2015年考研英语一真题及答案

2015年考研英语一练习题及答案2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareas“related”asfourthcousins,sharingabout1%ofgenes.Thatis1astudy,publishedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaandYaleUniversityintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,has2.Thestudyisagenomewideanalysisconducted31932uniquesubjectswhich4pairsofunrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereusedinboth5.While1%mayseem6,itisnotsotoageneticist.AscoauthorofthestudyJamesFowler,professorofmedicalgeneticsatUCSanDiego,says,“Mostpeopledonoteven7theirfourthcousinsbutsomehowmanagetoselectasfriendsthepeoplewho8ourkin.”Thestudy9foundthatthegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriendsbutnotgenesforimmunity.Whythissimilarityexistsinsmellgenesisdifficulttoexplain,fornow.10,astheteamsuggests,itdrawsustosimilarenvironmentsbutthereismore11it.Therecouldbemanymechanismsworkingtogetherthat12usinchoosinggeneticallysimilarfriends13“functionalkinship”ofbeingfriendswithbenefits!Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthatthesimilargenesseemtobeevolving14thanothergenes.Studyingthiscouldhelp15whyhumanevolutionpickedpaceinthelast30,000years,withsocialenvironmentbeingamajor16factor.Thefindingsdonotsimplyexplainpeople’s17tobefriendthoseofsimilarethnicbackgrounds,saytheresearchers.ThoughallthesubjectswereofEuropeandescent,friendshippairswerenotmadesimplybasedonethnicidentity.Theteamalsocontrolledthedatato18forfactorslikeage,race,andsmokingstatus.Theresultswere“statisticallysignificant.”Socialscientistshavelongdebatedwhethernatureornurtureshapespeople’spersonality.Fromanevolutionaryperspective,thisstudymayhelpputthedebatetorest.Thestudy19thatfriendssharegenesisnotsimplyaresultofchance.Socialenvironmentisinfluentialbutwhatultimatelymattersisourgenes.Asthestudyconcludes,“Friendshipisa(n)20behavior.”1.A.whatB.whyC.howD.when2.A.defendedB.concludedC.withdrawnD.advised3.A.forB.withC.onD.by4.A.separatedB.soughtC.comparedD.connected5.A.testsB.objectsC.samplesD.examples6.A.insignificantB.unexpectedC.unreliableD.incredible7.A.visitB.missC.knowD.seek8.A.resembleB.influenceC.favorD.surpass9.A.againB.alsoC.insteadD.thus10.A.MeanwhileB.FurthermoreC.LikewiseD.Perhaps11.A.aboutB.toC.fromD.like12.A.driveB.observeC.confuseD.limit13.A.accordingtoB.ratherthanC.regardlessofD.alongwith14.A.fasterB.slowerC.laterD.earlier15.A.forecastB.rememberC.expressD.understand16.A.unpredictableB.contributoryC.controllableD.disruptive17.A.tendencyB.decisionC.arrangementD.endeavor18.A.accountB.provideC.compensateD.call19.A.ensuresB.repeatsC.deniesD.shows20.A.naturalB.inheritedC.socialD.culturalSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsisted“kingsdon’tabdicate,theydieintheirbeds.”ButembarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftintherecentEuroelectionshaveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.So,doestheSpanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchyisseeingitslastdays?DoesthatmeanthewritingisonthewallforallEuropeanroyals,withtheirmagnificentuniformsandmajesticlifestyles?TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchy.Whenpublicopinionisparticularlypolarised,asitwasfollowingtheendoftheFrancoregime,monarchscanriseabove“mere”politicsand“embody”aspiritofnationalunity.Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliticsthatexplainsmonarchs’continuingpopularityasheadsofstate.Andso,theMiddleEastexcepted,Europeisthemostmonarchinfestedregionintheworld,with10kingdoms(notcountingVaticanCityandAndorra).ButunliketheirabsolutistcounterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchforanoncontroversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.Symbolicofnationalunityastheyclaimtobe,theirveryhistory—andsometimesthewaytheybehavetoday—embodiesoutdatedandindefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.AtatimewhenThomasPikettyandothereconomistsarewarningofrisinginequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmoderndemocraticstates.Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.Princesandprincesseshavedayjobsandridebicycles,nothorses(orhelicopters).Evenso,thesearewealthyfamilieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andmediaintrusivenessmakesitincreasinglydifficulttomaintaintherightimage.WhileEurope’smonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtosurviveforsometimetocome,itistheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanishexample.ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthemonarchy’sreputationwithherratherordinary(ifwellheeled)grannystyle.ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensivetasteinlifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehasfailedtounderstandthatmonarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovideaservice—asnoncontroversialandnonpoliticalheadsofstate.CharlesoughttoknowthatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,notrepublicans,whoarethemonarchy’sworstenemies.21.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,KingJuanCarlosofSpain______.A.usedtoenjoyhighpublicsupportB.wasunpopularamongEuropeanroyalsC.easedhisrelationshipwithhisrivalsD.endedhisreigninembarrassment22.MonarchsarekeptasheadsofstateinEuropemostly______.A.owingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatusB.toachieveabalancebetweentraditionandrealityC.togivevotersmorepublicfigurestolookuptoD.duetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment23.Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraph4?A.Aristocrats’excessiverelianceoninheritedwealth.B.Theroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocracies.C.Thesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamilies.D.Thenobility’sadherencetotheirprivileges.24.TheBritishroyals“havemosttofear”becauseCharles______.A.takesaroughlineonpoliticalissuesB.failstochangehislifestyleasadvisedC.takesrepublicansashispotentialalliesD.failstoadapthimselftohisfuturerole25.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?A.Carlos,GloryandDisgraceCombinedB.Charles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThroneC.Carlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanRoyalsD.Charles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreatsText2JusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?TheSupremeCourtwillnowconsiderwhetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephonewithoutawarrantifthephoneisonoraroundapersonduringanarrest.Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweepingruling,particularlyonethatupsetstheoldassumptionthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughthepossessionsofsuspectsatthetimeoftheirarrest.Itishard,thestateargues,forjudgestoassesstheimplicationsofnewandrapidlychangingtechnologies.ThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCalifornia’sadvice.Enoughoftheimplicationsarediscernible,evenobvious,sothatthejusticescanandshouldprovideupdatedguidelinestopolice,lawyersanddefendants.TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia’slameargument.Thestate’sclaimthatexploringthecontentsofasmartphoneissimilartosiftingthroughasuspect’spurseispreposterous.Asmartphonemaycontainanarrestee’sreadinghistory,financialhistory,medicalhistoryandcomprehensiverecordsofrecentcorrespondence.Thedevelopmentof“cloudcomputing,”meanwhile,hasmadethatexplorationsomuchtheeasier.Americansshouldtakestepstoprotecttheirdigitalprivacy.Butkeepingsensitiveinformationonthesedevicesisincreasinglyarequirementofnormallife.CitizensstillhavearighttoexpectprivatedocumentstoremainprivateandprotectedbytheConstitution’sprohibitiononunreasonablesearches.Assooftenisthecase,statingthatprincipledoesn’teasethechallengeoflinedrawing.Inmanycases,itwouldnotbeoverlyonerousforauthoritiestoobtainawarranttosearchthroughphonecontents.TheycouldstillinvalidateFourthAmendmentprotectionswhenfacingsevere,urgentcircumstances,andtheycouldtakereasonablemeasurestoensurethatphonedataarenoterasedoralteredwhileawarrantispending.Thecourt,though,maywanttoallowroomforpolicetocitesituationswheretheyareentitledtomorefreedom.ButthejusticesshouldnotswallowCalifornia’sargumentwhole.Newtechnologysometimesmakesitdifficulttoknowwherethelineis.ButtheConstitution,wehavetoremindourselves,wasdesignedtoprotectthefreedomsofthepeople—andtheprinciplesofFourthAmendmenthaveneverbeensoimportant.26.TheSupremeCourtwillworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,itislegitimateto______.A.searchforsuspects’mobilephoneswithoutawarrantB.checksuspects’phonecontentswithoutbeingauthorizedC.preventsuspectsfromdeletingtheirphonecontentsD.prohibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones27.Theauthor’sattitudetowardCalifornia’sargumentisoneof______.A.toleranceB.indifferenceC.disapprovalD.cautiousness28.Theauthorbelievesthatexploringone’sphonecontentsiscomparableto______.A.gettingintoone’sresidenceB.handlingone’shistoricalrecordsC.scanningone’scorrespondencesD.goingthroughone’swallet29.InParagraph5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthat______.A.principlesarehardtobeclearlyexpressedB.thecourtisgivingpolicelessroomforactionC.citizens’privacyisnoteffectivelyprotectedD.phonesareusedtostoresensitiveinformation30.Orwhichofthefollowingquestionswouldtheauthorgiveapositiveanswer?A.Canpolicesearchthecontentsofasuspect’sphonewithoutawarrant?B.Arecitizens’privacyprotectedinthedigitalage?C.Isitreasonabletorestrictpoliceaccesstodigitaldata?D.CouldnewtechnologygetinthewayofConstitution?Text3ThejournalScienceisaddinganextraroundofstatisticalcheckstoitspeerreviewprocess,editorinchiefMarciaMcNuttannouncedtoday.Thepolicyfollowssimilareffortsfromotherjournals,afterwidespreadconcernthatbasicmistakesindataanalysisarecontributingtotheirreproducibilityofmanypublishedresearchfindings.“Readersmusthaveconfidenceintheconclusionspublishedinourjournal,”McNuttsays.“Weareaddinganextralayerofstatisticalreviewtoensurethatthefindingsarestatisticallyrobust.”Thepolicychangesprimarilytoaddresstheproblemof“falsepositives,”thefindingsthatarepresentedasstatisticallysignificantbutthatareactuallyfalse.Researchershavebeenconcernedabouttheseproblemsfordecades,butthenewguidelinesshouldbemoreeffective.Manuscriptswillbeflaggedupforadditionalscrutinybythejournal’sinternaleditors,orbyitsexistingBoardofReviewingEditorsorbyoutsidepeerreviewers.Ifthemanuscriptsarelikelytocontainfalsepositives,theeditorswillsendthemtoastatisticiansforfurtherreview.Themovefollowsaseriesofattemptsfromotherjournalstoaddresstheproblemofirreproducibilityinscience.TheLancetandtheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationhavebothlaunchedsimilarinitiatives.McNuttacknowledgesthatthepolicyisnotapanaceafortheproblemofirreproducibility,butshebelievesitwillatleastimprovethesituation.“Forthefirsttime,wehaveastatisticalcheckbeforepublication,”shesays.Inadditiontoitsstatisticalchecks,Sciencewillsoonintroducea“contributedresearch”category.Thiswillallowscientiststopublishtheirresearchwithoutgoingthroughthetraditionalpeerreviewprocess.Theideaistocreateaspacewherenewideascanbetestedbeforetheyarefullydeveloped.TheScience’snewpolicyisintendedtoaddresstheproblemofirreproducibility,butitisalsopartofabroadertrendinscience.Manyjournalsarenowtryingtomaketheirpeerreviewprocessmorerobust.Inthepast,peerreviewwasoftenseenasaformofqualitycontrol.Now,itisincreasinglyseenasawaytopromoteinnovation.TheScience’snewpolicyisanattempttobalancethesetwogoals.31.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph1that______.A.ScienceintendstosimplifyitspeerreviewprocessB.otherjournalsarefollowingScience’sexampleC.journalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecksD.therearewidespreadconcernsaboutthelackofdataanalysis32.Thephrase“flaggedup”(Para.2)istheclosestinmeaningto______.A.foundB.markedC.revisedD.stored33.Theintroductionofa“contributedresearch”categoryisintendedto______.A.encouragescientiststopublishtheirresearchmorequicklyB.provideaplatformforscientiststoexchangenewideasC.helpscientiststotestnewideasbeforefulldevelopmentD.increasethenumberofpublishedpapers34.Science’snewpolicyischaracterizedby______.A.ashiftoffocusfromqualitycontroltoinnovationB.afurtherstrengtheningofthestatisticalchecksC.achangeinthepeerreviewprocessD.anemphasisonreproducibility35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?A.ScienceJoinsPushtoScreenOutBadScienceB.ScienceAppliesaNewRuleinPeerReviewC.ScienceStrugglestoKeepPeerReviewIntactD.ScienceAddsStatisticstoPeerReviewText4Twoyearsago,RupertMurdoch’sdaughter,Elisabeth,spokeofthe“unsettlingdearthofintegrityacrosssomanyofourinstitutions.”Integrityhadcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofacollectiveacceptancethattheonly“sortingmechanism”insocietyshouldbeprofitandthemarket.But“it’sus,humanbeings,wethepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit.”Drivingherpointhome,shecontinued:“It’sincreasinglyapparentthattheabsenceofpurpose,ofamorallanguagewithingovernment,mediaorbusinesscouldbecomeoneofthemostdangerousgoalsforcapitalismandfreedom.”ThissameabsenceofmoralpurposewaswoundingcompaniessuchasNewsInternational,shethought,makingitmorelikelythatitwouldloseitswayasitgrew,andthat“thecompanywouldeventuallycrash.”Inasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprofit,weneedtounderstandthatsuccessforacompanyisnotmeasuredbyrevenuealone.Successisalsoaboutnewcustomersandcontinuedinnovation.Weshouldalsounderstandthatthecurrentcollectiveobsessionwithshorttermprofithasdamagedlongtermgrowthinthebusinessworld.Infact,thecurrentobsessionwithshorttermprofitissowidespreadthatithasbecomeasocialnorm.Thecurrentstateofaffairsmayhavebeenencouraged—thoughnotjustified—bythelackoflegalpenalty(inAmerica,atleast)forfalseaccounting.Buttherealproblemliesintheabsenceofamoralpurpose.Withoutamoralcompass,companieswillbemorelikelytostrayfromthepathoflongtermsuccess.Thissameabsenceofmoralpurposewasevidentinthewiderbusinessworld.Thefinancialcrisisof2008wasawakeupcallforthebusinessworld.Itshowedthatcompanieswithoutamoralpurposeweremorelikelytoengageinunethicalbehavior.Thefinancialcrisiswasalsoareminderthatcompaniesneedtohaveamoralpurpose.Companiesthathaveamoralpurposearemorelikelytoattractandretaincustomers.Theyarealsomorelikelytobeinnovativeandtoinvestinlon