2025年高考英语大二轮-攻克 阅读理解四大文体

攻克阅读理解四大文体阅读理解题材广泛，包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等多方面内容；体裁多样，以应用文、记叙文、说明文和议论文为主。不同的文体有不同的写作手法，相应地有不同的阅读方法。掌握这四种常见文体的特点，对于快速把握文章主旨和提高解题效率有极大的帮助。文体一说明文——抓住结构，关注行文说明文通常是通过举例子、作比较、分类别、析结果、列数字和引用等手段，具体描述一项研究或者介绍一项新产品、新技术，让读者了解信息，说明文通常不包含作者的个人观点。高考对说明文的考查多为科普知识，动植物特性、自然现象和新产品、新工艺介绍以及人文地理、风土人情等方面的说明文，文中解释性、定义性、说明性的句子居多。【感悟真题】(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷阅读D)Ascitiesballoonwithgrowth，accesstonatureforpeoplelivinginurbanareasisbecominghardertofind.Ifyou’relucky，theremightbeapocketparknearwhereyoulive，butit’sunusualtofindplacesinacitythatarerelativelywild.Pastresearchhasfoundhealthandwellnessbenefitsofnatureforhumans，butanewstudyshowsthatwildnessinurbanareasisextremelyimportantforhumanwell－being.Theresearchteamfocusedonalargeurbanpark.Theysurveyedseveralhundredpark－goers，askingthemtosubmitawrittensummaryonlineofameaningfulinteractiontheyhadwithnatureinthepark.Theresearchersthenexaminedthesesubmissions，coding(编码)experiencesintodifferentcategories.Forexample，oneparticipant’sexperienceof“Wesatandlistenedtothewavesatthebeachforawhile”wasassignedthecategories“sittingatbeach”and“listeningtowaves”.Acrossthe320submissions，apatternofcategoriestheresearcherscalla“naturelanguage”begantoemerge.Afterthecodingofallsubmissions，halfadozencategorieswerenotedmostoftenasimportanttovisitors.Theseincludeencounteringwildlife，walkingalongtheedgeofwater，andfollowinganestablishedtrail.Namingeachnatureexperiencecreatesausablelanguage，whichhelpspeoplerecognizeandtakepartintheactivitiesthataremostsatisfyingandmeaningfultothem.Forexample，theexperienceofwalkingalongtheedgeofwatermightbesatisfyingforayoungprofessionalonaweekendhikeinthepark.Backdowntownduringaworkday，theycanenjoyamoredomesticformofthisinteractionbywalkingalongafountainontheirlunchbreak.“We’retryingtogeneratealanguagethathelpsbringthehuman－natureinteractionsbackintoourdailylives.Andforthattohappen，wealsoneedtoprotectnaturesothatwecaninteractwithit，”saidPeterKahn，aseniorauthorofthestudy.【语篇解读】本文是说明文。作者通过对一项新的研究结果及其过程的描述，向读者介绍了与大自然互动对人类健康的重要性，同时也指出要保护大自然。32.Whatphenomenondoestheauthordescribeatthebeginningofthetext?A.Pocketparksarenowpopular.B.Wildnatureishardtofindincities.C.Manycitiesareoverpopulated.D.Peopleenjoylivingclosetonature.解析细节理解题。根据第一段中的“accesstonatureforpeoplelivinginurbanareasisbecominghardertofind”以及“it’sunusualtofindplacesinacitythatarerelativelywild”可知，在城市里很难接触大自然。33.Whydidtheresearcherscodeparticipantsubmissionsintocategories?A.Tocomparedifferenttypesofpark－goers.B.Toexplainwhytheparkattractstourists.C.Toanalyzethemainfeaturesofthepark.D.Tofindpatternsinthevisitors’summaries.解析推理判断题。根据第四段第一句话“Acrossthe320submissions，apatternofcategories...begantoemerge”可知，研究人员对参与者提交的信息进行分类主要是为了在游客的总结材料中找到分类的模式。34.Whatcanwelearnfromtheexamplegiveninparagraph5?A.Walkingisthebestwaytogainaccesstonature.B.Youngpeoplearetoobusytointeractwithnature.C.Thesamenatureexperiencetakesdifferentforms.D.Thenaturelanguageenhancesworkperformance.解析推理判断题。根据第五段所举的例子“theexperienceofwalkingalongtheedgeofwatermightbesatisfying...afountainontheirlunchbreak”可知，年轻的职业人士周末可以在公园徒步旅行，周内可以沿着喷泉散步，用不同的形式去体验自然，即同样的与自然的互动体验会有不同的表现形式。35.WhatshouldbedonebeforewecaninteractwithnatureaccordingtoKahn?A.Languagestudy.B.Environmentalconservation.C.Publiceducation.D.Interculturalcommunication.解析细节理解题。根据最后一段Kahn的话“Andforthattohappen，wealsoneedtoprotectnaturesothatwecaninteractwithit”可知，我们在与大自然互动以前需要保护环境。自主解答：32.B33.D34.C35.B【命题分析】选材实验报告、产品介绍、社会现象分析，以及语言文化、人文地理、生物的生存状况等。内容用平实的语言客观解说事物、解释现象、提供信息，即说明一个事物或一项研究。形式总分式(事物说明文常用“总—分”式、“总—分—总”式结构)；递进式(事理说明文由浅入深、由表及里、由现象到本质，逐层递进，剖析事理)；并列式(文章各部分内容没有主次轻重之分)；对照式(通过两个事物的对照和比较说明其异同)。语言说明文尤其是科技说明文因其生僻词汇多、句式复杂等特点，相对于其他体裁的文章来说难度更大。考查主要集中在细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题或词义猜测题。命题人经常在长难句上做文章。【备考策略】说明文阅读量大，生僻词汇多，句式结构复杂，题目往往涉及推理判断题和主旨大意题。因此，阅读这类文章时，应把握文章结构，弄清作者所要说明的事物；另外，考生在平时的学习中应多积累阅读词汇，提高分析长难句的能力。具体备考策略如下：策略指导技法解读抓首尾段首段往往提出说明文的主题，尤其是研究类说明文，研究结果就是主题；尾段往往重申强调主题。梳理文章结构整体叙述＋细节或过程说明＋概括评述；现象＋原因＋后果/启示/措施；研究发现/调查结果＋研究/调查过程。破解长难句结合语境和所学语法知识破解结构复杂的长难句。(2023·哈尔滨三中高三模拟)Globally,around14percentoffoodproducedislostbetweenharvestandretail(零售).Farmersthrowawayasignificantshareoftheircropduetofactorsbeyondtheircontrol,suchasproducenotmeetingsupermarketstandardsforshapeorsize,unexpectedweatherpatternschangingharvesttimesandyieldaswellasashortageofpickers.Thesefactorsandothersleavefarmerswithextracropsontheirhands.Gleaning—collectingleftovercropsfromfarmers’fieldsaftertheyhaven’tbeenharvestedorcommercialuse—maycontributetotacklingtheproblem.InBritain,agrowingnetworkofvolunteergleaninggroupsarebeingwelcomedintofarmers’fieldstocollecttonnesoffreeproduce.Theproducewouldthenbegiventolocalfoodbanks,whichwouldotherwisebelefttorotafterthecommercialharvest.ThecharityFeedbacktoldTheTimesthatitsnumberofgleaninggroupsacrossEnglandhadrisenfromfivein2017totwentylastyear.Feedback’soverallaimisforcloserlinksbetweenfarmersandthecommunitiestheyfeed.HollyWhitelaw,52,fromStJustinPenwith,setuptheCornwallGleaningNetworklastyearafterwatchingaBBCseriesthathighlightedfoodpovertyinCornwall.ShecontactedFeedbackwhichgavehera￡2，000grant(拨款)togetinsurance,knives,andcut－proofgloves.ShesetupaFacebookpage,foundwillingvolunteersandthenmanagedtogeta￡10，000grantfromFeedingBritain,anationalnetworkofanti－hungerpartnerships,toestablishsevencoordinatorsacrossthecountyandpayformoreknivesandgloves.Theyalsoraisedfundstobuyapick－uptruck.Asathankyoutothefarmers,theyhavebegunplantingtreestoreducewindspeedacrosstheirland,preventingdamagetocropsandminimizingsoilerosion.Gleaningoffersanopportunityforenvironmentalwinbyreducingfoodwasteonthefarm.Also,ithasasocialbenefit,asthecollectedfreshfoodcanbedonatedtocharityorganizationsandfoodbankstosupportthoseinneed.【语篇解读】本文是说明文，文章主要介绍了一个名为Cornwall的减少食物浪费的作物收集组织，该组织有效地帮助了环境保护和人道关怀。1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowinghaslittleimpactoncropwaste?A.Produceinpoorquality.B.Lackoflaboronthefarm.C.Increasingsupermarketorders.D.Changeableweatherconditions.答案C[推理判断题。根据第一段“Farmersthrowawayasignificantshare...aswellasashortageofpickers.”可知，农作物浪费主要由于农产品品质不达标、多变的天气状况和采摘人员不足。]2.WhatmighthelpWhitelawgeneratetheideaofgleaning?A.AgrandfromthecharityFeedback.B.Feedback’soverallaimforcloserlinks.C.Communitiesandvolunteers’jointeffort.D.ATVseriesrevealingregionalfoodpoverty.答案D[细节理解题。根据第四段“HollyWhitelaw,52,fromStJustinPenwith...thathighlightedfoodpovertyinCornwall.”可知，收看了一个反映Cornwall食物匮乏的BBC系列节目后，Whitelaw创建了Cornwall收集网络。]3.Whatcanwelearnaboutthepracticeofgleaningfromthepassage?A.Itprovesrewarding.B.Itneedstobemorecreative.C.Itisphysicallychallenging.D.Ittakesagestoseetheresult.答案A[推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“ShecontactedFeedback...andpayformoreknivesandgloves.”可知，收集网络建立之后，卓有成效地筹集到不少善款，用于购买保险和其他一些必要的工具等，为减少作物浪费作出了很大的贡献。]4.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthepassage?A.Tosetanewstandardforfarming.B.Toexplainthereasonsforoverproduction.C.TogathertheinformationaboutproduceinBritain.D.Tointroduceasolutiontotheproblemoffoodwaste.答案D[写作意图题。根据第二段“Gleaning—collectingleftovercrops...maycontributetotacklingtheproblem.”和最后一段“Gleaningoffersanopportunityforenvironmentalwinbyreducingfoodwasteonthefarm.”可知，本文的写作目的主要是介绍一种行之有效地减少食物浪费的方法。]Para.1：factorn.因素yieldv.屈服，让步n.收益；产量Para.2：leftovern.剩余物；残羹剩菜commercialadj.商业(化)的tackletheproblem解决问题Para.5：charityorganizations慈善机构译文：52岁的霍莉·怀特劳来自彭威斯的圣贾斯特，在看了BBC一个强调康沃尔食物贫困的系列节目后，于去年建立了康沃尔收集网络。文体二应用文——先题后文，题干定向应用文是最贴近日常生活的文体，包括通知、广告、便条、申请书、个人简介、商品说明与介绍、新闻报道等，形式多样，题材各异(如图示、表格等)，措辞简洁明了，直截了当，其目的是向读者传输信息。高考试题主要涉及宣传广告、公告类应用文，偶尔也会有书信类文章出现。从近三年新高考卷阅读理解中应用文的话题分布情况可知，前一类是应用文命题的首选题材，其中包括广告、海报和指南等。【感悟真题】(2023·全国甲卷阅读A)WheretoEatinBangkokBangkokisahighlydesirabledestinationforfoodlovers.Ithasaseeminglybottomlesswellofdiningoptions.HerearesomesuggestionsonwheretostartyourBangkokeatingadventure.NahmOfferingThaifinedining，NahmprovidesthebestofBangkokculinary(烹饪的)experiences.It’stheonlyThairestaurantthatranksamongthetop10oftheworld’s50bestrestaurantslist.HeadChefDavidThompson，whoreceivedaMichelinstarforhisLondon－basedThairestaurantofthesamename，openedthisbranchintheMetropolitanHotelin2010.IssayaSiameseClubIssayaSiameseClubisinternationallyknownThaichefIanKittichai’sfirstflagshipBangkokrestaurant.ThemenuinthisbeautifulcolonialhouseincludestraditionalThaicuisinecombinedwithmoderncookingmethods.Bo.lanBo.lanhasbeenmakingwavesinBangkok’sculinaryscenesinceitopenedin2009.Servinghard－to－findThaidishesinanelegantatmosphere，therestaurantistruetoThaicuisine’sroots，yetstillmanagestoaddaspecialtwist.Thisplaceisgoodforacandle－litdinneroraworkmeetingwithcolleagueswhoappreciatefinefood.Forthoseextremelyhungry，there’salargesetmenu.GagganEarningfirstplaceonthelatest“Asia’s50bestrestaurants”list，progressiveIndianrestaurantGagganisoneofthemostexcitingvenues(场所)toarriveinBangkokinrecentyears.Thebesttableinthistwo－storycolonialThaihomeoffersawindowrightintothekitchen，whereyoucanseechefGagganandhisstaffinaction.Culinarytheateratitsbest.【语篇解读】本文是应用文，主要介绍了曼谷的四个餐厅和其特色。21.WhatdoNahmandIssayaSiameseClubhaveincommon?A.Theyadoptmoderncookingmethods.B.TheyhavebranchesinLondon.C.Theyhavetop－classchefs.D.Theyarebasedinhotels.解析细节理解题。根据Nahm部分的“HeadChefDavid...in2010.”可知，Nahm饭店有知名的厨师；根据IssayaSiameseClub部分的“IssayaSiameseClubis...restaurant.”可知，IssayaSiameseClub有知名厨师。故两者的共同之处是它们都有知名的厨师。22.Whichrestaurantoffersalargesetmenu?A.Gaggan.B.Bo.lan.C.IssayaSiameseClub. D.Nahm.解析细节理解题。根据Bo.lan部分的“Forthose...setmenu.”可知，Bo.lan为特别饥饿的顾客提供大型套餐。23.WhatisspecialaboutGaggan?A.IthiresstafffromIndia.B.Itputsonaplayeveryday.C.Itserveshard－to－findlocaldishes.D.Itshowsthecookingprocesstoguests.解析细节理解题。根据Gaggan部分的“Thebesttablein...staffinaction.”可知，Gaggan的特别之处在于顾客可以看到厨师做饭的全部过程。自主解答：21.C22.B23.D【命题分析】选材信息量大，文句精炼，形式灵活，用最少的篇幅传达最大量的信息。内容生活化，实用化，多样化。如产品宣传、服务介绍、通知、海报、启事、招生招聘等。形式标题醒目，重点突出，条理清晰，常用粗体字或各类题目符号使文章结构更加鲜明。语言人名、地名、专用名词多；生词多；缩略词、祈使句、省略句多；结构不完整。考查其命题角度主要考查考生提取信息和处理信息的能力，既注重特定细节的筛选、类比、综合，又注重推理判断题的考查，题目设置相对容易。【备考策略】高考应用文阅读理解设题以细节题为主，因此，阅读这类文章时，也应该在整体把握文章结构的前提下，重点注意细节信息，细节题题干都是相应原文的变形(如同义句改写、词性转换等)。因此，要想找到答案就一定要找到题干在原文中的出处，再把原文和选项相比较。做题时，根据所提问题用寻读、跳读的方法可以达到事半功倍的效果。同时，在阅读时也要特别注意文中以粗体、大写、下划线等方式加以提示的文字，因为这很有可能是文章的核心或某一部分内容的概括。具体备考策略如下：策略指导技法解读先题后文先读题目，了解考点；明确目的，快速捕捉，获取信息。题干定向根据题干关键词找到文中答案范围，按照题目顺序依次而下；问题与原文相同，对号入座，通过同义替换、归纳事实等方法确定答案。生词模糊遇到生词，如无关答题，直接跳过；涉及答题，则根据语境、构词法等猜词。信息补全对于影响理解的省略句，可根据语境，将其补全。(2023·深圳高三一模)Aninternship(实习)isagreatwaytogainvaluableexperienceinyourchosenfuturecareer.Here,weoffersomefantasticworldwideinternshipswithopportunitiestohelpyougainsomereallyuniqueanddiverseexperience.DentalInternshipinSouthAfricaJoinourdentalelectivetoboostyourdentalworkexperience.You’llworkwithaprofessionaldentistandassistinday－to－daytasksatcheck－upcamps.ComparethedentalcarebetweenyourhomecountryandSouthAfrica.Requirement：Internsshouldbestudyingdentistry(牙科)JournalismInternshipinGhanaSeeallaspectsofGhanaianlifebyreportingonday－to－daylifeandtakingpartinavariedjournalisminternshipinAccra.Workforanewspaper,radioorTVstationandgethands－onexperienceinthemediaindustry.Requirement：GoodEnglishspeakersandgeneralleveloffitnessMedicalInternshipinPalampurIfyouareconsideringacareerinmedicineornursing,thisisthemedicalinternshipforyou.BasedinnorthernIndia,inthefoothillsoftheHimalayas,youwillshadowlocaldoctorsandnursesandlearnlotsabouttheIndianmedicalsystem.Requirement：Internsshouldhaveaninterestin,oralreadybestudying,amedicalrelatedcourseMedicalInternshipinRomaniaTakepartinahighlyratedmedicalinternshiponamobilemedicalunitandwithinachildren’shospital.Workinavarietyofmedicalsettingsandwithamixtureofcases，shadowingdoctorsandnursesandactivelycontributingtothecareofthepatients.Requirement：Minimumrequirementofafirstaidcertificate【语篇解读】本文是应用文。文章提供了四个全球实习机会及其相关要求。1.Whereisthistextprobablytakenfrom?A.Aschoolmagazine.B.Anacademicpaper.C.Apublicspeech.D.Atravellog.答案A[文章出处题。本文主要介绍了世界各地的一些实习机会及其相关要求，根据DentalInternshipinSouthAfrica的“Requirement：Internsshouldbestudyingdentistry(牙科)”，MedicalInternshipinPalampur的“Requirement：Internsshouldhaveaninterestin,oralreadybestudying,amedicalrelatedcourse”文章的目标受众为正在学习某些课程的人，可推断应面向学生，故最有可能出现在学校的杂志中。]2.Whichcanofferagreaterchancetofullyexperiencethelocalculture?A.DentalInternshipinSouthAfrica.B.JournalismInternshipinGhana.C.MedicalInternshipinPalampur.D.MedicalInternshipinRomania.答案B[细节理解题。由JournalismInternshipinGhana中“SeeallaspectsofGhanaianlife...avariedjournalisminternshipinAccra.”可知，JournalismInternshipinGhana的这个实习项目可以看到加纳人日常生活的方方面面。]3.Whatdothelasttwointernshipshaveincommon?A.TheyarelocatedinnorthernIndia.B.Theyneedchildcareinterns.C.Theyrequireafirstaidcertificate.D.Theyencouragelearningfromoldhands.答案D[细节理解题。根据MedicalInternshipinPalampur的“BasedinnorthernIndia...learnlotsabouttheIndianmedicalsystem.”，以及MedicalInternshipinRomania的“Workinavarietyofmedicalsettings...contributingtothecareofthepatients.”可知，两份实习中均出现shadowdoctorsandnurses的表述，shadow作及物动词时，意为“跟随……实地学习或参观”，故它们的共同之处在于都鼓励向前辈学习。]Para.1：diverseadj.形形色色的；不同的Para.2：boostyourdentalworkexperience增加你的牙科工作经验Para.4：gethands－onexperience获得实践经验inthemediaindustry在媒体行业Para.9：afirstaidcertificate急救证书T1选项B：anacademicpaper学术论文T1选项D：atravellog旅行日志文体三记叙文——六大要素，抓住主线记叙文是一种以记叙为主要表达方式的文章体裁，分为写人记叙文和叙事记叙文，人不离事，事不离人，但写作对象和写作目的有区别。写人记叙文以人为写作对象，表现人物的品质特点，而叙事记叙文以事件为记叙对象，揭示事件对人和社会的积极影响。【感悟真题】(2023·全国甲卷阅读B)TerriBoltonisa__dab__handwhenitcomestoDIY(do－it－yourself).Skilledatputtingupshelvesandpiecingtogetherfurniture，sheneverpayssomeoneelsetodoajobshecandoherself.ShecreditstheseskillstoherlategrandfatherandbuilderDerekLloyd.Fromtheageofsix，Terri，now26，accompaniedDerektoworkduringherschoolholidays.Aday’sworkwasrewardedwith￡5inpocketmoney.Shesays：“I’msureIwasn’tmuchofahelptostartwith.ButwhenDerekbuiltourfamilyhouseabouteightyearsago，Iwasheavilyinvolved(参与)，paintingtheroomsandputtingdowntheflooringthroughoutthehouse.Ittookweeksanditwasbackbreakingwork，butIknowhewasproudofmyskills.”Terri，whonowrentsahousewithfriendsinWandsworth，SouthWestLondon，saysDIYalsosavesherfromlosinganydepositwhenatenancy(租期)comestoanend.Sheadds：“I’vemovedhousemanytimesandIalwaysliketopersonalisemyroomandputuppictures.So，it’sbeenusefultoknowhowtocoverupholesandrepaintaroomtoavoidanychargeswhenI’vemovedout.”WithmillionsofpeoplelikelytotakeonDIYprojectsoverthecomingweeks，newresearchshowsthatmorethanhalfofpeopleareplanningtomakethemostofthelong，warmsummerdaystogetjobsdone.Theaveragespendperprojectwillbearound￡823.Twothirdsofpeopleaimtoimprovetheircomfortwhileathome.Afifthwishtoincreasethevalueoftheirhouses.ThoughDIYhastraditionallybeenseenasamalehobby，theresearchshowsitiswomennowleadingthecharge.【语篇解读】本文是记叙文。受祖父的影响，主人公泰瑞·博尔顿从小便对DIY产生了浓厚的兴趣，且DIY给她的生活带来了很多好处。现如今，DIY越来越受欢迎，特别是女性对DIY的热爱与日俱增。24.Whichisclosestinmeaningto“adabhand”inparagraph1?A.Anartist. B.Awinner.C.Aspecialist. D.Apioneer.解析词义猜测题。根据第一段的“Skilledatputtingup...candoherself.”可知，泰瑞·博尔顿擅长搭架子和拼装家具，她自己能做的工作从不付钱给别人做。据此可知，她是自我动手方面的专家，故画线部分意为“专家，高手”。25.WhydidTerri’sgrandfathergiveher￡5aday?A.Forabirthdaygift.B.Asatreatforherwork.C.TosupportherDIYprojects.D.Toencouragehertotakeupahobby.解析细节理解题。根据第二段的“Aday’sworkwasrewardedwith￡5inpocketmoney.”可知，一天的工作使她得到五英镑零用钱的奖励。据此可知，她外祖父给她零用钱是为了奖励她一天的工作。26.HowdidTerriavoidlosingthedepositonthehousesherented?A.Bymakingitlooklikebefore.B.Byfurnishingitherself.C.Bysplittingtherentwitharoommate.D.Bycancellingtherentalagreement.解析推理判断题。根据第三段泰瑞·博尔顿所说的话“I’vemovedhousemanytimes...repaintaroomtoavoidanychargeswhenI’vemovedout.”可知，她已经搬了很多次家了，总是喜欢把自己的房间个性化，挂上照片。所以，知道如何掩盖洞和重新粉刷房间是很有用的，这样搬出去的时候就可以避免任何费用。据此可推知，她通过使房子看起来和入住时一样来避免损失押金。27.WhattrendinDIYdoestheresearchshow?A.Itisbecomingmorecostly.B.Itisgettingmoretime－consuming.C.Itisturningintoaseasonalindustry.D.Itisgainingpopularityamongfemales.解析推理判断题。根据第四段的“ThoughDIYhastraditionally...nowleadingthecharge.”可知，尽管DIY传统上被认为是男性的爱好，但研究表明，现在是女性主导了这一潮流。据此可推知，DIY当前深受女性欢迎。自主解答：24.C25.B26.A27.D【命题分析】选材新颖、生动、真实、典型的素材描写，让读者有身临其境、感同身受的感觉。内容记叙文应该包括六要素，即：时间、地点、人物、事件、原因和结果。可以按事件发生的时间顺序写，也可以按事件发生的先后写。形式顺叙、倒叙、插叙。语言一般过去时为主，各种时态为辅，合理使用丰富多彩的谓语动词时态是英语记叙文首要的语言特征；多用动词，尤其是动态强的行为动词是英语记叙文又一个明显的语言特征。考查主要集中在多个事件的先后顺序与人物的情感态度上。【备考策略】高考英语记叙文设题主要集中在细节理解题和推理判断题，因此，阅读这类文章时，应该在整体把握文章结构的前提下，一方面要依据文章的顺序和故事的发展弄清一系列事件的先后顺序以及它们之间的逻辑关系，必要时可以对事件进行排序；另一方面，还要根据人物的处境和描写、议论时所用的特定词语来准确把握人物的情感与态度，做到入情入境，特别要留意描写和议论时所用的形容词和副词。具体备考策略如下：策略指导技法解读弄清六要素何人、何时、何地，因何原因做了何事，结果如何，有何启示或感想。弄清写作目的证明一个观点；赞美某种美德；谴责某种罪恶；提供娱乐。关注开头和结尾把握事情的动向，尾段经常是主题的升华所在。关注情感主线分析事情的发展脉络，弄清人物关系，透析文章的情感主线。(2023·衡水中学高三一调)AnartistinOakland,Californiaisusinghisskillstohelpthehomeless.GregKloehnbuildsverysmallsheltersthatmakelifeonthestreetsalittlemorecomfortable.Thestructuresofferthehomelesssomesafetyandprotectionfrombadweather.Eachlittlehousealsohaswheelsonthebottomsoitcangowhereveritsownergoes.GregKloehnhasgivenawayatleast20tinyhouses.Severalareontheroadsidenearanactiverailroad.Onarecentday,Mr.KloehnstopsatonetovisitOscarYoung.Thetwomenhug.InsidehislittleshelterMr.Younggetsrelieffromcoldnightsonthestreets.Mr.KloehnalsovisitsSweet－Pea,anotherfriendwhoalsolivesinoneofthelittlehomestheartistbuilt.Shesaysitkeepshersafeandprotectsherbelongings.Inthemornings,Mr.Kloehnsearchesthestreetsforbuildingmaterials.Hegatherswhathecanandtakesittohisstudio.There,heputsthehousestogether.Emptycoffeebagsbecomeroofmaterial.Awashingmachinedoorandrefrigeratorpartbecomewindows.Nails，screwsandthestickyglueholdallthepiecestogether.Theartistalsoattachesasmallelectricaldevicetothehouse.Thedeviceispoweredbythesun.Someofthepeoplelivingonthestreetsoncehadnormalhousesoftheirown.Butsomeofthepeoplesaytheyhavelearnedtolivewithlessandtheyarethankfultothatman.Mr.Kloehnsayshisworkisnotasocialproject.Hesaysheisjustsomeoneusinghisskillstohelphishomelessneighbors.【语篇解读】本文是记叙文。全文讲述了一位艺术家用废旧物品制造小房子并捐赠给无家可归的人的故事。1.ThefollowingaretheadvantagesofthesmallsheltersEXCEPT________.A.savingpowerandenergyB.protectingpossessionsofthehomelessC.decoratingthestreetswheretheyareD.keepingthehomelesssafeandcomfortable答案C[细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“Thedeviceispoweredbythesun.”可知，这种小房子很省电；根据第二段最后一句“Shesaysitkeepshersafeandprotectsherbelongings.”可知，这种小房子可以保护无家可归者的财产；根据第一段第一句和第二句可知，这种小房子确保无家可归者的安全和舒适；文中没有提到这种小房子可以起到装饰作用，所以选C。]2.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat________.A.GregKloehnhassoldatleast20tinyhousesB.anactofkindnesshasmadepeoplesimpleandgratefulC.thesheltersareimmovableD.thegovernmenthasgotinvolvedintheaction答案B[细节理解题。根据倒数第二段最后一句“Butsomeofthepeoplesaytheyhavelearnedtolivewithlessandtheyarethankfultothatman.”可知，一个善举让人们变得简单和感恩。]3.Thepassageislikelytakenfrom________.A.anofficialreport B.anartreviewC.asciencemagazine D.anewsreport答案D[文章出处题。根据第一段第一句“AnartistinOakland,Californiaisusinghisskillstohelpthehomeless.”可知，文章第一句就概括了全文，表明文章要讲的事情，所以这是新闻报道中的导语。根据最后一段“Mr.Kloehnsayshiswork...tohelphishomelessneighbors.”可知，这是转述受采访的人说的话。由此推知，本文是一篇新闻报道。]4.What’sthemainideaofthepassage?A.Anartistcreateshomesforthehomeless.B.Amorecomfortableshelteronthestreets.C.AsuccessfulsocialprojectinOakland.D.Anartistmakesalivingbydesigningsmallshelters.答案A[主旨大意题。文章主要是讲一位艺术家为无家可归的人建造家园。]Para.1：sheltern.庇护(处)；居所v.遮蔽；避难Para.2：giveaway捐赠；赠送Para.3：devicen.装置，器具powern.权力；能力v.驱动Para.5：asocialproject社会项目文体四议论文——抓住论点，关注首尾议论文，也叫说理文，是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。议论文的三要素是论点、论据和论证。论点是一篇文章的灵魂、统帅；论据是支撑论点的材料；论证是用论据来证明论点的方法和过程。阅读议论文时，抓住了论点，我们就把握了中心，再结合作为论据的诸多事例以及它们和论点或结论之间的内在联系，我们就能理解文章的结构。因此，阅读议论文的关键是：抓论点。【感悟真题】(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷阅读D)OnMarch7，1907，theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascometobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases，theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors，thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate，andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether，theycanceleachotherout，resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors，thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms，thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons，people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent，theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(转折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion，theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance，theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.Inafollow－upstudywith100universitystudents，theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates？Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds？Thishappenedsomeofthetime，butitwasn’tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently，thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow，theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain，thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision－makingareenormous.【语篇解读】本文是议论文。作者从几个角度探讨“群体智慧”效应，指出群体讨论的结果比个人思考的结果更准确。32.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A.Themethodsofestimation.B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C.Thecausesofpeople’serrors.D.ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.解析段落大意题。通读第二段内容可知，本段解释了“群体智慧”效应的底层逻辑。33.Navajas’studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif________.A.thecrowdswererelativelysmallB.therewereoccasionalunderestimatesC.individualsdidnotcommunicateD.estimateswerenotfullyindependent解析推理判断题。结合第二段中的“Inmoretechnicalterms，thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent”和第三段中的“whencrowdswerefurtherdivided...independentindividuals”可知，Navajas的研究发现，即使团队成员的估计不是完全独立的，平均准确率依旧会提升。34.Whatdidthefollow－upstudyfocuson?A.Thesizeofthegroups.B.Thedominantmembers.C.Thediscussionprocess.D.Theindividualestimates.解析细节理解题。根据第四段中的“...theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了些什么。因此，后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。35.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?A.Unclear. B.Dismissive.C.Doubtful. D.Approving.解析观点态度题。最后一段作者说，虽然Navajas的研究有局限性，但是从他的研究看，团队讨论和做决定的潜在影响是巨大的，由此判断作者对Navajas的研究持支持态度。自主解答：32.B33.D34.C35.D【命题分析】选材大多选自一些外国期刊或者网站，如NewsWeek，Times，BusinessWeek，TheEconomist；主要是中外广泛关注的社会话题和热点问题。内容内容包罗万象，社会生活类占据了绝大部分。作者通过摆事实、列数字等方法论证论点，目的是说服他人、宣扬观点，或者说服读者接受某种意见或采取某种行动。文章中会出现生僻词汇和长难句。形式大多以“总—分—总”的结构行文，即“提出问题—分析问题—解决问题”。语言议论文一般观点明确、论据充分、语言精练、论证合理，有严密的逻辑性。考查议论文难度相对比较大，命题角度呈多样化，如细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题等。【备考策略】高考英语议论文设题广泛，细节理解题、推理判断题、词句猜测题、主旨大意题都有可能出现，因此，在阅读议论文时，应该从结构和内容两方面同时入手，先通读原文，再区分事实和观点，明确论点、论证和论据，明了作者最后得出的结论。具体备考策略如下：(2023·南通三校联考)MaijlisJonssonisa73－year－oldlivinginthecentreofSweden’scapitalStockholm.Sheleadsanactivelifewithherfriends,travellingaroundthecityandmeetingincoffeeshops.However,oneissuecausesherstress.Swedenhasbeensteadilymovingtowardsacompletelycashlesssocietyforanumberofyears.Cashisnowusedinlessthanoneinfiveofallcashtransactions(交易)instores—halfthenumberasfiveyearsago.Thelawsaysshopscanrefusetoacceptcash.Lifecanbehardforthoseunwillingorunabletoadapttothechanges.Noteveryonehatescash.MajlisJonssonisonesuchperson.Shemustgotoabankinordertopayherfriendbackforatrainticketboughtdigitally.“Ijustdon’tknowhowtodo