大学西方文明史-要点速记Chapter-1-4

/20XX年复习资料大学复习资料专业：班级：科目老师：日期：

Chapter1TheGreekWorld–TheAgeofAlexandertheGreetPolis—城邦2.

城邦社会结构

自由人—libertinus

公民

—polite

全权公民（成年男性）—full-citizenship奴隶

—helot

外邦人—residentaliens

妇女—woman贵族

—aristocrat

平民

—commonerLimitation（局限性）不是现代意义上的民主，而是男性公民的民主（广大妇女，奴隶，外邦移民无权利）Notinthesenseofmoderndemocracy,butfull-citizenshipsofdemocratic(thewomen,helot,andresidentalienswithoutrights)即是伟大文明的催化剂，又是社会不公的一种暴力机器。Thatisnotonlygreatcivilizationofcatalyst,butalsoakindofsocialinjusticeviolencemachine.Therightoffull-citizens（权利）a.politicalrulerlandownerc.polisdefender(thehoplitephalanx重装步兵)Socrates,PlatoandAristotle(苏格拉底，柏拉图和亚里士多德)Socrates(苏格拉底)Knowthyself！（认识你自己）Questioneverything（求索万物）Onlythepursuitofgoodnessbringshappiness(快乐从追求美德开始)b.Plato(柏拉图)Theacademy（雅典学院）Theoryofideas(理念论)Therepubilc（理想国）Allegoryofthecave（洞穴理论）Equalityofmanandwoman（男女平等）Advocatedinsteadtheleadershipofenlighted

philosopher-king(哲学王)

whowouldcontrolratherthanconsultthemasses.Aristotole(亚里士多德)“GoldenMean”（中庸之道）——everthinginmoderationLogic（逻辑学）三人思想的异同Socrates：Plato’steacher,advocatedmaterialism(唯物主义)，contributedmoretoeducationandturnednatrualresearchintohumanresearchinphilosophy.Hebelievedthatinthepursuitofnaturaltruthisendless(把哲学从研究自然转向研究自我，他认为对于自然的真理的追求是无穷尽的)Plato：Aritotle’steacher,advocatedidealism(唯心主义).Hebelievedthattheworldisconsistedof“ideaoftheworld”and“reasonableworld”Aristotle:

Encyclopedicscholar,advocatedmaterialism(唯物主义),viewedthateducationiscountryfunction.polysism(多神教)“Hellenistic”Greece:希腊化时代—Hellenistic（希腊化）=Greek-likeAlexandartheGreat（综合评价）oneofthemostfascinatingandcontroversalfiguresofhistoryb.hehadanactive,searchingmindandagreatloveofphysicalexertion(运用)hewasarrogant,butmaintainedacool,self-controlinthemidstofactiond.hisfamewasenhancedbyhisablitytoinspirecourageinhissoldierse.heoftengotthejumponhisenemies,outmaneuvering(以计谋获胜)thembeforetheyevenknewwhatwasgoingonAlexanderwasalsoexceedinglycleverandacteddecisively(果断的)whenothershesitatedg.Hecouldanticipatesuccessandintuitively(直觉的)knewhowtocopewith(处理)eachsituationh.Hetookrisksandwhentheoutcomewasindoubt,defieduncertainty,andmanagedeachsituationwithboldnessHehadalargervisiontobringtogethermanyracesunderonerulerandunderoneformofgovernment.Hisgoalwastomakehumankindasinglepoeple

Chapter2TheRoman1.FoudingofRome(800BC)罗马城市的建立Thelegendof

Romulus

and

Remus2.powersofthewesternmeditertaneanGreeksandCarthaginians(迦太基人)3.TheconquestofItalyBy270BC,RomehadexpandedtothesoutherntipofItaly,hadsucceededinestablishingcontractualalliances(联盟)4.RomeandCarthage(迦太基)—Powerofthewesternmediterraneana.thecarthaginians,whohadestablishedacommercialhegemony(贸易霸权)believedthattheascendant(优势的)RomethreatenedtheircontroloftheragionTheCarthaginian(Punic)wars布匿战争（三次）FirstPunicwar-foughtoverSiciliancitySecondPunicwar–Hannibal(汉尼拔)ofcarthageledarmyacrossAlpsintoItalyThirdPunicwar–NorthAfricabecomesRomanprovince5.罗马共和社会的表现形态Consul（执政官）代替行使国家权力，两名执政官互相牵制Senate（元老院）元老院有权批准、认可法律，并通过执政官掌管财政外交，统辖行省和实施重大宗教措施等。Assemblyofthecenturies（平民大会）公民大会是平民可以参加的会议，负责选举公职人员和通过元老院拟定的题案，也有否决元老院题案的权力。三者之间权利相互制衡6.经济改革—TiberiusGracchusMilitaryReformMarius马略Sulla苏拉内容：Acceptedsoldiersintoarmywhoownednoland影响：createdaprofessionalarmyofsoldierswhowerepromisedland,booty(战利品)andglory,inreturn,theygavetheirloyaltytotheirgeneralrahterthantothestate.thearmybecamethefocal(焦点的)pointofview.ThefirstTriumvirate(三人执政)Pompey（庞培）Crassus（克拉苏）Caesar（凯撒）内战开始的标志性事件（civilwar）—CaesarcrossestheRubicon(卢比肯河)、9.theeatablishmentoftheAugustanPrincipate奥古斯都元首制的建立princeps：firstcitizenhonorarytitle：Augustan通过何种方式确立的奥古斯都元首制？屋大维的对内对外政策屋大维为了加强与扩大帝国统治的社会基础，特别注意提高大奴隶主阶级的地位，扩大他们的特权。屋大维对元老院进行五次清洗，把元老人数减少到600人，并且明确规定元老出身，具备财产。元老可以担任军事长官和行省总督，执政官之类共和国遗留下来的高级长官。罗马的骑士以及意大利自治市贵族中的富豪显贵都属于骑士等级。骑士与元老有密切联系，骑士可以候补元老，元老之子在取得进入元老院的资格以前，则列为骑士。这两个等级在经过一番斗争之后，在共和制的废墟上重新联合起来，他们都在安富尊荣中享受着元首政治的恩宠，因而也大力支持元首政治，成为元首政治的主要社会基础。屋大维对平民实行又镇压又笼络的两手政策：一面镇压他们的反政府暴动，一面又以所谓“面包和竞技场”，即发放救济粮、举办娱乐活动和给予各种施舍来收买他们。

Chapter3CaesarandChrist一、亚伯拉罕信仰体系--犹太教、基督教、伊斯兰教

AbrahamicFaithSystem：Judaism、ChristianityIslam、

基督教如何吸收犹太教合理部分，突破其局限（基督教的量大核心概念），达到普世

详见P62+宋文韬翻译二、罗马国教RomanStateReligionandtheMysteryCults1.万神殿：Pantheon

2.RomanStateReligionandtheMysteryCults（供神不供人），了解PPT四小点

TheRomansdidnotworshiplicingbeings,

Asacrificeforthehealthoftheemperordidnotdemonstratemuchmorethanpoliticalloyalty

Suchpracticesweredevoidofemotionorpersonalcommitment

ManyturnedtotheEasternmysterycults.

3.TheProphets犹太先知asocialconscienceself-discover&self-realizationIdentityJusticeEqualityAnawarenessofhistoricaltime）4.TheTeachingsofJesus

Jesuspresentedtheethicalconcpets:humuility谦卑

Charity帮助他人

Brotherlylove博爱5.基督教的两大核心概念

罪恶：sin，sinful,sinner

Crime

guilt

evil

救赎：salvation三、（小重点）ConflictandthedevelopmentoftheChristianChurch1.Nero

尼禄的迫害

P74ThefirstemperortopersecutetheChristianfollowersonalargescale.2.Diocletian

戴克里先的迫害

P763.Constantine

君士坦丁——将基督教推至合法地位4.

TheEdictofMilan米兰赦令

基督教在公元392年在狄奥多西大帝统治下成为罗马帝国国教四、神父SaintAugustine--thecityofGod传达内容，满足统治要求，由迫害到P68ThemissionofJesus,P71TheworkofPaul,

P76ThePersecutionunderdiocletian,P83ThecityofGod,P85ThetriumpofChristianity

Chapter

4The

PaxRomana

andtheDeclineofRome罗马和平谁建一、1.

TheAugustanPrincipatePrinceps：firstcitizenHonorary

title：Augustus2.（政治）内容本身--元首制特征形态(共和、专制--体现在哪,民众、贵族为何能接受详见P89页第一段，第二段自己话回答)

二、PaxRomana有哪些外在表象（基础设施）：主要：道路road，拱桥arch，罗马圆形大剧场Colosseum，公共浴池BathsofCaracalla详见：P20XXXXAllroadsleadtoRome,P20XXXX1ThemagnificenceoftheBathss,P20XXXX0XX-20XXXX0XX

Chapter5TheSwordofFaith:TheHighMiddleAges(20XXXX0XX0-20XXXX00)信仰之剑：中世纪盛期一、

信仰时期被称为信仰时期的主要原因：a)Therewasnocentralgovernmenttokeeptheorder.TheonlyorganizationthatseemedtouniteEuropewastheChristianchurch.b)TheChristianchurchgottogainwidespreadpowerandinfluence.

c)IntheLatemiddleages,almosteveryoneinwesternEuropewasaChristianandamemberoftheChristianChurch.d)Christianitytooktheleadinpolitics,law,art,andlearningforhundredsofyears.Itshapedpeople’slives.四大事件：(1)修道院制度Monasticism：内容：真正遁世的修道士们的生活是一种禁欲主义的生活，并体现对上帝的虔诚。圣本笃的改革意在对现有问题作弥补并铲出修道士生活中的其他不当行为。他抛弃了东方修道士所强调的与世隔绝，更看重教会兄弟同经历。ThemonkswhoweretruehermitstheirlifewasoneofasceticdenialandpersonaldevotiontoGod.BenedictmovedawayfromthehermeticemphasisoftheEastinfavorofacommonexperienceamongthebrothersintheorder.规定:书上：第一章：修道士的划分TheKindsofmonks

第六章：沉默Silence

第七章：谦卑Humility

第二十二章：修道士该怎样睡觉Howthemonksshouldsleep

第三十三章：修道士不应有个人财物Monksshouldnothavepersonalproperty

第三十八章：每周读者Theweeklyreader

第三十九章：食量Theamountoffood

第四十八章：修道士们的每日劳作Thedailylaborofthemonks

第五十八章：接受修道士的条件ThewayinwhichnewmembersaretobereceivedPPT上：TheBenedictineRule¢

Togiveupalltheirpossessionsbeforeenteringthemonastery.¢

Wearsimpleclothesandeatonlycertainsimplefoods.¢

Couldnotmarryandhavetoobeywithoutquestionstheordersoftheabbot.¢

Toattendserviceseventimesduringthedayandonceatmidnight.¢

Toworkfivehoursadayinthefieldssurroundingthemonastery.

(2)教俗争斗TheconflictBetweenReligiousandSecularAuthority格里高利七世PopeGregoryVIIVS神圣罗马帝国皇帝亨利四世HolyRomanEmperorHenryIV

结果：沃尔姆斯宗教协定TheConcordatofWorms性质：Compromise（3）英诺森三世POPEINNOCENTIIIVS英国约翰王结果：英王约翰在英诺森三世的代表面前把国土献给教廷。INNOCENTIIIgainsthe“WholeRealmofEngland”和约：《大宪章》MagnaCarta（4）Crusade十字军东征目的：圣城耶路撒冷原因：¢

ThePopewantedtoincreasehispower¢

ChristiansbelieveditwastheirdutytorecovertheHolyLand¢

Nobleswantedtogainwealth.¢

Adventurerssoughttravelandexcitement¢

SerfshopedtoescapefeudalOppression影响：EconomicChangesHistoricevidenceoftradebetweenMuslims,Byzantines,EuropeanspriortoCrusadesCrusadesenhancedexistingtradeReturningCrusadersbroughtmoregoods,spices,textiles,toEuropeIncreaseintradeaddedtochangingEuropeaneconomyduringMiddleAgesPoliticalChangesCrusadesledtodeathsofmanyknights,noblesLandsleftvulnerableOtherambitiousnoblestookcontrolofunoccupiedlandsNoblesthenhadmorepower,influenceinEuropeSocialChangesSomeEuropeansrespectedothercultures,othersintolerantManyviewednon-Christiansasenemies,persecutedJewsHolyLandJewssawCrusadersascruelinvadersRelationsstrainedforcenturies二、

中世纪盛期1.Religion：圣母玛利亚教堂

托马斯·阿奎那ThomasAquinas——经院哲学Scholasticism——SummaTheological2.ChivalricIdeals骑士理想主义：骑士角色的英勇表象人们期待骑士们随时体现出尊严和精神虔诚，尤其在女士们面前。Knightswereexpectedtocomportthemselveswithdignityandspiritualdevotion,especiallyinthepresenceofladies.3.GothicstyleArchitecture哥特式建筑特点：soaredhigh;

windows,archesandtowersreachingheavenward;flingingtheirpassionagainsttheskybeautifulstainedglassesandsculptures彩绘玻璃艺术彩绘镶嵌玻璃有着神秘之处。它能捕捉光线并能通过它将基督教义鲜活表达出来。这些装饰精美的窗户通过它万花筒般的颜色表现出奉献与救赎、权力与永恒的超自然概念。Thereisamysterytostrainedglass.Itcapturesthelightandtransformsitintoalivingexpressionofdoctrine.Thesedecorateswindowsexpressthetranscendentalconceptsofdevotionandsalvation,ofpowerandperformance

throughakaleidoscopeofcolor.4.雕塑：宗教故事（男女并存）Chapter6Iamthestate!ThedevelopmentofabsolutisminEnglandandFrance

“朕即国家”：专制统治在英国和法国的发展一、

英国宪政：EnglishConstitutionalMonarchy伊丽莎白一世TheElizabethan“Bargain”：Parliament:a）Wouldhavethepowertotax.b)Candebateandamenddisputedbills.TheMonarch:Hadtheroyalperogative[right/choice]onforeignpolicy.斯图亚特王朝TheStuartMonarchy-詹姆斯一世JamesIWantedabsolutepower：ParliamentundertheTudors:toactonthepremisethatmonarchandParliamentTOGETHERruledEnglandasa“balancepolity.”Problemshefaced:a)Largeroyaldebt.b)Hewasn’tEnglish.c)BelievedinDivineRightofKings.d)Pro-Catholicsympathies.e)ClashedwithParliament:raisedmoneywithoutParliament’sconsent查理一世CharlesIConstantlyatwarwithSpainandFrance.UsuallyParliamentwouldgiveCharles£fromtaxestofundhiswars.Periodically,Parliamentwoulddenyfunds.a)

Inreturn,CharleswoulddissolveParliamentb)

findfundsinotherways:forcedloans内战Thecivilwar

克伦威尔OliverCromwella)PrimaryarchitectoftheNewModelArmyb)Ledthearmythatdefeatedroyalforcesandnowcontrolledthegovernment.--The“RumpParliament”尾闾议会6）光荣革命The“Glorious”Revolution:20XXXX88uJointrulers:

JamesII’sdaughterMary

&herhusband,WilliamofOrange.uProtestant7）权利法案EnglishBillofRights：20XXXX89ItsettledallofthemajorissuesbetweenKing&Parliament.a)

Parliamentwasresponsibleforallthelawmaking;b)

ThekingshouldlevynomoneyexceptbygrantofParliament;c)

ThekingshouldnotkeepastandingarmyintimeofpeacewithoutconsentofParliament.ItservedasamodelfortheU.S.BillofRights.Italsoformedabaseforthesteadyexpansionofcivillibertiesinthe20XXXXc

andearly20XXXXc

inEngland.8）二、法国1.路易十四LouisXIV：

OneKing,OneLaw,OneFaith2.凡尔赛宫ChâteauxdeVersailles功能性：TheroyalcourtatVersaillesserved3purposessimultaneously:a)itwasthepersonalhomeofthekingb)thelocationofthecentralgovernmentc)theplacewherepowerfulsubjectscametofindfavorsandofficesforthemselvesandtheirclients,aswellasthemainarenawherearistocratsviedforpowerandroyalfavors.

Chapter7“DaretoKnow!”(ImmanuelKant康德提出的口号):TheScientificRevolution一记人名：1

NicolausCopernicus

哥白尼Sun-centereduniverse日心说OntheRevolutionsoftheHeavenlySpheres

《天体运行论》2

GalileoGalileo

伽利略EarlypractitioneroftheexperimentalmethodMathematicalformulaforaccelerationoffallingobjectsHisdiscoveriesusingthetelescope望远镜3

FrancisBacon

培根——科学实证学之父FatheroftheScientificRevolutionEmphasisonpractical,usefulknowledgeNewattitudetowardnature4

RenéDescartes

笛卡尔Ithink,thereforeIam.我思故我在。SignificanceofDoubtTheDeductiveMethodFatherof“analyticalgeometry”解析几何5

IsaacNewton

牛顿Agreatsynthesizer集大成者BlendsinductiveanddeductivemethodsArguesforauniversegovernedbynaturallaws二

TheinfluenceofNewton’stheory1Thetheorydemonstratedthattheuniverseisgovernedbylawsinsteadofdivinewillandthelawscouldbeunderstoodbyhumanmind.2Itgraduallyestablishedmen’sbeliefinnaturallawsanduniversalorderaswellastheirconfidenceinhumanreason.三

Consequences

（科学革命的深远影响）ThemodernscientificmethodAuniverseorderedaccordingtonaturallawsLawsdiscoveredbyhumanreason“De-Spiritualized”andde-mystifiedtheUniverseMechanicalViewoftheUniverseDeisticViewofGodChapter8

TheEnlightenmentandtheRevolutionoftheMind一

EnlightenmentasanIntellectualMovement

启蒙运动的性质（TheAgeofReason）理性时期TheEnlightenmentwasa

progressive

intellectual

movementgoingon

throughoutEurope

inthe

20XXXXthcentury,originatingin

France.二

启