高考英语一轮复习 板块2 专题语法 2词法篇 第1讲 攻克多变的重要词-动词 第3节 非谓语动词

第三节非谓语动词第一讲考点精析考点1非谓语动词的形式及句法功能1.主动形式、被动形式非谓语动词与逻辑主语(通常是句子的主语)之间往往存在主谓或动宾关系：与逻辑主语之间存在主谓关系时，用主动形式；与逻辑主语之间存在动宾关系时，用被动形式。Themeetingtobeheldtomorrowisofgreatimportance.

明天举行的会议非常重要。2.时间先后关系根据它与谓语动词表示的动作之间的时间先后关系定时态。(1)非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后或同时发生，用非谓语动词的一般式。Heheardthesongbeingsungnextdoor.他听到隔壁有人在唱这首歌。(2)非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，用非谓语动词的完成式。Havingfinishedhishomework,hewenttobed.

他完成作业之后就去睡觉了。1.不定式作状语考点2非谓语动词作状语(1)作目的状语Icrossedthestreettoavoidmeetinghim,buthesawmeandcamerunningtowardsme.

我穿过马路以便避开他，但他看到我并朝我跑了过来。(2)onlytodosth为不定式作结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果。Wehurriedtothestation，onlytobetoldthatthetrainhadleft.

我们急匆匆地赶到车站，结果被告知火车已经开走了。(3)形容词或过去分词作表语时，后面可接不定式作原因状语。常见词有：happy,lucky,glad，sorry，anxious，proud，disappointed，angry，surprised，ready，delighted，clever，foolish，pleased，fortunate，right等。YouwillneverknowhowhappyIwastoseeheryesterday.你永远不会知道我昨天见到她有多高兴。(4)在“主语＋系动词＋表语(形容词)＋todo”结构中，不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。该结构中常用的形容词有：easy，hard，difficult，important，impossible，interesting，pleasant，nice，comfortable，safe，dangerous等。Thechairlooksratherhard,butinfactitisverycomfortabletositon.这把椅子看上去很硬，但实际上坐上去很舒服。2.分词作状语分词作状语时，其逻辑主语是句子的主语，一般在句中作时间、原因、结果、方式、条件、伴随、让步等状语。Translatedinto(＝Whenitwastranslatedinto)English,thesentencewasfoundtohaveanentirelydifferentwordorder.(作时间状语)

这个句子被译成英语后，人们发现它有一个完全不同的语序。Notknowing(＝Becausehedidn’tknow)howmuchlongerhecouldlast,Nicholasdidtheonlythinghecould—hehuddledinhiscaveandslept.(作原因状语)

因为不知道还能维持(生存)多久，尼古拉斯做了他能做的唯一一件事——蜷缩在他的山洞里睡觉。Used(＝Ifitisused)withcare,onetinwilllastforsixweeks.(作条件状语)如果小心使用，一罐可以用六个星期。MorehighwayshavebeenbuiltinChina，makingitmucheasierforpeopletotravelfromoneplacetoanother.(作结果状语)中国已经修建了更多的公路，这让人们的出行变得更容易。1.(2022·内蒙古呼和浩特模拟)Duringtherecordedvideoclasses,parentsneedtokeepaneyeontheirchildren____________(ensure)theystayfocused.2.(2022·安徽合肥一模)Eachonewasaskedtowritehisorhernameontheballoon____________(use)amarkerpen.3.(2022·浙江绍兴一中模拟)IknewDubyaandhiswifewell,butIdidn’tthinkwewerecloseenough______________(share)Thanksgivingdinner.即时训练单句语法填空toensureusingtoshare4.(2022·山东烟台模拟)______________(sit)atthetopofMonserrateHill,eastofthecity,theplaceisaprotectedparkforhummingbirds.5.(2022·辽宁实验中学模拟)“Thishairisjustlikemine，”Shi’asays,____________(swing)hishead.Sittingswinging1.不定式作定语考点3非谓语动词作定语不定式作定语通常置于所修饰的名词或代词之后，与所修饰的词之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系、动宾关系或同位关系。(1)Sheisalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.(主谓关系)她总是第一个到，最后一个离开。(2)Ican’tthinkofanygoodadvicetogiveher.(动宾关系)我想不出任何好的建议给她。(3)Hislastappeal,tocomeandseeher,wentunanswered.(同位关系)没有人答应他最后要来看她的请求。2.分词作定语(1)现在分词作定语现在分词作定语，分词与被修饰的名词之间为逻辑上的主谓关系或用来表示正在进行的动作时。Thelecture，startingat7：00p.m.lastnight,wasfollowedbyanobservationofthemoonwithtelescopes.

这次演讲开始于昨天晚上7点，紧接着是用望远镜观看月球的活动。【名师指津】

被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示正在进行时，用现在分词的被动式作定语。Stayawayfromhousesorbuildingsbeingbuiltorknockeddown.远离正在建造或拆毁的房屋或建筑物。(2)过去分词作定语过去分词作定语，分词与被修饰的名词之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。TsinghuaUniversity，foundedin1911,ishometoagreatnumberofoutstandingfigures.

始建于1911年的清华大学培养出了众多杰出人物。【名师指津】

作定语的不及物动词的分词形式有doing和done两种。doing表示正在进行；done表示已经完成。3.动名词作定语表示被修饰词的某种用途，在意义上相当于“名词＋for＋doing”，此时动名词常置于被修饰词的前面。InsightofShackleton’slandingplace,ourboathitrock.

在能看到沙克尔顿的登陆点时，我们的船触礁了。NoflyingmachinewillflyfromNewYorktoParis.

没有飞行器会从纽约飞到巴黎。1.(2022·西安铁一中三模)Abirdhabitatcanbeanaturalorman－madearea______________(provide)birdswithanenvironmentthatsuppliesfoodandwater.2.(2022·河南郑州模拟)Inpolarregions,however,risingglobaltemperatures____________(associate)withclimatechangemeanthaticesheetsandglaciersaremeltingatanacceleratingratefromseasontoseason.即时训练单句语法填空providingassociated3.(2022·广东广雅中学模拟)Evenifagradeisnotgiven，thestudentisresponsibleforlearningthematerial__________(assign).4.(2022·山西晋城二模)Youcandistracteachcatwithtoysduringtheirfirstmeetinginthesameroom,sotheyhavelesstime____________(worry).5.(2022·山东烟台期末)In1936，RuthHarknessbecamethefirstWesterner____________(bring)alivegiantpandanamedSuLintotheBrookfieldZooinChicago.assignedtoworrytobring1.接带to的不定式作宾补的动词(短语)考点4非谓语动词作宾语补足语常见的有：ask,invite,tell,want,encourage,wish,expect,beg,request,require,advise,order,force,cause,allow,permit,forbid,warn,remind,teach,send,callon,waitfor,wouldlike/love/prefer等表示劝请、要求类动词。Theteacheraskedustofinishourhomework.

老师叫我们完成家庭作业。

Thepolicemantoldtheboysnottoplayinthestreet.

警察告诉孩子们别在街上玩耍。2.接不带to的动词不定式作宾补的动词·一感：feel·二听：hear,listento·三让：let,make,have·四看：see,watch,notice,observe·半帮助：helpsbtodo/dosth不定式作宾补表示某人做某事的全过程或某事发生的全过程，强调事物的发生和结束。Isawhimleaveafewminutesago.我看见他几分钟前离开了。3.现在分词作宾补现在分词作宾补，表示动作的过程，即动作正在进行，尚未结束。宾语与宾补之间是逻辑上的主谓关系。Ihearsomeoneknockingatthedoor.我听到有人在敲门。I’msorrytokeepyouwaitingforalongtime.

对不起，让你久等了。4.过去分词作宾补过去分词作宾补，着重动作完成，表明动作的结果，它与宾语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。Hesawthethiefcaughtbythepolice.他看到那个贼被警察抓起来了。Theteacherraisedhisvoiceinordertomakehimselfheard.老师提高嗓门以便让别人听到他的话。1.(2022·安徽合肥一模)Thespeakerthenledthegrouptotheroomfullofballoonsandaskedthemtofindtheballoonthathadtheirname____________(write)onwithinfiveminutes.2.(2022·辽宁大连一模)Thenewtechnologycouldenablemorepeople____________(access)theculturalrelicsdespitethedistance.3.Whenwesawtheroad______________(block)withsnow,wedecidedtospendtheholidayathome.4.Listeningtomusicathomeisonething,andgoingtohearit_______________(perform)liveisquiteanother.即时训练单句语法填空writtentoaccessblockedbeingperformed1.下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：考点5非谓语动词作宾语决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。·decide/determine，learn，want，expect/hope/wish·refuse，manage，care，pretend·offer，promise，choose，plan·agree，ask/beg，help此外，afford，strive，happen，wait，threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。2.下列动词或词组只能用动名词作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。·consider，suggest/advise，lookforwardto，excuse/pardon·admit，delay/putoff，fancy(想象，设想)·avoid，miss，keep/keepon，practice·deny，finish，enjoy/appreciate·forbid，imagine，risk·can’thelp(禁不住)，mind，allow/permit，escape3.下列短语也要用动名词作宾语：beused/accustomedto，leadto，devoteto，gobackto，stickto，objectto，getdownto，payattentionto，can’tstand(无法忍受)，giveup，feellike，insiston，thank...for，apologizefor，bebusy(in)，havedifficulty/trouble(in)，haveagood/wonderful/hardtime(in)，spendtime(in)等[语境串记]LittleTomisconsideringquittingpractisingplayingtheviolin，becausehisneighborcan’ttoleratelisteningtothenoiseeveryday.Theotherday，shepromisedtogiveTomtendollarsaweekifhegaveupdoingit.Tomimagineshavinglotsofmoneyandcan’tresisttakingheradvice.小汤姆正考虑放弃练习拉小提琴，因为他的邻居难以忍受每天听到这噪音。前几天，她答应如果汤姆放弃练琴的话每周给他10美元。

汤姆想象着有很多钱，忍不住接受了她的建议。4.下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别，要特别注意：[语境串记]Whatapoormemory!Iforgotborrowingmoneyfromhimyesterday.ButtodayIforgottoreturnthemoneytohim.多么差的记忆力！昨天我忘了向他借过钱，但今天我又忘了把钱还给他。1.(2022·黑龙江鹤岗模拟)About74percentoftheparentssaidonlinecourseshaveaddedanextraburdenonthembecausetheyhavetospendmoretimetakingcareofand____________(assist)theirchildren.2.(2022·安徽合肥一模)Halfwaythroughhistalk，thespeakerstoppedanddecided____________(create)agroupactivity.即时训练单句语法填空assistingtocreate3.(2022·广东广雅中学模拟)Theidealstudentisconsideredtobeonewhoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeoflearning，nottheoneinterestedonlyin____________(get)highgrades.4.(2022·浙江台州二模)Inreality,however，60%ofclothingnowadaysisabandonedwithinayearofpurchase,whichproducesvastquantitiesofwastethatgloballandfills(垃圾填埋场)arestruggling____________(absorb).5.(2022·浙江金丽衢十二校联考)Thisyear,Iattendedmysister－in－law’sceremonytocelebrate____________(move)intoanewhouse.gettingtoabsorbmoving考点6非谓语动词作主语和表语1.(2022·山东济南模拟)TheSeshanbrothers’adviceisnever____________(give)upifsomethingdoesnotworkthefirsttimeandtotrydifferentwaysofsolvingtheproblem.2.(2022·辽宁抚顺一模)Theycaneitherseeacounselor(顾问)orjoinanorganization,whosegoalis______________(help)peoplefindwaystofulfillthemselvesratherthanleadtoseriousdebtandtroubledlives.即时训练单句语法填空togivetohelp3.(2022·江西萍乡二模)Rightfromthebeginning,ouraimwas____________(offer)Gamesthatwouldhaveanimpactandtheelementofsurprise.4.____________(know)basicfirst－aidtechniqueswillhelpyourespondquicklytoemergencies.5.Thedoorremained____________(lock)whenhecameagain.toofferKnowinglocked1.逻辑主语非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语通常要与句子的主语保持一致。(误)Foundhimangry，Ibegantotelljokes.(正)Findinghimangry，Ibegantotelljokes.发现他生气了，我开始讲笑话。(误)Lookingaround，therewasnoonenearby.(正)Lookingaround，Ifoundtherewasnoonenearby.环顾四周，我发现附近没有人。疑难突破2.独立主格结构若非谓语动词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，则要在非谓语动词前加上其自身的逻辑主语，即“逻辑主语(名词/代词)＋非谓语动词”，构成独立主格结构。具体形式如下：(1)“名词/代词＋现在分词”，现在分词可有语态和时态的变化。Wintercoming，itgetscolderandcolder.冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。(2)“名词/代词＋过去分词”，构成过去分词的动词与名词/代词为动宾关系，且过去分词表示动作已完成。Thetestfinished，webeganourholiday.考试结束了，我们的假期开始了。(3)“名词/代词＋不定式”，不定式表示将来的动作，有语态的变化。Thetwoboyssaidgoodbyetoeachother，onetogohome，theothertogotohisfriend’s.

两个男孩彼此道了别，一个回家，另一个去朋友家。(4)有些分词/不定式短语常作修饰全句的评注性状语，其逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，这种情况可看作是一种独立成分。①常见的这类分词短语有：generally/frankly/roughly/strictlyspeaking，talkingof，speakingof，judgingfrom/by，comparedwith/to...，giventhat...等。Generallyspeaking，girlsaremoreinterestedinliteraturethanboys.一般来说，女孩子比男孩子更喜欢文学。②常见的这类不定式短语有：tobefrank，tobesure，totell(you)thetruth，tobehonest，tomakemattersworse等。Totellyouthetruth，it’sallGreektome.说实话，我对此一窍不通。3.with复合结构(1)“with＋名词/代词＋现在分词”，现在分词可表示主动和动作正在进行Helayonthegrasswithhiseyeslookingatthesky.他躺在草地上，眼睛望着天空。(2)“with＋名词/代词＋过去分词”，过去分词可表示被动和动作已完成Withhishaircut，helookedmuchyounger.理了发，他看起来年轻多了。(3)“with＋名词/代词＋不定式”，不定式表示动作尚未发生Withalotofhomeworktodo，Ican’tgoskatingwithyou.因为有很多作业要做，所以我不能和你一起去滑冰。1.分析句子结构，判断是谓语动词还是非谓语动词

首先判定所给提示词是否充当句子的谓语，如果句子不缺少谓语，就用非谓语动词。规律方法【典例】

DuringtheMid－AutumnFestival，familymembersoftengathertogether________(share)ameal，admirethemoonandenjoymooncakes.解析句意：在中秋节期间，家庭成员常常欢聚一堂，享受大餐、赏月并品尝月饼。分析句子结构可知，句子为简单句，且谓语动词为gather，故空处应填非谓语动词；再根据句意可知，此处应用不定式作目的状语。答案toshare2.找逻辑主语，再判断与动词之间的关系

非谓语动词作定语时，其逻辑主语是被修饰词；作状语时，其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语；作补语时，其逻辑主语是动词或介词的宾语。

分析非谓语动词与其逻辑主语(逻辑上的动作执行者)之间是主谓关系还是动宾关系(也就是看其逻辑主语是动作的发出者还是承受者)。如果逻辑主语与非谓语动词之间是主谓关系，则用现在分词；如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是动宾关系，则用过去分词。但是当含有被动意义时，如果非谓语动词表示的动作尚未发生，则用不定式的被动式；如果非谓语动词表示的动作正在进行，则用现在分词的被动式。【典例】

Jimhasretired，buthestillremembersthehappytime________(spend)withhisstudents.解析句意：吉姆已经退休，但他仍记得与学生们一起度过的快乐时光。根据句意并分析句子结构可知，thehappytime与spend是逻辑上的动宾关系，且此处表示一个已完成的动作，所以用过去分词短语作后置定语。答案spent3.判断所给动词与谓语动词发生的先后顺序

根据非谓语动词与谓语动词表示的动作发生的先后顺序确定用一般式还是完成式。如tohavedone，havingdone表示该动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前；tobedoing，doing表示该动作与谓语动词表示的动作(几乎)同时发生。【典例】

Heisthought________(act)foolishly.Nowhehasnoonebuthimselftoblameforlosingthejob.解析句意：他被认为是举止愚蠢的，现在失去这份工作他只能责怪自己，不能怨别人。bethoughttodosth表示“被认为做了某事”；由句意可知，act的动作发生在think之前，故用不定式的完成式。答案tohaveacted层级一模拟达标练单句语法填空/单句改错分层演练1.(2022·湖北襄阳模拟)IncelebrationofChinaCulturalandNaturalHeritageDay,which____________(fall)onthesecondSaturdayofJune,theSichuanProvincialDepartmentofCultureandTourismjoinedhandswithChinaCulturalCentersoverseas____________(launch)anonlineexhibition____________(feature)intangible(无形的)culturalheritagefromSichuanprovince.fallstolaunchfeaturing2.(2022·四川绵阳三诊)Aheartbreakingimageofthewoman，____________(take)insidethePortMelbournesupermarketatmiddayonThursdayandsharedonsomesocialmediabyNineNewsreporterSebCostello,startedanoutpouringoffeelingsfromthepublic,withmany____________(express)theirwillingnesstohelptheladyandotherscurrentlysuffering.3.(2022·山东威海期末)Beinghappy,onceitisrecognizedasadutyanddevelopsintoahabit，____________(open)doorsintoamazinggardenswhicharefullofthankfulfriends.takenexpressingopens4.(2022·湖北武汉6月模拟)Tostudysomething—notbecausewe’relookingtogainanythinginparticular,butpurelytoenjoynaturalwonders—____________(be)allthatmakesushuman.5.(2022·河北衡水中学联考)Mygrandfather____________(raise)inChinabecausehisgreatgrandfathermovedthereinthemid－19thcentury____________(establish)thefirsthospitalanduniversityofWesternmedicineinChina.6.(2022·浙江温州二模)Ashortnapisawiserchoicethandrinkingblackcoffee,since____________(take)caffeineintheafternoonoreveningcanbadlyaffectyournighttimesleep.iswasraisedtoestablishtaking/totake7.(2022·皖北协作区联考)Today,withtheBeltandRoadInitiativeinfullswing,thecityofQuanzhou,thestartingpointoftheancientMaritimeSilkRoad,isbackinthelimelight,____________(play)animportantroleinconnectingChinawiththerestoftheworld.8.(2022·陕西咸阳模拟)____________(convince)thathewouldchangehisbadluck,SantiagotookhisboatfaroutintotheGulfStream,wherethewaterisverydeep,andhookedagiantmarlinfishwhichwasevenlongerthanhisfishingboat.playingConvinced9.(2022·山西大学附中月考)Chinafirstoverpassforwildlifemigrationhasalreadycomeintouse.Thebridge____________(lie)overthenewlyconstructedNationalHighway214isabletolinkanimalhabitats____________(separate)bytheroad.It’sabouttwoyearssincethenationalhighwaybegananditisdesignedwithenvironmentalprotectionasatoppriority.10.(2022·皖南八校联考)Theregionhasmountainouslandscape.Asaresult，themodernizationhasbeenslow，allowingmanypeople____________(keep)theirtraditionallifestylesandcultures.lyingseparatedtokeep11.(2022·河北石家庄一模)Thankyousomuchfornotonlygivingmelife,butalsoteachmehowtobeagoodperson.__________________12.(2022·河北名校联考)Mybrotherwassofondofthemuseumstherethathebeggedmyparentstostayinganothercoupleofdays.__________________13.(2022·四川绵阳二诊)Heshowedhismotherthebeautifulsnakeandbeggedhertolethimkeepingit.__________________14.(2022·哈师大附中一模)Mostchildrenfeelfrightenwhentheyfirstgotoschool,becausetheyarenotfamiliarwithschoolatall.___________________15.(2022·山西四校联考)Wemustfacethepresentsituationandtakeimmediateactiontosolvingourenvironmentalproblemstogether.__________________teach→teachingstaying→staykeeping→keepfrighten→frightenedsolving→solveⅠ.单句语法填空1.(2021·浙江卷)Mary’ssister,FrancesToddWallace,oftencameover____________(plant)flowersinthefrontyard.2.(2021·全国甲卷)Itispossible____________(walk)orbiketheentire14kilometers.3.(2021·全国甲卷)After____________(spend)sometimelookingatallthedefensiveequipmentatthewall,wedecideditwastimeforsomeactionandwhatbetterthantorideonapieceofhistory!层级二高考真题练toplanttowalkspending4.(2021·新高考卷Ⅰ)Thoughitistheonlyunnaturalthingonyourwayupthemountain,stillithighlightsthewholeadventureandoffersaplacewhereyoucansitdowntorestyour____________(ache)legs.5.(2021·全国乙卷)Minimizetheimpactof____________(visit)theplace.6.(2021·全国乙卷)Activitiesthererangefromwhalewatchingtohiking(远足)andaccommodationsaim____________(have)alowimpactonthenaturalenvironment.7.(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Thisiswhydecoratingwithplants,fruitsandflowerscarriesspecialsignificance.Theyrepresenttheearth____________(come)backtolifeandbestwishesfornewbeginnings.achingvisitingtohavecoming8.(2020·新高考卷Ⅰ)Manymuseumsarelivelyplacesandtheyattractalotofvisitors.Aswellaslookingatexhibits,visitorscanplaywithcomputersimulations(模拟)andimaginethemselveslivingatadifferenttimeinhistoryor____________(walk)througharainforest.9.(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)Andwhenhesawthemistsrisingfromtheriverandthesoftclouds____________(surround)themountaintops,hewasreducedtotears.10.(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)Ilikeeating____________(fry)tomatoeswitheggs,andIthoughtitmustbeeasytocook.walkingsurroundingfriedⅡ.单句改错1.(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)Itellmymomthatifwe’reforcedeatthings,wemaybecomeill._________________2.(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)Iwantmycafehaveaspecialthemesuchas“TangDynasty”．_________________3.(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)IfIsucceedinmanageone,Iwillopenmore. ____________________4.(全国卷Ⅰ)Mygrandpasaidlastsummertheyearnedquitealotbysellthefish._________________forced后加tocafe后加tomanage→managingsell→selling5.(全国卷Ⅲ)Everyonewassilent，waittoseewhowouldbecalledupontoreadhisorherparagraphaloud._________________6.(全国卷Ⅲ)Someofuswereconfidentandeagertakepartintheclassactivity;otherswerenervousandanxious._________________7.(全国卷Ⅲ)IshowedthemIwasindependentbywearstrangeclothes._________________wait→waitingeager后加towear→wearing8.(全国卷Ⅱ)Afterlooksatthetoyforsometime,heturnedaroundandfoundhisparentsweremissing._________________9.(四川卷)We’vebeenspendingalotoftimesinginkaraokebars. _________________10.(浙江卷)Ienjoyedsitclosetothewindowsandlookingattheview._________________looks→lookingsing→singingsit→sittingⅠ.语法填空Poetryisabeautifulartform.Itspowerliesintheability1.____________(transform)ordinaryexperiencesbycapturingamomentoremotion.2.__________________(write)poetryisaprivilegeandstruggle.Thatispartlybecauseweneedtocreateourselvesinanewwayof3._______________(observe)theworld,capturingmicroscopicmomentsasmaterialsforourwork.Mostofourtimeatthedeskisspent4.__________________(struggle)wi