专题01 阅读理解（知识梳理+高频考点精讲+进阶分级练）（讲义全国适用）英语学业水平考试合格考总复习（原卷版及全解全析）

专题01阅读理解目录目录学考要求速览1必备知识梳理1高频考点精讲6进阶分级练31（一）整体理解题型多样且关联紧密：阅读理解主要考查对文章整体和局部信息的理解能力。整体信息指文章的主旨要义、作者的观点意图等；局部信息指分散于文本中的具体细节。这两种信息对应着阅读理解四大题型，即细节理解题、推理判断题、词句猜测题和主旨大意题。各种题型又衍生出多种考法。它们从不同角度考查考生对语篇的理解能力，且各题型之间存在一定关联，比如准确理解细节有助于把握文章主旨，而主旨大意又能为推理判断等提供方向。能力综合要求高：不仅需要考生具备词汇、语法等基础知识，还要求能运用各种阅读技巧，如略读、寻读，准确把握语篇结构、命题规律，根据不同题型特点灵活运用相应解题方法，同时要善于进行语义转换和逻辑推理。（二）重点关注方向信息精准定位与比对：对于细节理解题，无论是直接信息题还是间接信息题，关键在于能依据题干准确提取关键词，快速在文中定位相关信息，并仔细比对选项与原文细节，注意同义替换、信息归纳等正确选项特征以及张冠李戴、无中生有等干扰选项特征。推理判断依据：推理判断题要严格依据阅读材料所提供信息进行推断，关注作者的用词、语气以及文章的主旨，区分不同类型的推理判断题（如细节推理、观点态度推理、写作意图推理），明确各类型的解题要点和常见命题方式。词义猜测技巧运用：掌握多种词义猜测技巧，如根据定义或上下文解释、同位关系、构词法、因果关系、指代关系、同义或近义关系、转折或对比关系等进行合理推测，同时要结合文章语境准确判断词义。主旨大意提炼：针对主旨大意题的不同类型（标题归纳题、文章大意题、段落大意题），要理解标题特点，掌握确定文章标题的方法，学会通过找主题句（利用转折词、首段疑问句、重复观点等小窍门）或归纳段落逻辑结构等方式来提炼文章及段落的主旨大意。考点（一）细节理解题题型特点：设问方式多样：包括特殊疑问句形式（以when,where,what等疑问词引出）、判断是非形式（含TRUE/FALSE等）、以“Accordingto...”开头的提问形式以及填空形式。正确选项特征：同义替换（关键词、词性、语态等变换）、信息归纳、正话反说、原文原词。同义替换指对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。如把loseone'sjob换成了beoutofwork。有些细节理解题把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，如把important变换成ofimportance；改变原文中句子的语态，如主动语态与被动语态的转换。信息归纳用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，设置为正确答案。正话反说把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。原文原词利用原文原词作为正确选项。干扰选项特征：张冠李戴、无中生有、曲解文意、颠倒是非、正误参半。张冠李戴是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容。无中生有符合常识，但不是文章的内容。曲解文意与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动。颠倒是非在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。正误参半部分正确，部分错误。解题方法：直接信息题：采用“关键词定位法”，先从题干中提取名词、动词、数词等关键词，然后运用略读及寻读技巧在文中定位相关信息，最后比对选项与原文细节确定答案。1.依据题干信息，择定位关键词细节理解直接信息题一般是对文章局部内容的考查,且题目相对简单,所以,不必通篇细读全文,可先通过题干信息来选择定位关键词。关键词主要是题干中的名词、动词和数词,即问题的核心信息2.依据关键词,回原文定位信息进行比对确定了定位关键词后,运用略读及寻读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与题于有关的关键词,回到原文进行信息定位,然后将选项内容与原文信息比对,得出正确答案。间接信息题：命题隐蔽性强，需将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义转换、加工或整理，再比对选项确定答案。相比直接信息题，命题的隐蔽性更强，正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。此类题目需要考生将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，有时还需要进一步的加工或整理。概括、归纳信息题：依据题干找到文中相应信息区间，用自己的语言归纳总结文中信息，然后挑选与归纳内容最接近的选项作为答案。是指命题人用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，这是命题人设计细节理解题的正确选项时经常使用的手段之一。考生首先应依据题干指向，找到文中相应的信息区间，然后尝试用自己的语言去归纳总结文中的信息或事实，然后再看选项，挑选出和自己所归纳总结的信息最接近的选项作为正确答案。考点（二）推理判断题题型分类及特点：细节推理判断题：要求根据语篇内容推断具体细节，常借助短文提供信息或生活常识进行推理，注意题干中常用的如infer、indicate等动词。该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat________.Comparedwithothersimilarproducts,thenewdesign________.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat________.Thewriter/authorindicates/suggests/impliesthat________.观点、态度推理判断题：文章的观点或结论推理判断题：推测文中某一观点需把握全文中心思想，因为次要观点支撑主要论点。该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：·Whatistheauthor’sopinionon...?·Whatdoestheauthorthinkabout...?·Fromthepassagewecanconcludethat________.作者态度、语气推理判断题：通过作者措词、感情色彩判断，常见褒义词、贬义词、中性词等表述。该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：·Theattitudeoftheauthortowardssomebody/somethingis________.·Theauthor’sattitudetowards...canbebestdescribedas________.·Thetoneofthispassageisbestdescribedas________.写作意图推理判断题：揣测作者写作意图及运用写作手法的目的，要求考生理解文章大意并能归纳总结、分析作者阐述问题的方法。该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：Themainpurposeofthistextis________.What’stheauthor’spurposeinwritingthisarticle?Itcanbeconcludedthatthepassageismainlywrittenfor________.Theauthorwritesthispassageto________.Theauthorinthispassageintendsto________.解题要点：严格按阅读材料信息推断，避免掺杂个人经验等；注意选项是否为材料简单重复而非推断结论；关注文中虚拟语气和情态动词；客观对待作者叙述事实，避免主观推断；甄别细节是否与原文相符。考点（三）词义猜测题考查内容：对单词、短语或句子意义的推断，包括生词、熟词新义以及替代词所替代内容的判断，需根据短文语境推测。猜词技巧：根据定义或上下文解释猜测：利用逗号、破折号、括号等后的解释判断词义。根据同位关系猜测：通过紧跟难词后的同位语解释来猜测词义。根据构词法猜测：依据前缀、后缀、派生等构词知识推测词义。根据因果关系猜测：根据原因预测结果或由结果找出原因来确定词义。根据上下文的指代关系猜测：明确文章中代词指代的人或物，有时需总结前文内容得出指代对象。根据同义或近义关系猜测：利用同句、同段或同篇文章中意思相同或相近的词来猜测词义。根据转折或对比关系猜测：依据上下句连接词（如but、however等）判断逻辑关系，从而确定词义。考点（四）主旨大意题题型分类及设问方式：标题归纳题：常见设问如“Thebesttitleofthepassageis...”等，要求选出能准确概括文章主旨且具概括性、针对性、醒目性的标题。该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：Thebesttitleofthepassageis________.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?·Themostappropriatetitleofthepassageis______.文章大意题：常见设问如“What'sthemainidea/pointofthepassage?”等，需通过找主题句（利用转折词、首段疑问句、重复观点等方法）或归纳段落中心思想来确定文章整体中心思想。该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：What'sthemainidea/pointofthepassage?·Thepassageismainlyabout________.·Thepassageismainlyconcernedabout________.·Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthemainideaofthepassage?段落大意题：常见设问如“WhatdoestheauthortellusinParagraph...?”等，可通过概括段落逻辑结构（总分、分总、分总分等）或揣摩作者暗示来归纳段落大意。该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：WhatdoestheauthortellusinParagraph...?Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyis________.Thefirstparagraphismainlyabout________.WhichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizePara.1?Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?解题要点：理解标题特点，掌握确定文章标题的正面肯定法、反面否定法、研读备选项本身等方法；学会运用浏览法快速找到主题句；准确概括段落逻辑结构以归纳段落大意。例(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷·阅读C篇再开发)Weallknowfreshisbestwhenitcomestofood.However,mostproduceatthestorewentthroughweeksoftravelandcoveredhundredsofmilesbeforereachingthetable.Whilefarmer'smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro­Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.BMFisanindoorgardensystem.Itcanbesetupforafamily.Additionally,itcouldservealargeraudiencesuchasahospital,restaurantorschool.Theinnovativedesignrequireslittleefforttoachieveareliableweeklysupplyoffreshgreens.Specifically,it'safarmthatreliesonnewtechnology.ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotelymonitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.Afterharvest,userssimplyreplacetheplantswithanewpre­seededpod(容器)togetthenextgrowthcyclestarted.①[Moreover,havingasysteminthesamebuildingwhereit'seatenmeanszeroemissions(排放)fromtransportingplantsfromsoiltosalad.]②[Inaddition,there'snoneedforpesticidesandotherchemicalsthatpollutetraditionalfarmsandthesurroundingenvironment.]BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwasteminimizationbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle­useplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment，”saidaBMFemployee.清除阅读障碍，词汇再开发1．识别课纲词汇延伸词汇pre­seededadj.预播种的pesticiden.杀虫剂sustainabilityn.可持续性2．熟词新义produce熟义：v.生产；产生本文词义：n.产品green熟义：adj.绿色的本文词义：n.[pl]蔬菜can熟义：modalv．能，会；可以本文词义：n.金属罐waste熟义：v.浪费本文词义：n.废弃物，废料3．分析疑难句式①Moreover,havingasysteminthesamebuildingwhereit'seatenmeanszeroemissionsfromtransportingplantsfromsoiltosalad.分析：句子的主干为havingasystemmeanszeroemissions;where引导定语从句，修饰先行词building。句意：而且，在食用地点的同一建筑里安装此系统，就能实现从土壤到沙拉整个运输过程的零排放。②Inaddition,there'snoneedforpesticidesandotherchemicalsthatpollutetraditionalfarmsandthesurroundingenvironment.分析：句子的主干为there'snoneedforpesticidesandotherchemicals;that引导定语从句，修饰pesticidesandotherchemicals;traditionalfarms和thesurroundingenvironment在定语从句中作动词pollute的并列宾语。句意：此外，没有必要使用污染传统农场和周围环境的杀虫剂及其他化学农药。真题呈现28．WhatcanbelearnedaboutBMFfromparagraph1?A．Itguaranteesthevarietyoffood.B．Itrequiresday­to­daycare.C．Itcutsthefarm­to­tabledistance.D．Itreliesonfarmer'smarkets.细节理解题——定位信息准比对先根据题干中的关键词定位原文中的信息源，再通过比对，在原文中找到与选项含义相同或相近的信息。28题解题思维流程如下：根据题干关键词BMF和paragraph1→第一段toreducethejourney,BabylonMicro­Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore→选项C中的cuts...distance→比对原文与选项含义相同(近)的信息，可知巴比伦微农场进一步缩短了运输路程。故选C。29．WhatcanbeconcludedaboutBMFemployees?A．Theyhaveagreatpassionforsports.B．Theyaredevotedtocommunityservice.C．Theyarefondofsharingdailyexperiences.D．Theyhaveastrongenvironmentalawareness.推理判断题——找准信息合情推理先根据题干中的关键词定位原文中的信息源，再结合前后文语境，对文章信息做出合文意、合情理的推断。“立足原文，只推一步”是解推理判断题的基本原则，不可妄加推断、过度推断。29题解题思维流程如下：根据题干关键词BMFemployees→最后一段第一句BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives→结合后文：约半数员工步行或骑自行车上班；办公室里减少垃圾桶数量；鼓励回收利用；减少废弃物、碳排放和化学制品。由此可以推断：BMF员工有强烈的环保意识。故选D。30．Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A．BMF'smajorstrengths.B．BMF'sgeneralmanagement.C．BMF'sglobalinfluence.D．BMF'stechnicalstandards.主旨大意题——基于语篇模式高度把握大意主旨大意题考查的是考生对文章内容的深层次理解。不同的文体，其写作意图和表达主题有明显的不同，如记叙文重在写人记事，说明文重在阐明事理，议论文重在论证析理。所以，解主旨大意题，要具有文体意识，把握了文章写作模式和意图，再结合文章内容，这样概括出来的文章大意才有高度，才具深意。其解题流程为：先通读全文，了解大意，把握语篇模式，然后弄清语段之间的语义关系，继而概括各语段和文章大意。30题解题思维流程如下：通读全文，确定语篇模式：问题—解决型语段之间的语义关系：第一段，缩短农产品的运输距离；第二段，建立室内菜园系统，供应新鲜蔬菜；第三段，依靠新技术(提供植物生长的实时数据等)；第四段，零排放，不用杀虫剂和化学药品等；第五段，BMF员工践行可持续性发展的生活理念。由此可概括文章的主旨大意：巴比伦微农场的优势。故选A。31．(作者原创题)Whichofthefollowingcanbestreplacetheunderlinedword“minimization”inthelastparagraph?A．Increase. B．Reduction.C．Expansion. D．Accumulation.词句猜测题——依据上下文语境明其义猜测词句类题目是高考阅读理解的常考题型，这类题型针对语篇中一些关键性的单词、短语或句子进行设问，要求考生猜测其含义。这些需要猜测的单词、短语或句子往往与上下文有紧密的逻辑关系，文章中往往会提供和这些词句相关的定义解释、提示词或者句子结构等，考生做题时要善于寻找并捕捉这些隐性提示，并关联上下文意进行猜测。这类题型分为词义猜测题、代词指代题和句意猜测题。31题解题思维流程如下：定位画线词所在句，最后一段第三句→依据下文语义：限制垃圾桶的数量，不用一次性塑料制品，鼓励回收利用，减少浪费(wasteminimization)→由此可猜测词义。故选B。考点（一）细节理解题例ATheBiggestStadiumsintheWorldPeoplehavebeenpouringintostadiumssincethedaysofancientGreece.Inaround8A.Q.,theRomansbuilttheColosseum,whichremainstheworld'sbestknownstadiumarecontinuestoinformcontemporarydesign.Rome’sColosseumwas157feettallandhad80entrances,seating50,000people.However,thatwassmallfrycomparedwiththecity’sCircusMaximus,whichaccommodatedaround250,000people.Thesedays,safetyregulations-nottomentionthemodernsportsfan’sdesireforagoodviewandacomfortableseat-tendtokeepstadiumcapacities（容量）slightlylower.Evensoccerfanstendtohaveaseateach;gonearethedaysofthousandsstandingtowatchthematch.Forthebiggeststadiumsintheworld,wehaveuseddatasuppliedbytheWorldAtlaslistsofar,whichranksthembytheirstatedpermanentcapacity,aswellasupdatedinformationfromofficialstadiumwebsites.Allthesestadiumsarestillfunctional,stillopenandstillhostingthebiggesteventsinworldsport.•Rungrado1stofMayStadium,Pyongyang,D.P.R-Korea.Capacity.150,000.Opened.May1,1989.•MichiganStadium,AnnArbor,Michigan,U.S.Capacity:107,601.Opened.October1,1927.•BeaverStadium,StateCollege,Pennsylvania,U.S.Capacity:106,572.Opened:September17,1960.•OhioStadium,Columbus,Ohio,U.S.Capacity:104,944.Opened:October7,1922.•KyleField,CollegeStation,Texas,U.S.Capacity:102,512.Opened:September24,1927.21.HowmanypeoplecouldtheCircusMaximushold?A.104,944. B.107,601. C.About150,000. D.About250,000.22.Ofthefollowingstadiums,whichistheoldest?A.MichiganStadium.B.BeaverStadium.C.OhioStadium.D.KyleField.例BOfthecommonberries,strawberriesarehighestinvitaminC,although,becauseoftheirseeds,raspberriescontainalittlemoreprotein(蛋白质),ironandzinc(notthatfruitshavemuchprotein).Blueberriesareparticularlyhighinantioxidants(抗氧化物质).TheyellowandorangestonefruitssuchaspeachesarehighinthecarotenoidsweturnintovitaminAandwhichareantioxidants.Asforcherries(樱桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares?However,theyarerichinvitaminC.…24．Whatdoestheauthorseemtolikeaboutcherries?A．Theycontainprotein.B．TheyarehighinvitaminA.C．Theyhaveapleasanttaste.D．Theyarerichinantioxidants.例CAtpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages;theAmericasabout1,000;Africa2,400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位数)ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld'slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.…30．Howmanylanguagesarespokenbylessthan6,000peopleatpresent?A．About6,800. B．About3,400.C．About2,400. D．About1,200.考点（二）推理判断题例DWemaythinkwe'reaculturethatgetsridofourworntechnologyatthefirstsightofsomethingshinyandnew,butanewstudyshowsthatwekeepusingourolddevices(装置)wellaftertheygooutofstyle.That'sbadnewsfortheenvironment—andourwallets—astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.…32．Whatdoestheauthorthinkofnewdevices?A．Theyareenvironment­friendly.B．Theyarenobetterthantheold.C．Theycostmoretouseathome.D．Theygooutofstylequickly.例EWe'veallbeenthere:inalift,inlineatthebankoronanairplane,surroundedbypeoplewhoare,likeus,deeplyfocusedontheirsmartphonesor,worse,strugglingwiththeuncomfortablesilence.…32．Whatphenomenonisdescribedinthefirstparagraph?A．Addictiontosmartphones.B．Inappropriatebehavioursinpublicplaces.C．Absenceofcommunicationbetweenstrangers.D．Impatiencewithslowservice.例F[1]ManyofusloveJulybecauseit'sthemonthwhennature'sberriesandstonefruitsareinabundance.ThesecolourfulandsweetjewelsfromBritishColumbia'sfieldsarelittlepowerhousesofnutritionalprotection.[2]Ofthecommonberries,strawberriesarehighestinvitaminC,although,becauseoftheirseeds,raspberriescontainalittlemoreprotein(蛋白质),ironandzinc(notthatfruitshavemuchprotein).Blueberriesareparticularlyhighinantioxidants(抗氧化物质).TheyellowandorangestonefruitssuchaspeachesarehighinthecarotenoidsweturnintovitaminAandwhichareantioxidants.Asforcherries(樱桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares?However,theyarerichinvitaminC.[3]Whencombinedwithberriesorslicesofotherfruits,frozenbananasmakeanexcellentbaseforthick,coolingfruitshakesandlowfat“icecream”.Forthispurpose,selectripebananasforfreezingastheyaremuchsweeter.Removetheskinandplacetheminplasticbagsorcontainersandfreeze.Ifyoulike,asqueezeoffreshlemonjuiceonthebananaswillpreventthemturningbrown.Frozenbananaswilllastseveralweeks,dependingontheirripenessandthetemperatureofthefreezer.[4]Ifyouhavea_juicer,_youcansimplyfeedinfrozenbananasandsomeberriesorslicedfruit.Outcomesa“soft­serve”creamydessert,tobeeatenrightaway.Thismakesafunactivityforachildren'sparty;theylovefeedingthefruitandfrozenbananasintothetopofthemachineandwatchingtheicecreamcomeoutbelow.27．Fromwhichisthetextprobablytaken?A．Abiologytextbook. B．Ahealthmagazine.C．Aresearchpaper. D．Atravelbrochure.考点（三）词义猜测题例GSoonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenation­stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.29．Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“dominant”underlinedinparagraph2?A．Complex. B．Advanced.C．Powerful. D．Modern.例HIamPeterHodes,avolunteerstemcellcourier.SinceMarch2012,I'vedone89trips—ofthose,51havebeenabroad.Ihave42hourstocarrystemcells(干细胞)inmylittleboxbecauseI'vegottwoicepacksandthat'showlongtheylast.Inall,fromthetimethestemcellsareharvestedfromadonor(捐献者)tothetimetheycanbeimplantedinthepatient,we'vegot72hoursatmost.SoIamalwaysconsciousoftime.29．Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedword“courier”inParagraph1?A．provider B．deliverymanC．collector D．medicaldoctor例I[2]Despitethecelebrations,though,intheU．S.thejazzaudiencecontinuestoshrinkandgrowolder,andthemusichasfailedtoconnectwithyoungergenerations.[3]It'sJasonMoran'sjobtohelpchangethat.AstheKennedyCenter'sartisticadviserforjazz,Moranhopestowidentheaudienceforjazz,makethemusicmoreaccessible,andpreserveitshistoryandculture.…29．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph3referto?A．Jazzbecomingmoreaccessible.B．Theproductionofjazzgrowingfaster.C．Jazzbeinglesspopularwiththeyoung.D．Thejazzaudiencebecominglarger.考点（四）主旨大意题例JGoodMorningBritain'sSusannaReidisusedtogrillingguestsonthesofaeverymorning,butsheiscookingupastorminherlatestrole—showingfamilieshowtopreparedeliciousandnutritiousmealsonatightbudget.InSaveMoney:GoodFood,shevisitsadifferenthomeeachweekandwiththehelpofchefMattTebbuttofferstoptipsonhowtoreducefoodwaste,whilepreparingrecipesforunder￡5perfamilyaday.AndtheGoodMorningBritainpresentersaysshe'sbeenabletoputalotofwhatshe'slearntintopracticeinherownhome,preparingmealsforsons,Sam,14,Finn,13,andJack,11.“WeloveMexicanchurros,soIbuythemonmyphonefrommylocalMexicantakeawayrestaurant，”sheexplains.“Ipay￡5foraportion(一份),butMattmakesthemfor26paportion,becausetheyareflour,water,sugarandoil.Everybodycanbuytakeawayfood,butsometimeswe'renotawarehowcheaplywecanmakethisfoodourselves.”Theeight­partseries(系列节目),SaveMoney:GoodFood,followsinthefootstepsofITV'sSaveMoney:GoodHealth,whichgaveviewersadviceonhowtogetvaluefromthevastrangeofhealthproductsonthemarket.Withfoodourbiggestweeklyhouseholdexpense,SusannaandMattspendtimewithadifferentfamilyeachweek.Intonight'sEasterspecialtheycometotheaidofafamilyinneedofsomedeliciousinspirationonabudget.Theteamtransformsthefamily'slongweekendofcelebrationwithlessexpensivebutstilltastyrecipes.27．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．KeepingFitbyEatingSmartB．BalancingOurDailyDietC．MakingYourselfaPerfectChefD．CookingWellforLess例KLanguageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter­gatherers,small,tightlyknit(联系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenation­stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages;theAmericasabout1,000;Africa2,400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位数)ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld'slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof6,800languagesareclosetoextinction(消亡),withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.Pick,atrandom,BusuuinCameroon(eightremainingspeakers),ChiapanecoinMexico(150),LipanApacheintheUnitedStates(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia(one,withaquestion­mark):noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.31．Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A．Newlanguageswillbecreated.B．People'slifestylesarereflectedinlanguages.C．Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages.D．Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.例LTerrafugiaInc.saidMondaythatitsnewflyingcarhascompleteditsfirstflight,bringingthecompanyclosertoitsgoalofsellingtheflyingcarwithinthenextyear.Thevehicle—namedtheTransition—hastwoseats,fourwheelsandwingsthatfoldupsoitcanbedrivenlikeacar.TheTransition,whichflewat1,400feetforeightminuteslastmonth,canreacharound70milesperhourontheroadand115intheair.Itfliesusinga23­gallontankofgasandburns5gallonsperhourintheair.Ontheground,itgets35milespergallon.…28．Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A．ThebasicdataoftheTransition. B．Theadvantagesofflyingcars.C．Thepotentialmarketforflyingcars. D．ThedesignersoftheTransition.AOldbuildingstendtoberegardedasthrowawaysandsuitableforbeingtorndown.Mostpeoplehavenotfullyrealizedthe“green”valuesthatarelinkedwiththeupkeepofexistingbuildings.Actually,infact,keepingandmakinguseofoldarchitecturesisoneofthemostenvironmentally-soundthingswecando—morethantheconstructionofanynewstructuresthatclaimstobe“green”.Agedcommunities,whichhavedevelopedandchangedorganicallyoveranextendedperiod,possessuniqueculturesoftheirown.Thebuildingswithinthemareirreplaceabletotheenvironment.Optingnottosustainsucharchitecturesessentiallyislikesentencingaspecialcommunitytodisappearance.Building“green”canbeaboutpreservingtime-honored,localbuildingtraditionsthatrespectregionalcultures,ratherthanjustusingthelatestandgreatesttechnologies.Thebuildingmaterialsandcraftsmanshiparealsoentitledtorespect,notsimplyduetotheenvironmentalcostoftheextraction(开采),transportationandproductionofthem,butonaccountoftherealitythatsomeofsuchmaterialsandthecraftsmanshiprelatedwillnolongerexist.MylittlerivercottageinWestVirginia,whichisconstructedwithchestnutsourcedfromtheperiodpriortothedie-offofthechestnuttrees,issuchthatthematerialinquestionmayneveragainbeobtained.However,theprospectivepurchaserplannedtotearitdown,which,inmyview,isnotonlyamarkofdisrespectforthematerialbutalsogoesagainsttheconceptofsustainabledevelopment.AsthePreservationGreenLabreportdemonstrates,ittakes10to80yearsforanewbuildingthatis30percentmoreefficientthananaverage-performingexistingbuildingtoovercomethenegativeclimatechangeconsequenceslinkedtotheconstruction,whichemphasizesthenecessityofongoingutilizationofpre-existingbuildingsandcommunities,effectivelypreventingorminimizingtheutilizationofforests,farms,wildlifehabitats,andopenareasfornovelconstructionundertakings.AsCarlElefanteofQuinn-EvansArchitectsbrilliantlysaid,“Thegreenestbuildingisonethatisalreadybuilt.”Hopefully,thepublicwillcometoauniformopinionthatbuildingscurrentlyexistingareworthyofmorecareandattention.1．Howdomostpeopleaddressoldbuildings?A．Theyrestorethemactively. B．Theytakethemseriously.C．Theyexplorethemfully. D．Theytreatthemlightly.2．Whydoestheauthormentionhislittlerivercottageinthepassage?A．Tohighlightthevirtueofkeepingoldconstructions.B．Todemonstratetheshortageofbuildingmaterials.C．Todisplaytheattachmenttotheoldconstructions.D．Toexplainthecomplexityofbuildinghouses.3．Whatdothedatainparagraph4implyaboutoldbuildings?A．Theyaremoreefficientthanthenewbuildings.B．Theycanclearawaythebadeffectsonfarmsnearby.C．Theycanhelpavoidmoreenvironmentalpollution.D．Theyconsumedlessenergyintheconstructionprocess.4．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A．TheCulturalValueofGreenBuildingsB．NewConstructionsShouldBeGivenPriorityC．TheGreenValueofKeepingOldBuildingsD．BuildingCraftsmanshipShouldBeRespectedB“Dependon(依靠)yourself”iswhatnaturesaystoeveryman.Parentscanhelpyou.Teacherscanhelpyou.Butalltheseonlyhelpyoutohelpyourself.Therehavebeenmanymeninhistory.Butmanyofthemwereverypoorinchildhood,andnouncles,auntsorfriendstohelpthem.Schoolswerefew.Theycouldnotdependuponthemselvesforaneducation.Theysawhowitwasandsettoworkwithalltheirstrengthtoknowsomething.Theyworkedtheirownwaytilltheybecamewell-known.OneofthemostfamousteachersinEnglandusedtotellhispupils,“Icannotmakeworthymenofyou,butIcanhelpmakemenofyourselves.”Someyoungmendon’ttrytheirbesttomakethemselvesvaluabletothehumanbeings.Theycannevergainachievement(成就)unlesstheyseetheirweakpointsandchangetheircourse.Theyarenothingnow,andwillbenothingaslongastheylive,unlesstheyaccepttheadviceoftheirparentsandteachers,anddependontheirownefforts.5．Whichofthefollowingtitlesfitsthisarticlebest?A．WhatNatureSaystoEveryManB．HowtoBeFamousC．MenMustHelpEachOtherD．DependonYourself6．Manyofthegreatmensucceededbecause________.A．theywantedtobecomewell-knownB．theymadegreateffortstolearnandworkC．theyreceivedagoodeducationD．theyhadrichparents7．Ifyoungpeopledependontheirownefforts,________.A．theyaresuretobeveryfamousintheworldB．theycanbesuccessfulintheirlivesC．theycanlivewithouttheirfamiliesD．theynolongerneedanyhelp8．Fromthisarticlewecanlearnthewriter________.A．singshighpraiseforparentsandteachersB．isamanofstrongcharacterC．thinkshighlyofthosewhoarestrugglingorsuccessfulD．feelsitnecessarytoaccepteveryone’sadviceCImaginemeetingaforeignerforthefirsttimebuthe/sheisfluentinyourlanguage.Theremayappeartobenoimmediatecommunicationbarrier.Wouldyouadaptthetoneofyourvoice,orthespacingofpausesinyourspeech?Howaboutalteringyourbodylanguageandfacialexpressions,dependingonthebackgroundofthepersoninfrontofyou?Thesearejustasmallpartofthechangesinbehaviourthatcanimproveyour“culturalintelligence”,orCQ.Thereisgrowingevidencethatsuggeststhattheyarewellworthlearning.“Thenumberonepredictorofyoursuccessintoday’sborderlessworldisnotyourIQ,notyourresume(简历),andnotevenyourexpertise(专业知识),”writessocialscientistDavidLivermore.“It’syourCQ.”MuchoftheresearchonCQhasbeendonebyProfessorSoonAngwiththeNanyangTechnologicalUniversity(新加坡南洋理工大学).Inthelate1990s,herjobwasdealingwiththe“Y2Kbug”.Itwasasoftwareglitch(故障)thatwasfearedwouldbringdowntheworld’scomputernetworks.AngputtogetheraninternationalteamofprogrammerstoupdatecomputersystemsinSingapore.Theyweresomeofthebrightestmindsintheindustry.However,Angsoonfoundthatthesepeoplejustcouldn’tworktogether.Often,individualmemberswouldappeartoagreeonasolution,butthencarryitoutincomplete