高考英语备考之阅读理解干扰项的特点分析

高考英语备考之阅读理解干扰项的特点分析

一般来说，在高考英语阅读理解中，细节理解题的正确项是原文

词句的同义替换，即对原文词句进行重新加工，用不同的词句表达相

同的意思；而段落主旨题或文章主旨题的正确项要么与段落或文章中

的中心句意思相近，要么包含题干及文中反复出现的主题词、关键词

或者有抽象意义的词。

然而，在高考英语阅读理解中，为了确保试题的有效性，干扰项

必须起到一定的干扰作用，这样也使得试题的难度增大。由于干扰项

本身是错误的选项，无论它们具有多大的迷惑性，只要考生掌握了它

们的特征，便能够甄别它们。分析干扰项的设置特点可以为我们提供

思考的方向。常见的干扰项具有以下一些特点。

偷梁换柱

干扰项的大部分信息与原文表述一致，只在细微处与原文信息有

出入，这样的选项为强干扰项。其常见设置手法有：把原文中程度轻

的副词变成程度重的副词，把原文中不确定意义的表达变成肯定和绝

对化的表达，把否定看作肯定，把原文中未发生的事情变成已发生的

事情，把原文中的因果颠倒、主被动关系颠倒等。

（2023•全国乙卷）AlthoughlandscapesintheMidwesttendtobe

quitesimilar,eitherfarmfieldsorhighways,sometimesIfinddistinctive

characterinthehillsorlakes.Tomakesomeofmylandscapeshots,!have

traveleduptofourhoursawaytoshootwithina10-minutetimeframe.I

tendtotravelwithafewofmyfriendstostateparksortothe

countrysidetogoonadventuresandtakephotosalongtheway.

Howdoestheauthordealwiththechallengeasalandscape

photographerintheMidwest?

A.Byteamingupwithotherphotographers.

B.Byshootinginthecountrysideorstateparks.

C.Bystudyingthegeographicalconditions.

D.Bycreatingsettingsinthecornfields.

【解析】Bo选项B中的“shoot”是对原文中的“takephotos”

的替换。选项A为强干扰项，其中的uteamingupwithother

photographers”偷换了原文中的“travelwithafewofmyfriends”。

（2022,全国乙卷）Theymovedinwithalocalfamily,the

Harrisons,and,likethem,hadlittleprivacyjarebaths,andablanketof

snowontheirquiltwhentheywokeupinthemorning.Some

mornings,RosamondandDorothywouldarriveattheschoolhouseto

findthechildrenweepingfromthecold.Inspring,thesnowwasreplaced

bymudoverice.

Whatcanwelearnaboutthegirlsfromparagraph3?

A.Theyenjoyedmuchrespect.

B.Theyhadaroomwithabathtub.

C.Theylivedwiththelocalkids.

D.Theysufferedseverehardships.

【解析】Do根据本段内容可知，女孩们的生活条件非常艰苦。

选项B中的“abathtub”偷换了原文中的“rarebaths”。

例题原文分析

l.WhatisguaranteedforvolunteersinCostaRica?

A.Trainingbeforedeparture.（偷梁换柱）

B.Certificateofparticipation.（|司义转述）

C.Single-roomaccommodation.（偷梁换柱）

D.Hand-pickedtravelcompanions.（偷梁换柱）

原文：

Pre-DepartureGuide一Ourin-depthpre-departureguidewill

havealltheinformationyouneedaboutyourtrip&destination,atyour

fingertips.

DedicatedTripCoordinator-Hand-pickedfromanexperienced

teamwho'vebeenthere,donethatandreadytoguideyouthroughyour

entirejourney.

AccommodationMeals——Relaxinyourshareddorm

accommodationon-site,withfreeWi-Fiandacommunityatmosphere,

andenjoynutritiousCostaRicancuisine.

CertificateofCompletion——Inrecognitionofyourhardworkand

dedicationthroughouttheexperience,anditgoesverywellwithyour

futurer6sum6.

分析：A选项将原文的guide换成了training,二者意思好像差不

多。guide有“导游，向导”的意思，容易和“训练”混淆。实际上，

原文还有一个短语“atyourfingertips表明此处的guide应该翻译

成“指南，手册”，可以拿在书上随时翻阅查询。因此，不能将guide

错误理想成trainingoC选项将原文中的“shareddormaccommodation”

替换成了“single-roomaccommodation更多的学生会错选D选项，

没有理解companions和coordinator的IX别，前者指旅行团的团员们，

后者指旅行社的协调人员，类似导游。学生不了解二者差异（况且

companions是复数，非coordinator的单数），看选项的词汇在原文中

有复现，意思也差不多就误选了。当然B选项的participation和

completion是否相等呢？一般是完成了全程活动，才会颁发证书，表

示参与了某某活动，不过很多学生搞不清楚，就很纠结。那么，只能

靠排除另外三个干扰项再选了。

2.Whatiscrucialfordevelopingstudents'intelligentthought

accordingtothe2019tudy?

A.Intenselabwork.（错误联想）

B.Peerpressureandevaluation.（错误联想）

C.Academicinteractionwithfellows.（同义转述）

D.Engagementwithexternalsociety.（偷梁换柱）

原文：

Amajorfactorinthegraduatestudents'transformation,Wieman

concluded,wastheirexperienceofintensesocialengagementarounda

bodyofknowledge——thehourstheyspentadvising,debatingwith,

andrecountinganecdotestooneanother.In2019,astudypublishedin

theProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesbackedthisidea.

Trackingtheintellectualadvancementofseveralhundredgraduate

studentsinthesciencesoverthecourseoffouryears,itsauthorsfound

thatthedevelopmentofcrucialskillssuchasgeneratinghypotheses（假

设），designingexperiments,andanalyzingdatawascloselyrelatedtothe

students'engagementwiththeirpeersinthelab,ratherthanthe

guidancetheyreceivedfromtheirfacultymentors（导师）.

分析：研究生们通过和同伴们在实验室提出假设、设计实验、分

析数据，培养了重要的技能。所以，文章中的socialengagement指的

是和学术上的小伙伴们进行交往（Academicinteractionwithfellows）,

而不是和外部社会人员的交往。D选项错在external_h,如果改成

internal就可以了。这是典型的偷梁换柱，不过很多学生看到social

engagement就高高兴兴地错选了。

PS:另外，作者还使用了错误联想、答非所问等方法，效果也还

不错，顺便摘录如下：

答非所问

3.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthegraduatestudentswho

firstjoinedWieman'slab?

A.Limitedinthinking.（同义转述）

B.Resistanttonewideas.

C.Flexibleandearnest.（答非所问）

D.Experiencedandcooperative.

原文:

WhenhisPH.D.candidatesenteredthelab,Wiemannoticed,their

habitsofthoughtwerenolessnarrowandrigidthantheundergraduates.

Withinayearortwo,however,thesesamegraduatestudents

transformedintotheflexiblethinkershewastryingsoearnestly,and

unsuccessfully,tocultivate.

分析：学生没有认真读原文，看到复现的原词就误选了。“当博

士研究生进入实验室时,威尔曼注意到，他们的思维方式与本科生差不

多地狭隘和死板。然而仅仅一两年内，这些同样的研究生就变成了他

所竭尽全力但未能培养出的那样具有灵活性的思考者」实际上，

flexible是读研之后的状况，earnest是形容导师的状况，而题干问的

是研究生最初的状况（narrowandrigid）,C是典型的答非所问。

错误联想

4.HowdidMichaelmakethelargedonation?

A.Heinputanincorrectamount.（同义转述）

B.Heencounteredasystemerror.

C.HewasgreatlyinspiredbyDunan.

D.Heenteredwrongcreditcarddetails.（错误联想）

原文：

Michael'screditcardnumberstartedwithfourandone.Clearly,he

accidentallybegantypinghiscreditcardinformationwhilehiscursor（光

标）wasstillinthedonationbox.

分析：作者把信用卡开头两个数字错误地输入到捐助金额了，因

此是输入了错误的金额(inputanincorrectamount),而不是输入了错

误的信用卡信息(enteredwrongcreditcarddetails)。如果信用卡信息

出错，也不可能完成转账交易。简而言之，学生没有读懂文章和选项。

34.WhatisParagraph2mainlyabout?

A.Therecyclingprocessofplastics.

B.Pollutantscontainedinrecycledplastics.

C.Reasonswhyusersdislikerecycledplastics.

D.Contributingfactorstolowplasticrecyclingrates.

原文：

Whilemanyplasticshavethepotentialtoberecycled,mostare

notbecausetheprocessiscostly,complicatedandtheresultingproduct

ofalowerqualitythantheoriginal.Despiterisingdemandforrecycled

plastic,fewwastecompaniesturnaprofit.Partofthisisbecausevirgin

plastic-linkedtooilprices——isoftencheaperthanrecycledplastic,

meaningthereislittleeconomicincentivetouseit.Worseyet,muchof

ourplasticwasteisdifficulttorecycle.Lightweightfoodpackaging,likea

mozzarellapacket,containsdifferentplastics,dyesandtoxicadditives

(添力口剂).Thisdirtymixmeansplasticrecycledthroughmechanical

methods-themostcommonform-canonlybemelteddownand

mouldedagainacoupleoftimesbeforeitbecomestoofragiletobe

reused.Andthenatureoftheprocessmeansplasticrecyclinghasa

carbonfootprintofitsown.

分析：该段主要是分析了塑料回收困难的原因。部分学生看到C

选项含有关键词reasons,不认真分析该句的意思，被作者使用的错

误联想这一干扰手段欺骗了。D选项“导致塑料回收率低的因素”，

就是对“原因”的同义转述。

综上可知，在阅读命题的过程中，干扰项可以通过“偷梁换柱”

“答非所问”“错误联想”等方式进行设置，考查学生找准出处，进

行比较，同义转述的能力。多了解分析错题，对我们的原创命题大有

裨益！

张冠李戴

选项都是原文的信息，但此类干扰项信息错位，弄错事实与对象。

如果同学们阅读不仔细，就很容易理解和判断错误。

（2022•北京卷）Peer（同伴）AssistedStudySessions（PASS）isa

peer-facilitatedlearningprogrammeavailabletostudentsenrolled（注册）

inmostcoreunitsofstudyinourbusinessschool.OPASSinvolvesweekly

sessionswhereyouworkingroupstotacklespeciallypreparedproblem

sets,basedaroundaunitofstudyyou'reenrolledin.OPASSdoesn't

re-teachordelivernewcontent.lt?sanopportunitytodeepenyour

understandingofthekeypointsfromlecturematerialswhileyouare

applyingyourskillstosolveproblems.OYouworkinteractivelywithyour

peers.Asapeergroup,youdecidewhatiscoveredineachsession.That

way,PASSdirectlyrespondstoyourneedsandfeedback.

InPASS,students.

A.attendnewlectures

B.decidetheirownschedulesO

C.prepareproblemsetsingroups

D.usetheirskillstosolveproblems

【解析】D。根据“PASSdoesn'tre-teachordelivernew

content...whileyouareapplyingyourskillstosolveproblems.“口J知，在

PASS中，学生们是运用他们的技能来解决问题的。选项C把原文中

的“（学生）workingroups”和“（PASS）preparedproblemsets”的行为

者混淆了。

（2022•全国甲卷）Ontheotherhand,beingyoungandoldatthe

sametimehasitsattractions.!consideredthiswhenImetathoughtful

youngbusinessmannamedAnthony.uManypeoplesaythatwelack

cultureinthiscountry,“hetoldme.uWhatpeopleforgetisthatthe

Italians,whentheycametoAustralia,brought2,000yearsoftheir

culture,theGreekssome3,000years,andtheChinesemorestill.We've

gotafoundationbuiltonancientculturesbutwithadriveanddynamism

ofayoungcountry.lt?saprettyhardcombinationtobeat.”

Whichstatementwilltheauthorprobablyagreewith?

A.Acitycanbeyoungandoldatthesametime.

B.Acitybuiltonancientculturesismoredynamic.

C.Modernityisusuallyachievedatthecostofelegance.

0.Compromiseshouldbemadebetweenthelocalandtheforeign.

【解析】Ao该段的主题句是"Ontheotherhand,beingyoungand

oldatthesametimehasitsattractions.选项B为强干扰项，偷换了

原文中的"We'vegotafoundationbuiltonancientculturesbutwitha

driveanddynamismofayoungcountry.

无中生有

干扰项中出现了原文没有提到或推导不出的信息。

（2023•全国乙卷）Whatcomesintoyourmindwhenyouthinkof

Britishfood?Probablyfishandchips,oraSundaydinnerofmeatandtwo

vegetables.ButisBritishfoodreallysouninteresting?EventhoughBritain

hasareputationforlessthan-impressivecuisinejtisproducingmoretop

classchefswhoappearfrequentlyonourtelevisionscreensandwhose

recipebooksfrequentlytopthebestsellerlists.

WhatdopeopleusuallythinkofBritishfood?

A.Itissimpleandplain.

B.ltisrichinnutrition.

C.ltlacksauthentictastes.

D.ltdeservesahighreputation.

【解析】A。根据“fishandchips,oraSundaydinnerofmeatandtwo

vegetablesn及uless-than-impressivecuisineM可知。选项B和C未提

及，属于无中生有。

（2022•全国乙卷）Byusingthelatesttechnologies,dronescouldalso

startprovidinghigher-valueservicesforrailways,detectingfaultsinthe

railorswitches,beforetheycancauseanysafetyproblems.Toperform

thesetaskszdronesforraildon'tneedtobeflyingoverhead.Engineers

arenowworkingonanewconcept:theraildronesofthefuture.Theywill

bemovingonthetrackaheadofthetrain,andprogrammedtorun

autonomously.VerysmalldroneswithadvancedsensorsandAland

travellingaheadofthetraincouldguideitlikeaco-pilot.Withtheirability

toseeahead,theycouldsignalanyproblem,sothatfast-movingtrains

wouldbeabletoreactintime.

Whatfunctionisexpectedoftheraildrones?

A.Toprovideearlywarning.

B.Tomaketrainsrunautomatically.

C.Toearnprofitsforthecrews.

D.Toacceleratetransportation.

【解析】A0根据“Byusingthelatesttechnologies...beforetheycan

causeanysafetyproblems.,,可知。选项C为无中生有。

以偏概全

在概括文章的中心思想、段落大意或在选择文章的最佳标题时，

干扰项总是以偏概全。同学们如果不能完全把握主题意义，就会把文

章中的事实和细节当主旨，把片面的、次要的观点当成主要观点，把

某一段的主旨当作文章的主旨。

（2023•新课标I卷）Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhen

peoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren'talwaysthesame.Somepeople

willtendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughof

theseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resulting

inamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethe

sameerrors,thentheirerrorswon'tcanceleachotherout.Inmore

technicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople'sestimates

beindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people'serrorsbecome

correlatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.

Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?

A.Themethodsofestimation.

B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.

C.Thecausesofpeople'serrors.

D.ThedesignofGalton'sexperiment.

【解析】Bo本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本

逻辑。选项A和C在原文中虽有提及，但只是片面的、次要的信息，

且表达也和原文内容不符。

（2021•全国乙卷）You'veheardthatplasticispollutingtheoceans

-between4.8and12.7milliontonnesenteroceanecosystemsevery

year.Butdoesoneplasticstraworcupreallymakeadifference?Artist

BenjaminVonWongwantsyoutoknowthatitdoes.Hebuildsmassive

sculpturesoutofplasticgarbage,forcingviewerstore-examinetheir

relationshiptosingle-useplasticproducts.

Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.Artists?

opinionsonplasticsafety

B.Mediainterestincontemporaryart

C.Responsibilitydemandedofbigcompanies

D.Oceanplasticstransformedintosculptures

【解析】Do通读全文，尤其是文章的开头段可知，文章讲述的

是艺术家BenjaminVonWong通过收集使用过的塑料吸管进行艺术创

造，警示