【《表面等离激元共振研究国内外文献综述》5100字】

VI表面等离激元共振研究国内外文献综述1.1表面等离激元共振效应的基本概念 利库尔格斯杯（LycurgusCup）是大英博物馆藏品的一部分，很可能是4世纪在罗马制作的，它就是表面等离激元应用的一个典型例子。该容器的玻璃部分包含了胶体金和银，因此，它具有一种不同寻常的特性，即外部照明时呈现绿色，内部照明时呈现红色ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Jahn</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>169</RecNum><DisplayText>[20]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>169</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vpzf29xs5x90w7e5rv855ra3asp0s02vszer">169</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Jahn,Martin</author><author>Patze,Sophie</author><author>Hidi,IzabellaJ.</author><author>Knipper,Richard</author><author>Radu,AndreeaI.</author><author>Muehlig,Anna</author><author>Yueksel,Sezin</author><author>Peksa,Vlastimil</author><author>Weber,Karina</author><author>Mayerhoefer,Thomas</author><author>Cialla-May,Dana</author><author>Popp,Juergen</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Plasmonicnanostructuresforsurfaceenhancedspectroscopicmethods</title><secondary-title>Analyst</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Analyst</full-title></periodical><pages>756-793</pages><volume>141</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>2016</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0003-2654</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000368942600003</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000368942600003</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1039/c5an02057c</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Jahn,2016#169"20]。类似地，许多中世纪的彩色玻璃窗包含由金胶着色的红色面板和由银胶着色的黄色面板，而在文艺复兴时期，铜和银胶被包括在陶瓷釉中，用于给艺术品带来彩虹色或金属光泽。在每一个案例中，艺术家们都在不知不觉中利用了贵金属纳米颗粒的尺寸依赖性光学特性。迈克尔·法拉第ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Edwards</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>2</RecNum><DisplayText>[21]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9saw092zmfre04e5sp2peeruarv0f5p02rde">2</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Edwards,PeterP.</author><author>Thomas,JohnMeurig</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Goldinametallicdividedstate-FromFaradaytopresent-daynanoscience</title><secondary-title>AngewandteChemie-InternationalEdition</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AngewandteChemie-InternationalEdition</full-title></periodical><pages>5480-5486</pages><volume>46</volume><number>29</number><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>2007</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1433-7851</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000248330700005</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000248330700005</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1002/anie.200700428</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Edwards,2007#2"21]（MichaelFaraday）是第一个认识到强烈的颜色变化是由于玻璃中存在远远小于光的波长的Au、Ag、Cu等金属纳米颗粒。导致贵金属纳米粒子异常散射和吸收（消光）现象的原因就是局部表面等离激元共振ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Love</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>3</RecNum><DisplayText>[22]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>3</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9saw092zmfre04e5sp2peeruarv0f5p02rde">3</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Love,SaraA.</author><author>Marquis,BryceJ.</author><author>Haynes,ChristyL.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>RecentAdvancesinNanomaterialPlasmonics:FundamentalStudiesandApplications</title><secondary-title>AppliedSpectroscopy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AppliedSpectroscopy</full-title></periodical><pages>346A-362A</pages><volume>62</volume><number>12</number><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0003-7028</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000261594500001</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000261594500001</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1366/000370208786822331</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Love,2008#3"22]。金属材料的介电常数与波长有关，在可见光波段，金属材料的实部是负数，且绝对值很大，虚部是正数，绝对值很小。当光波入射到金属与介质界面时，金属表面的自由电子发生集体振荡，电磁场被局限在金属表面很小的范围内并发生增强（图1.1（a）），这种现象就被称为表面等离激元共振（SurfacePlasmonResonance,SPR）。电磁波在金属与介质界面的x或y轴方向可以传播几十甚至上百微米ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[\o"Willets,2007#6"23,\o"Barnes,2003#7"24]。而当光波入射到金属纳米颗粒上时（图1.1（b）），金属纳米颗粒的尺寸远小于入射光的波长，表面等离激元被局限在金属纳米表面，即为局域表面等离激元（LocalSurfacePlasmonResonance,LSPR）ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[\o"Willets,2007#6"23,\o"Kelly,2003#8"25]。表面等离激元利用光与纳米级金属结构的相互作用，在衍射极限以下限制、引导和操纵光，这其中的关键就是金属材料。因为正如TakaharaADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Takahara</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>144</RecNum><DisplayText>[26]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>144</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vpzf29xs5x90w7e5rv855ra3asp0s02vszer">144</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Takahara,J.</author><author>Yamagishi,S.</author><author>Taki,H.</author><author>Morimoto,A.</author><author>Kobayashi,T.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Guidingofaone-dimensionalopticalbeamwithnanometerdiameter</title><secondary-title>Opticsletters</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>OptLett</full-title><abbr-1>Opticsletters</abbr-1></periodical><pages>475-7</pages><volume>22</volume><number>7</number><dates><year>1997</year><pub-dates><date>1997-Apr-01</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0146-9592</isbn><accession-num>MEDLINE:18183239</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://MEDLINE:18183239</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1364/ol.22.000475</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Takahara,1997#144"26]等人所说的，在给定的传统介质光波导中，最小的光束直径是由核心材料中光束的有效波长决定的。在介电函数实部为负的材料中，例如金属，就没有这样的截止维数，因为在这种情况下，相应的横波矢量分量是虚数。因此，由金属结构组成的波导系统可以克服传统介质波光学有效的限制。与传统的光波导相比，导模的最小尺寸不受光的衍射极限λ/2n的限制，使纳米级光学器件的制造成为可能。图1.1表面等离激元极化共振（a）和局部表面等离激元共振（b）ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Willets</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>6</RecNum><DisplayText>[23]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>6</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9saw092zmfre04e5sp2peeruarv0f5p02rde">6</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Willets,K.A.</author><author>VanDuyne,R.P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>DepartmentofChemistry,NorthwesternUniversity,Evanston,IL60208-3113,USA.kallie@</auth-address><titles><title>Localizedsurfaceplasmonresonancespectroscopyandsensing</title><secondary-title>AnnuRevPhysChem</secondary-title><alt-title>Annualreviewofphysicalchemistry</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AnnuRevPhysChem</full-title><abbr-1>Annualreviewofphysicalchemistry</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>AnnuRevPhysChem</full-title><abbr-1>Annualreviewofphysicalchemistry</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>267-97</pages><volume>58</volume><keywords><keyword>Nanostructures/chemistry/ultrastructure</keyword><keyword>SpectrumAnalysis</keyword><keyword>SurfacePlasmonResonance/*instrumentation/*methods</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year></dates><isbn>0066-426X(Print) 0066-426X(Linking)</isbn><accession-num>17067281</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>/pubmed/17067281</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1146/annurev.physchem.58.032806.104607</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Willets,2007#6"23]1.2表面等离激元共振效应的影响因素表面等离激元共振最为显著的效应必然是其局域电磁场的增强，尤其是电场增强，电场增强最大的区域称之为“热点”，位于纳米颗粒的表面，尖端ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>McMahon</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>29</RecNum><DisplayText>[27]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>29</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9saw092zmfre04e5sp2peeruarv0f5p02rde">29</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>McMahon,JeffreyM.</author><author>Li,Shuzhou</author><author>Ausman,LoganK.</author><author>Schatz,GeorgeC.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>ModelingtheEffectofSmallGapsinSurface-EnhancedRamanSpectroscopy</title><secondary-title>TheJournalofPhysicalChemistryC</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>TheJournalofPhysicalChemistryC</full-title></periodical><pages>1627-1637</pages><volume>116</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2011</year></dates><isbn>1932-7447 1932-7455</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1021/jp207661y</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"McMahon,2011#29"27]，拐弯处，或者纳米狭缝处ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Huang</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>155</RecNum><DisplayText>[28]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>155</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vpzf29xs5x90w7e5rv855ra3asp0s02vszer">155</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Huang,Yu</author><author>Zhou,Qin</author><author>Hou,Mengjing</author><author>Ma,Lingwei</author><author>Zhang,Zhengjun</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Nanogapeffectsonnear-andfar-fieldplasmonicbehaviorsofmetallicnanoparticledimers</title><secondary-title>PhysicalChemistryChemicalPhysics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>PhysicalChemistryChemicalPhysics</full-title></periodical><pages>29293-29298</pages><volume>17</volume><number>43</number><dates><year>2015</year><pub-dates><date>2015</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1463-9076</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000364024100091</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000364024100091</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1039/c5cp04460j</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Huang,2015#155"28]。电场增强效应用电场增强因子EF表示，EF=|E|4/|E0|4，（E是局域电场强度，E0是入射光的电场强度）。局域电场增强是许多纳米激元系统散射、消光、吸收过程的基本机制。简单来说，消光效率显示了系统耦合光的能力，在太阳能电池，光催化，光波导，光热治疗中都要求系统耦合光的能力要足够强，贵金属（例如AgADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Plodinec</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>127</RecNum><DisplayText>[29]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>127</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9saw092zmfre04e5sp2peeruarv0f5p02rde">127</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Plodinec,Milivoj</author><author>Grcic,Ivana</author><author>Willinger,MarcG.</author><author>Hammud,Adnan</author><author>Huang,Xing</author><author>Panzic,Ivana</author><author>Gajovic,Andreja</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>BlackTiO2nanotubearraysdecoratedwithAgnanoparticlesforenhancedvisible-lightphotocatalyticoxidationofsalicylicacid</title><secondary-title>JournalofAlloysandCompounds</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofAlloysandCompounds</full-title></periodical><pages>883-896</pages><volume>776</volume><dates><year>2019</year><pub-dates><date>Mar5</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0925-8388</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000453826200100</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000453826200100</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.10.248</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Plodinec,2019#127"29]，AuADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Mukherjee</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>124</RecNum><DisplayText>[30]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>124</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9saw092zmfre04e5sp2peeruarv0f5p02rde">124</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mukherjee,Shaunak</author><author>Libisch,Florian</author><author>Large,Nicolas</author><author>Neumann,Oara</author><author>Brown,LisaV.</author><author>Cheng,Jin</author><author>Lassiter,J.Britt</author><author>Carter,EmilyA.</author><author>Nordlander,Peter</author><author>Halas,NaomiJ.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>HotElectronsDotheImpossible:Plasmon-InducedDissociationofH-2onAu</title><secondary-title>NanoLetters</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>NanoLetters</full-title></periodical><pages>240-247</pages><volume>13</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2013</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1530-6984</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000313142300041</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000313142300041</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1021/nl303940z</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Mukherjee,2013#124"30]和CuADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Christoforidis</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>126</RecNum><DisplayText>[31]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>126</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9saw092zmfre04e5sp2peeruarv0f5p02rde">126</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Christoforidis,KonstantinosC.</author><author>Fornasiero,Paolo</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>PhotocatalysisforHydrogenProductionandCO2Reduction:TheCaseofCopper-Catalysts</title><secondary-title>Chemcatchem</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Chemcatchem</full-title></periodical><pages>368-382</pages><volume>11</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2019</year><pub-dates><date>Jan9</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1867-3880</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000457144200024</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000457144200024</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1002/cctc.201801198</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Christoforidis,2019#126"31]）在表面等离激元共振作用下具有较大的光学截面，能够有效地吸收光能。然而在这四者中，系统吸收进来的光能，其去处各不相同。在光波导中耦合进来的光要低损耗的传递出去，所以要提高系统的散射光的能力，减少光的吸收。而在光催化和光热治疗中，则要求降低散射效率，增大光的吸收，使系统的温度升高，产生热电子，而热电子或与声子作用产生晶格热，使纳米颗粒局部热化，用于光热治疗，或与半导体结合，用于光催化。吸收效率显示系统吸收光的能力，散射效率表明系统散射传输光的能力，本文研究的表面等离激元波导最关注的就是系统散射光的能力。众所周知，LSPR特性如能量、宽度和近场分布强烈依赖于NPs的大小、形状、取向、成分和周围的介电环境。因此可以通过调节这些因素来控制局域表面等离激元。图1.2不同等离激元结构的光学特性LSPR特性与金属纳米结构的成分和形貌以及金属表面的介电层有很强的相关性。这些相关系数为表面等离激元的应用提供了很好的机会。金属纳米结构会影响LSPR特性，例如，银、金、铜纳米球的最大消光波长分别位于近紫外线和可见区域，对于直径为38nm的Ag球，25nm的Au球，233nm的Cu球，他们的消光波长分别是420nm，520nm，610nm（图1.2（a））。由于表面等离激元可能沿表面以不同的方向传播，金属纳米颗粒结构的形貌决定了共振峰的数量（图1.2（b））。例如，金纳米棒有两个共振峰，分别属于纵向和横向等离激元共振峰。纵向LSPR峰对金纳米棒的长径比（ARs）很敏感，（c）图可以看出通过增加纵横比，纵向LSPR的峰位从700nm红移到1200nm（图1.2（c），而横向LSPR峰保持不变。除了金属纳米结构的固有参数外，纳米结构周围的介电环境也会影响LSPR，图（d）显示在纳米尺寸相同时，介电常数n值越大，其共振波长红移，共振强度增大。以上是单个纳米颗粒的LSPR特性，当两个或多个纳米颗粒彼此接近，到达近场反应区域，他们的表面等离激元会发生电磁耦合，进一步增大电磁场强度。此时LSPR特性对间隙尺寸和间隙形态极其敏感，如图1.3所示，当Ag二聚体的狭缝间距增大时，消光截面急剧下降，而且偶极共振峰位逐渐蓝移。当然当纳米狭缝间隙减小时还会导致电场增强急剧减小、耦合模式的演变、共振的光谱位移等。另外对于纳米棒结构，其纵向表面等离激元共振模式（longitudinalplasmonmode，即入射光平行纳米棒长轴）受长径比影响很大ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Huang</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>10</RecNum><DisplayText>[32]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="9saw092zmfre04e5sp2peeruarv0f5p02rde">10</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>XiaohuaHuang</author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="128"size="100%">IvanH.El-Sayed</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="128"size="100%">WeiQian</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="128"size="100%">MostafaA.El-Sayed</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title>CancerCellImagingandPhotothermalTherapyintheNear-InfraredRegionbyUsingGoldNanorods</title><secondary-title>JournaloftheAmericanChemicalSociety</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JAmChemSoc</full-title><abbr-1>JournaloftheAmericanChemicalSociety</abbr-1></periodical><pages>2115-2120</pages><volume>128</volume><dates><year>2006</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Huang,2006#10"32]。图1.3半径R=60nm的Ag纳米球二聚体的远场消光截面光谱ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Huang</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>155</RecNum><DisplayText>[28]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>155</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vpzf29xs5x90w7e5rv855ra3asp0s02vszer">155</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Huang,Yu</author><author>Zhou,Qin</author><author>Hou,Mengjing</author><author>Ma,Lingwei</author><author>Zhang,Zhengjun</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Nanogapeffectsonnear-andfar-fieldplasmonicbehaviorsofmetallicnanoparticledimers</title><secondary-title>PhysicalChemistryChemicalPhysics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>PhysicalChemistryChemicalPhysics</full-title></periodical><pages>29293-29298</pages><volume>17</volume><number>43</number><dates><year>2015</year><pub-dates><date>2015</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1463-9076</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000364024100091</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000364024100091</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1039/c5cp04460j</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Huang,2015#155"28]图1.4最低能量的纵向链等离激元的光谱位置（λLCP）和最大近场增强|ELCP=E0|max随链内粒子数的变化的图像。（Df=D-2redge,D是垂直平面的直径，redge是粒子圆边的半径，Df是粒子边缘直面的直径，从上到下，Df=46nm，34nm，24nm，14nm，0nm)ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zhou</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>153</RecNum><DisplayText>[33]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>153</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vpzf29xs5x90w7e5rv855ra3asp0s02vszer">153</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zhou,Lin</author><author>Tan,Yingling</author><author>Ji,Dengxin</author><author>Zhu,Bin</author><author>Zhang,Pei</author><author>Xu,Jun</author><author>Gan,Qiaoqiang</author><author>Yu,Zongfu</author><author>Zhu,Jia</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Self-assemblyofhighlyefficient,broadbandplasmonicabsorbersforsolarsteamgeneration</title><secondary-title>ScienceAdvances</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ScienceAdvances</full-title></periodical><volume>2</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>Apr</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>2375-2548</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000380072100011</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000380072100011</url></related-urls></urls><custom7>e1501227</custom7><electronic-resource-num>10.1126/sciadv.1501227</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Zhou,2016#153"33]。随着NP数目的增加，最低能量的纵向链等离激元共振波长λLCP都会红移，但是间隙形态会严重影响λLCP随着链长而演变的方式。对于球型链，随着链长的增大红移并不明显（图1.4中的最底线）。随着刻面大小的增加，对于更长的链（图1.4中的上线），偶极LCP的偏移达到饱和，因此可能发生较大的偏移。并且因为间隙形态的不同，纵向链等离激元共振处的最大近场增强|ELCP=E0|max随链长的变化情况也有所不同。1.3表面等离激元共振效应的主要应用在过去数十年等离激元共振效应在等离激元波导ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[\o"B.Willingham,2011#57"34-37]、光催化ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[\o"Yu,2017#138"38-41]、太阳能电池、生物传感ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[\o"A.D.McFarland,2003#97"42-45]、光热治疗ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[\o"Singh,2018#96"46,\o"Vines,2019#97"47]以及单分子检测ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><RecNum>98</RecNum><DisplayText>[48]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>98</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vpzf29xs5x90w7e5rv855ra3asp0s02vszer">98</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>S.M.Nie,S.R.Emory</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>ProbingSingleMoleculesandSingleNanoparticlesbysurfuces-enhancedRamanscttering</title><secondary-title>Science</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Science</full-title></periodical><pages>1102-1106</pages><volume>275</volume><number>5303</number><dates><year>1997</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"S.M.Nie,1997#98"48]上有很多研究，因为他们的表面在入射光的强相互作用下会产生巨大的局域电场增强。另外可以突破传统光子器件产生的衍射极限，促进光学显微成像技术的发展。可用于多种信号的增强，例如表面增强拉曼散射（SERS）ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[\o"Xie,2013#69"49,\o"Nam,2016#31"50]。表面等离激元独特特性最关键的因素来自金属材料，在过去的几十年里，金属纳米粒子的研究取得了巨大的进展。这个领域涉及到来自不同领域的工人，包括对合成具有新结构和光学特性的样品感兴趣的材料科学家，开发新的分子传感方案的分析化学家，寻求靶向和杀死癌细胞的生物医学研究人员，和对创造高速电路感兴趣的工程师。这些应用的灵感来自于金属纳米结构的独特光学特性，这些特性来源于局域表面等离子体共振，这是一种导电电子的集体振荡（对于球体而言），通常发生在光谱的可见光到近紫外区域。由于LSPR中有许多电子，金属纳米粒子的吸收和散射截面可能非常大。等离子体激元共振的高强度、对粒子环境的敏感性和粒子间耦合是许多应用的核心。等离子体激元共振也可以作为研究粒子本身特性的光学处理。贵金属纳米粒子作为可见光区域的光催化剂截面受到越来越多的关注，主要是因为其具有较大的吸收等离激元共振，以及其在催化多电子还原中的应用。金或银NPs的等离子体共振激发已被证明可以触发化学反应，如催化二氧化碳的多电子还原。YoungsooKimADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Kim</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>142</RecNum><DisplayText>[51]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>142</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vpzf29xs5x90w7e5rv855ra3asp0s02vszer">142</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kim,Youngsoo</author><author>Smith,JeremyG.</author><author>Jain,PrashantK.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Harvestingmultipleelectron-holepairsgeneratedthroughplasmonicexcitationofAunanoparticles</title><secondary-title>NatureChemistry</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>NatureChemistry</full-title></periodical><pages>763-769</pages><volume>10</volume><number>7</number><dates><year>2018</year><pub-dates><date>Jul</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1755-4330</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000436103200014</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000436103200014</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1038/s41557-018-0054-3</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Kim,2018#142"51]等人通过还原铁氰化物（（Fe（CN）6）3-也简称为Fe3+到亚铁氰化物（（Fe（CN）6）4-；也简称为Fe2+)研究了等离激元AuNP光催化剂的电子收集过程，如图1.5所示，最终发现AuNPs的光催化活性来自于d-sp带间跃迁激发ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Sheikholeslami</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>136</RecNum><DisplayText>[52]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>136</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vpzf29xs5x90w7e5rv855ra3asp0s02vszer">136</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sheikholeslami,Sassan</author><author>Jun,Young-wook</author><author>Jain,PrashantK.</author><author>Alivisatos,A.Paul</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>CouplingofOpticalResonancesinaCompositionallyAsymmetricPlasmonicNanoparticleDimer</title><secondary-title>NanoLetters</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>NanoLett</full-title><abbr-1>Nanoletters</abbr-1></periodical><pages>2655-2660</pages><volume>10</volume><number>7</number><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>Jul</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1530-6984</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000280416200060</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000280416200060</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1021/nl101380f</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Sheikholeslami,2010#136"52]或等离子激元激发的朗道阻尼ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Kim</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>137</RecNum><DisplayText>[53]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>137</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vpzf29xs5x90w7e5rv855ra3asp0s02vszer">137</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kim,KiHyun</author><author>Watanabe,Kazuo</author><author>Mulugeta,Daniel</author><author>Freund,Hans-Joachim</author><author>Menzel,Dietrich</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>EnhancedPhotoinducedDesorptionfromMetalNanoparticlesbyPhotoexcitationofConfinedHotElectronsUsingFemtosecondLaserPulses</title><secondary-title>PhysicalReviewLetters</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>PhysicalReviewLetters</full-title></periodical><volume>107</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>Jul21</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0031-9007</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000292969100009</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000292969100009</url></related-urls></urls><custom7>047401</custom7><electronic-resource-num>10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.047401</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Kim,2011#137"53]产生的电子空穴（e--h+）对。这些光生e--h+对参与光氧化还原反应方案。随着光子通量的增加，1e-反应速率不会无限增加；相反，它接近饱和。然而，在空穴清除剂存在的情况下，光子通量区达到了一个双电子（2e-）反应变得普遍，导致反应速率的上升。另外令人兴奋的是，可以用连续波激发而不是脉冲光来实现多电子转移。这个区域所需的光强（0.5-1.0Wcm2）也不是不合理的高，这就可以通过集中形式的太阳能辐射实现，其本身的强度为0.1Wcm2（在可见区域为0.04Wcm2）。YoungsooKim等人的研究构成了具有挑战性的多电子、多质子化学的等离激元催化的一般基础，如N2固定和最近观察到的AuNP光催化的二氧化碳还原。图1.5金NP光催化剂把铁氰化物((Fe(CN)6)3-（简称Fe3+）到亚铁氰化物((Fe(CN)6)4-（简称Fe2+）ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Kim</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>142</RecNum><DisplayText>[51]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>142</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vpzf29xs5x90w7e5rv855ra3asp0s02vszer">142</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kim,Youngsoo</author><author>Smith,JeremyG.</author><author>Jain,PrashantK.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Harvestingmultipleelectron-holepairsgeneratedthroughplasmonicexcitationofAunanoparticles</title><secondary-title>NatureChemistry</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>NatureChemistry</full-title></periodical><pages>763-769</pages><volume>10</volume><number>7</number><dates><year>2018</year><pub-dates><date>Jul</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1755-4330</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000436103200014</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000436103200014</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1038/s41557-018-0054-3</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Kim,2018#142"51]表面等离激元的吸收的光能除了可用于光催化，还可以用于太阳能电池和光热治疗。ZhouADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zhou</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>143</RecNum><DisplayText>[33]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>143</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="vpzf29xs5x90w7e5rv855ra3asp0s02vszer">143</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zhou,Lin</author><author>Tan,Yingling</author><author>Ji,Dengxin</author><author>Zhu,Bin</author><author>Zhang,Pei</author><author>Xu,Jun</author><author>Gan,Qiaoqiang</author><author>Yu,Zongfu</author><author>Zhu,Jia</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Self-assemblyofhighlyefficient,broadbandplasmonicabsorbersforsolarsteamgeneration</title><secondary-title>ScienceAdvances</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ScienceAdvances</full-title></periodical><volume>2</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>Apr</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>2375-2548</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000380072100011</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000380072100011</url></related-urls></urls><custom7>e1501227</custom7><electronic-resource-num>10.1126/sciadv.1501227</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Zhou,2016#153"33]等人报道了一种等离激元吸收体，该吸收体在400nm到10μm的波长范围内的平均吸光度可达99%，是迄今为止报道的最高效、最宽频带的等离激元吸收体。吸收体通过一步沉积工艺将金属纳米颗粒自组装到纳米多孔模板上来制造，示意图如下图1.6所示。由于其有效的光吸收、强大的场增强和多孔结构，这些结构不仅可以有效地吸收太阳光，而且还可以显著提高局域加热和连续流，基于等离激元吸收器的太阳蒸汽仅在4个太阳辐射（4kWm-2）下的吸收效率就超过了90％。明显的光吸收效应与高通量自组装过程相结合，可能会导致大规模制造其他纳米