truck,barge,orrail).ContainerHandlingCranesStraddleCranesStraddleTrucksDocksideContainerCranesShipboardContainerCranesII.StuffingPlan3.DefinitionsandTermsProfile

–isthecrosssectionalviewoftheentireshipcoveringboththedeckandunder-deckoftheship.Bayplan

–isthecompletecrosssectionalviewoftheentireshipcoveringboththedeckandunder-deckoftheship,butdisplayedorprintedperbay.Cellguide–isaverticalguidancetrackwhichpermitsloadinganddischargeofcontainersinandoutoftheshipsholds,inastablemanner.Cell–isdefinedbythatspacewhichcouldbeoccupiedbyasingleverticalstackofcontainersaboardacontainervessel.Eachstowage/hatchspacewouldcontainmultiplecells,eachservicedduringloading/dischargingby‘cellguides’.Feedership–smallershipswhichcallatlessbusyportsorportsinaccessibletodeepseavesselsandcarrycargotomajorloadingportsfortransshipment.Mothership–deepseavesselwhichcarriescargotranshippedfromfeederships;assuch,itcallsonlyatselectedmajorportswhichhavehighercargovolumeStack–isatermwhenreferringtocontainers,whichrepresentsthedeckstowageofcontainersin‘tiers’andin‘bays’.TEU–meanstwentyfeetequivalentunit.Itisusedtoexpressthecargocapacityofacontainervessel.

4.ContainersStowageThebay-row-tiersystemfollowsasystemofnumericalcoordinatesrelatingtolength,widthandheight.Accordingtothisprinciple,baysarethecontainerblocksinthetransversedirection,rowsarethelengthwiserowsandtiersaretheverticallayers.Baynumbersrunforwardtoaft;andoddnumber(01,03,05etc.)isusedfora20-footstowandanevennumber(02,04,06etc.)fora40-footstow.Thus,ifthefirsttwobaysare20-footcontainers,theywouldbenumbers0land03.Ifthenextbayisfor40-footcontainers,itwouldbebay06.However,ifabaycanaccommodateeithertwo20-footcontainersorone40-footcontainer,thatbaywouldhavethreepossiblenumbers:bay05andbay07ifusedfor20-footcontainers;orbay06ifusedfora40-footcontainer.Therowsofcontainersarethenumberingofcellsacrosstheship.Useoddnumbersonthestarboardsideandevennumbersontheportside.Thus,ifcontainerswerestowed10-wideonaship,thecellnumberswouldstartfromthecenterlineandgooutboard.Thestarboardsizecellswouldbenumbered01,03,05,07,and09,whilethoseontheportsizewouldbe02,04,06,08,and10.Ifanoddnumberofcontainercellsexists,thecenterlinecellwouldnumber00.Accordingtothissystem,thecoloredcontainers(asshowninFig.-7.15)weregiventhefollowingstowagespacenumbers:a20'containerinthered-coloredslot:531212a40'containerintheblue-coloredslot:540788a20'containerinthegreen-coloredslot:551184

5.Loadingandloadsecuringincontainers

Cartons，boxesandcratesPallets，forkliftableunitizedloadsBarrels，metaldrumsandpolydrumsBaggedcargoMachinery，heavy-liftsandout-of-gaugecargoesGlasssheetsLiquidsSolidbulkcargoesLonggoodsInternationalMaritimeDangerousGoodsCode(IMDGCode)TheIMDGCodeisproducedbytheInternationalMaritimeOrganization(IMO),aspecialistUnitedNations(UN)agencyresponsiblefordevelopingandmaintainingregulatoryframeworksforseatransport.TheCode’sprovisionsarebasedonrecommendationsdevelopedbytheUNandpublishedin‘RecommendationsontheTransportofDangerousGoods’.Theseregulationsprovideauniformframeworkofrulesforthesafetransportofdangerousgoodsbyallmodes–air,roadandrailaswellassea.6.InternationalMaritimeDangerousGoodsCode(IMDGCode)Dangerousgoodsaresubstancesorarticleswhichcanposeathreattopeople,propertyand/ortheenvironment.Theycanexistinthreephysicalstates,asasolid,liquidorgas,andcanpresentarangeofdangersinatransportenvironment–flammabilit