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专题02.长难句的分析突破

*,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,・另、

长难句是高三英语阅读理解的核心障碍,其本质是“主干+多层修饰”的语法组合体,常通过嵌套

从句、插入非谓语成分、调整语序等方式提升复杂度。逐词翻译易导致逻辑断裂,核心解题策略为“先拆

后合”:先剥离修饰成分锁定句子主干(主谓宾/主系表),再理清修饰成分与主干的逻辑关系,最终重组

句意。这一策略可快速突破信息定位、选项判断等题型难点,是提升阅读速度与准确率的关键能力。

阅读语篇中不同的长难句的拆解策略

英语中常出现包含多个从句、插入语或倒装结构的长难句,若逐词翻译易造成逻辑混乱。核心策略是

“拆分句子结构“,抓住主干信息。

(一)找主干法:定位核心,剥离修饰

主干是句子的“骨架”,由“主语+谓语+宾语/表语”构成;定语(修饰名词)、状语(修饰动词

/句子)、插入语(补充说明)等为“血肉”,可暂时剥离。具体步骤为:先找谓语动词(排除非谓语

doing/done/todo),再顺推主语、倒推宾语/表语。

【举例1]

Themuseumwevisitedlastv/eekend,whichhousesacollectionofancientartifactsdiscoveredintheSilk

Road,offersvisitorsaglimpseintotheculturalexchangesbetweenEastandWest.

【分析】

找谓语:排除“visited”(定语从句谓语),houses“非限制性定语从句谓语),确定主干谓语为“offers'';

定主语:谓语前的核心名词为“Themuseum”;

寻宾语:谓语后“visitorsagHmpse”为“间接宾语+直接宾语”;

主干提炼:Themuseumoffersvisitorsaglimpse(这家博物馆为游客提供了了解机会)。

修饰成分补充:“wcvisitedlastwcckund'X省略that的定语从句,修饰iiiuscuin)、“whichhouses..SiikRoad',

(非限制性定语从句,补充博物馆藏品信息)、“intotheculturalexchanges...West”(介词短语作后置定语,

说明“了解机会”的内容)。先抓主干可快速明确句子核心功能,再看修饰可完善细节理解。

【举例2】

Toensuretheaccuracyoftheexperiment,allvariablesmustbecarefullycontrolled,leavingnoroomfor

unexpectederrors.

【分析】

找谓语:排除“Toensure”(目的状语,非谓语)、力eaving"(结果状语,非谓语),确定主干谓语为“must

becontrolled'';

主干提炼:Allvariablesmustbecarefullycontrolled(所有变量必须被严格控制)。

修饰成分补充:“Toensure...experiment”(目的状语,说明控制变量的原因)、“leaving...errors”(现在分词

短语作结果状语,补充控制变量的效果)。

(-)识别从句信号词:划分层次,理清关系

从句需通过信号伺(连接词)依附主句存在,不同信号词对应不同从句类型,明确信号词功能即可区

分主次关系。高频信号词分类及功能如下:

从句类型核心信号词功能说明

定语从句that/which/who/whose/whcn/whcre修饰名词,表”……的”

宾语从句that/il7whcthcr/what/how作动词/介词的宾语,表“动

作对象”

主语从句What/Whcther/That(置于句首)作句子主语,表“核心话题”

状语从句because/while/when/if/onlyif表原因、让步、时间、条件等逻

【举例1】

Whatsurprisedtheresearchersmostwasthattheparticipantswhoreceivedregularpositivefeedbackshowed

a40%highersuccessrateinmaintaininghealthyhabits.

【分

信号词定位:“What”(主语从句信号词)、“that”(表语从句信号词)、“who”(定语从句信号词);

层次划分:

主语从句(主T,主语):Whatsurprisedtheresearchersmost(最让研究人员惊讶的是);

表语从句(主干表语):ihattheparticipants...showeda40%highersuccessrate(那些参与者....成

功率高出40%);

定语从句(修饰participants):whoreceivedregularpositivefeedback(定期获得积极反馈的):

逻辑重组:先理解主语从句的“话题”,再看表语从句的“内容”,最后通过定语从句明确“参与者’’特

征,整体句意清晰连贯。

【举例2】

Whiledigitaldeviceshavegreatlyimprovedcommunicationefficiency,over-relianceonthemmayleadtoa

declineinface-to-faceinteractionskills,andthisisbecomingagrowingconcernamongeducators.

【分析】

信号词定位:“While”(让步状语从句信号词)、“and”(并列句连接词);

层次划分:

让步状语从句:Whiledgitaldevices...efficiency(尽管电子设备极大提高了沟通效率),表转折逻

辑;

并列主句1:over-relianceonthemmayleadtoadecline(过度依赖可能导致下降);

并列主句2:thisisbecomingagrowingconcern(这正成为担忧);

逻辑重组:通过“While”明确“让步・转折”关系,通过“and”明确两个主句的顺承关系,避免将

从句与书句混淆。

(三)处理特殊句式:还原语序,简化理解

倒装、强调、虚拟等特殊句式通过改变正常语序增强表达效果,解题核心是“还原为陈述句语序”,再

按常规方法拆解。

1.倒装句:找准标志,还原主谓

高频标志:“Only+状语”置于句首、“Notonly”置于句首、否定副词(Never/Nowhere)置于句首、

虚拟语气省略if(Had/Wcrc/Should提前

【举例1】

Haditnotbeenforthetimelyfinancialsupportfromthelocalcommunity,(hesmalltheaterwouldhavebeen

forcedtoclosedown.

【分析】

识别标志:“Haditnotbeenfbr"为"ifithadnotbeenfor”的倒装结构(虚拟语气省略if);

还原语序:IfilhadnutbeenfurthetimelyGnanuialsuppurlfromihclocaluuiiiiiiunily,thesmalltheater

wouldhavebeenforcedtoclosedown;

主干提炼:Thesmalltheaterwouldhavebeenforcedtoclosedown(这家小剧院早就被迫关闭了):

逻辑补充:还原后的条件状语从句明确“关闭”的假设前提,理解难度大幅降低。

【举例2】

Notonlydoesthebookprovidehistoricalfacts,butitalsochallengesreaderstorethinktheirunderstanding

otculturalidentity.

【分析】

识别标志:“Notonly”置于句首,主句倒装(助动词does提前);

还原语序:Thebooknotonlyprovideshistoricalfacts,butitalsochallengesreaderstorethinktheir

understandingofculturalidentity;

主干提炼:Thebookprovideshistoricalfactsandchallengesreaders(这本书提供历史事实并促使读者思

考)。

2.强调句:去掉框架,回归主干

高频标志:“Itis/was+被强调部分+that/who+其余部分”,去掉标志词后句子仍完整。

【举例】

Itwasthroughpersistenteffortsandteamworkthattheresearchteammanagedtodecodethegenetic

sequenceoftherareplant.

【分析】

识别标志:“Itwas…that”强调框架,被强调部分为4tthroughpersistentetTortsandteam\vork^^(方式状

语);

还原语序:Theresearchteammanaged(odecodethegeneticsequenceof(herareplantthroughpersistent

effortsandteamwork;

主干提炼:Theresearchteammanagedtodecodethegeneticsequence(研究团队成功破译了基因序列)。

去掉强调框架后,句子主干清晰,被强调的“方式状语”可作为细节补充理解。

(四)插入语处理:跳读分隔,聚焦主干

插入语是插入句子中间、补充说明背景/态度/解释的成分,常以“逗号”“破折号”“括号”为标志,

不影响主干结构。解题时可先“跳读”插入语,锁定主干后再问头理解补充信息,避免被分隔成分干扰逻

辑,

▲高频插入语类型

短语类:however,infacl,fuiexample,51山ccunlrary(表粒折/举例/对比):

从句类:Ibelieve,wethink,theyargue(表观点);

名词短语类:afamousscientist,thecapitalofFrance(补充身份/属性)。

【举例】

Thenewpolicy,whichmanyexpertsbelievewillpromotesustainabledevelopment,isexpectedtobe

implementednextyear.

【分析】

识别插入语:“whichmanyexpertsbelievewillpromotesustainabledevelopment”为非限制性定语从句作

插入语,前后用逗号分隔;

跳读插入语,找主干:排除插入语后,句子简化为“Thenewpolicyisexpectedtobeimp忆meritednext

year”,主干清晰(新政策预计明年实施);

补充插入语:该从句解释“新政策的作用”(许多专家认为能促进可持续发展),不影响主干理解,可

后续补充。

【举例2】

Onlinelearning,contrarylowhatsomepeoplethink,doesnotnecessarilyreducethequalityofeducation.

【分析】

以别插入语:“contrarytowhatsomepeoplethink”为介词短语作插入语,表对比;

跳读插入语,找主干:Onlinelearningdoesnotnecessarilyreducethequalityofeducation(在线学习未必

会降低教育质最):

补充插入语:插入语说明“与部分人观点相反“,明确句子立场,不改变主干逻辑。

(五)综合复杂句拆解:多法结合,分步突破

高考真题中多数长难句是“从句+非谓语+插入语论综合组合,需同时运用“找主干”“辨信号

词”“处理特殊结构”三种方法,按“先主干一再分层-最后整合”的步骤拆解。

【举例1J

Whenwctalkaboutenvironmentalprotection,wcoftenforgetthatthesmallactionswetakeeveryday,such

asturningofflightswhenleavingaroom,canmakeabigdifferencetotheplanet.

【步骤】

第一步:找主干,排除外层状语

外层"whenwetalkaboutenvironmentalprotection”为时间状语从句,先剥离;

剩余部分:"weoftenforgetthatthesmallactions...canmakeabigdifferencetotheplanet”,主干为"we

oftenIbrgclihal…''(我们常忘记...)。

第二步:辨信号词,拆分内层从句

信号词"that”引导宾语从句(作forget的宾语):thatthesmallactions...canmakeabigdifference;

信号词"welakeeveryday”为省略ihal的定语从句(修饰smallactions)>4tsuchasturningofflights..

为插入语(举例说明smallactions)o

笫三步:整合逻辑

外层状语:谈论环保时;

主干:我们常忘记一件事;

内层宾语从句:日常小行动(如离开房间关灯)能对地球产生大影响;

完整句意:谈论环保时,我仅常忘记,像离开房间关灯这样的日常小行动,其实能对地球产生大影响。

【举例2】

Onlybyunderstandingthehistoricalbackgroundoftheevent,whichhasbeendiscussedinmanyacademic

papers,canwetrulygraspthemeaningbehindthedecisionsmadebytheleadersatthattime.

【步骤】

第一步:处理特殊句式(倒装)

标志词“Onlyby...“置于句首,句子倒装,还原语序:Wecantrulygrasp(hemeaningbehindthedecisions

madebytheleadersatthattimeonlybyunderstandingthehistoricalbackgroundoftheevent...;

第二步:找主干,排除修饰

还原后主干:Wccantrulygraspthemeaning(我们能真正理解含义):

修饰成分:“behindthedecisionsmadebytheleadersatthattime”(介词短语+过去分词作定语,修饰

meaning)><4byunderstandingthehistoricalbackgroundoftheevent^^(方式状语,说明"理解”的途径)。

第三步:处理插入语

插入语“whichhasbeendiscussedinmanyacademicpapers''为非限制性定语从句(修饰historical

background),补充“该历史背景已在多篇学术论文中讨论过”;

整合逻辑:只有理解(已在多篇学术论文中讨论过的)事件历史背景,我们才能真正理解当时领导人

所做决策背后的含义。

(六)虚拟语气拆解:明确假设,还原真实语义

虚拟语气用于表达与事实相反的假设、愿望或建议,常通过特殊的谓语动词形式(如过去式、haddone、

woulddo等)体现。拆解时需先判断虚拟语气的类型(对现在、过去、将来的虚拟),明确假设的时间背

景,再还原其背后的真实语义,避免误解句子核心意图。虚拟语气类型及标志:

虚拟类型时间背景主句谓语形式从句谓语形式

对现在虚拟与当前事实相反would/could/might+do过去式(be动词用

were)

对过去虚拟与过去事实相反would/could/might+havehad+done

done

对将来虚拟对未来的假设(可能性would/could/night+do过去式/should+do

小)/wereto+do

【举例1】

IfIhadknownaboutthetrafficjaminadvance,Iwouldnothavemissedtheimportantmeetingthismorning.

【分析】:

判断虚拟类型:从句谓语“hadknown”(had+done),主句谓语l4wouldnothavemisscd,,(would+have

done),可确定为“对过去虚拟”;

明确假设与事实:假设”提前知道堵车”,而真实情况是“并未樨前知道”:中旬假设“没错过会议”,

真实情况是“已经错过会议”;

主干提炼:Iwouldnothavemissed(heimportantmeeting(我本不会错过这场重要会议);

补充逻辑:通过虚拟语气强调“因未提前知晓堵车而错过会议”的遗憾,理解时需结合真实语义,避

免按字面意思误判。

【举例2】

Itishightimethatwetookeffectivemeasurestoprotecttheendangeredspeciesbeforetheydisappear

forever.

【分析】

判断虚拟类型:“Itishighlimethat...”为固定虚拟句式,从句谓语需用“过去式”,表示“对现在/将

来的建议”,暗含“该做却未做的含义;

明确语义:字面意为“我们该采取有效措施保护濒危物种】深层语义是前尚未采取足够措施,急

需行动”:

主干提炼:Wctookeffectivemeasurestoprotecttheendangeredspecies(我们采取有效措施保护濒危物种):

此处“took”非过去时,而是虚拟语气标志,不可按常规时态理解为“过去采取措施”。

不同文体长难句特点及拆解侧重

高考英语阅读理解包含记叙文、议论文、说明文、新闻报道等不同文体,其长难句的结构和功能各有

特点,拆解时需针对性调整策略,提高效率。

(一)记叙文:侧重“事件逻辑”,抓时间/动作主线

【句式特点】

常通过“时间状语从句(wh,n/while/before)”“并列谓语非谓语作伴随状语(doing/done)”串联事

件,修饰成分多为细节描写(如人物外貌、环境场景),主干多为“主语+多个连续动作谓语”。

【拆解侧重】

先锁定“人物”和“核心动作”,剥离环境、外貌等补充描写,按时间顺序梳理事件发展,例如:

Asthesunwassettingbehindthemountains,theoldfisherman,whohadbeensailingontheseafornearly

tenhours,pulledhisnetoutofthewaterandfoundasmallgoldenfishinit.

【拆解思路】

抓人物与动作:人物“theoldfisherman”,核心动作“pulled...andfbund...”(拉网、发现鱼);

剥离修饰:时间状语“Asthesunwassetting…"(环境描写)、定语从句“whohadbeensailing...”(补充

渔民航行时长);

梳理事件:傍晚时分,航行了近10小时的老渔民抖网,在网中发现一条小金缶。

(-)议论文:侧重“观点逻辑”,抓论点/论据关系

【句式特点】

大量使用“宾语从句(that/what引导,表观点)”“让步状语从句(though/while引导,表转折)”“原

因状语从句(because/since引导,表理由)“,常通过"however/therefore”等逻辑词连接论点与论据,主

干多为“作者观点(主句)+论据(从句/插入语)”。

【拆解侧重】

先找“论点句”(常位于段首/段尾),再通过逻辑词区分“论据(支撑观点)”和“转折(补充观点)”,

避免被论据中的细节干扰论点判断。例如:

Whilesomepeoplearguethatonlineshoppingismoreconvenientandcost-effective,othersholdtheview

thatitlackstherealshoppingexperience,whichisessentialformiuiyconsumerswhoenjoytouchingandtrying

productsbeforebuying.

【拆解思路】

找论点:通过“While...others...”明确两种时立观点一“部分人认为网购便捷省钱”“另一部分人认为

网购缺乏真实购物体验”;

析论据:定语从句“whichisessential...buying”解释“真实购物体验重要的原因“(消费者喜欢购买前

触摸、试用商品):

理逻辑:让步关系引出两种观点,论据补充第二种观点的合理性,核心是呈现“网购利弊的争议

(二)说明文:侧重“说明对象”,抓“特征/方法”主干

【句式特点】

多含“定语从句(修饰说明对象特征)”“被动语态(强调客观事实)”“介词短语作定语(of/with/aboul,

说明属性)”,主干常为“说明对象+特征/功能/方法(be+adj./cando/bedone)”。

【柝解侧重】

先定位“说明对象”(通常是段落反复出现的名词),再找描述其“特征、功能、原理”的主干成分,

忽略次要的举例、数据等补充说明。例如:

Theintelligentrobotdevelopedbythiscompany,whichcanrecognizehumanemotionsthroughfacial

expressionsandvoicetones,iswidelyusedinhospitalstohelpdoctorscommunicatebelterwithpatientswho

havedifficultyexpressingthemselves.

【柝解思路】

定对象:说明对象为uThcintelligentrobof'(智能机器人):

找牛干:Theintelligentrobotiswidelyusedinhospitals(这款智能机器人在医院被广步便用):

补特征:定语从句“whichcanrecognize…tones”说明机器人特征(能通过面部表情和语调识别人类情

绪);介词短语“tohelp...patients”说明用途(帮助医生与表达困难的患者沟通)。

长难句理解中常见错误分析

在长难句拆解中,高三学生易因细节疏忽导致理解偏差,需重点规避以下三类错误:

(一)混淆“非谓语”与“谓语”

【借误表现】误将doing/done/todo当作句子主干谓语,导致主干定位错误.

【规避技巧】谓语动词需体现“时态、语态、人称"变化(isdoing/wasdone/hasfinished),非谓语无此

变化。

例:Thegirlsittingby(hewindowreadinganovelisinydeskmate.

错误:将usitting/reading,,当作谓语;

正确:主干谓语为“is”,“sitting/reading”为非谓语作定语,主干为“Thegirlismydeskmate「

(二)误判“从句归属”

【错误表现】将修饰某个名词的定语从句,误认为修饰整个句子的状语从句。

【规避技巧】定语从句前必有被修饰的“先行词”(名词/代词),状语从句无先行词,常表逻辑关系(原

因/时间/条件)。

例:Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenwefirstmet.

错误:认为“when”引导时间状语从句;

正确:“when”引导定语从句,先行词为“theday”(修饰“Fl子

(三)忽略“并列结构”对称性

【错误表现】未识别“and/or/but”连接的并列成分(如并列谓语、并列从句),导致漏读信息。

【规避技巧】找到并列连词后,前后成分需“结构对称”(如都是动词原形、都是从句)。

例:Shenotonlylikesplayingthepianobutalsoenjoyspainting.

结构对称:“likesplaying”与“enjoyspainting”为并列谓语,均作“she”的动作;

主干:Shelikesplaying(hepianoandenjoyspaintings

\

ScientistsinAustraliahaveusedArtificialIntelligence(AI)tohelpthemlocateararebirdcalledthe

Plains-wanderer.Thisnewinformationwillhelpscientistsprotect(hebirds,whichareendangered.

ThePlains-wandererisasmallbirdthatlivesinAustralia'sgrasslands.Notjustanygrasslands.

Plains-wanderersarepicky.Therecan'tbetoomuchgrassortoolittle.ZoosVictoria,thegroupbehindtherecent

efforttolocatePlains-wandcrers,saysthebirds5numberhasfallenbyover85%inrecentdecadesasgrasslands

havebeenturnedintofarmsandci:ics.Scientistsbelievetherearcnowonly250to1,000ofthebirdsleftinthe

wild.Scientistshaveputthespeciesintoa“family”allbyitselfsincetherearenoothersimilarbirds.Thefemale

Plains-wanderersarelarger,andareinchargeofprotectingtheterritorywhilethemalebirdsaresmallerandtake

careoftheeggs.

Toprotecttheserarebirds,scientistsfirsthadtoleamwheretheywere,soZoosVictoriaworkedwith

QueenslandUniversityofTechnologyonaplantolocatethebirds.SincePlains-wandererswerehardtospot,the

teamchoseto“listen"fbrthebirdsinstead.FemalePlains-wanderersmakeanunusual"Ooom"call,andthisis

thekeytolocatethem.

Theresearcherssetup35specialrecordingdevicescalled“songmeters“inninedifferentgrassyareas

wherePlains-wandererscouldpossiblyhavebeen.Songmetersrecordedallthesoundsmadeinanareaovera

longperiodoftime.Thesongmeterscollectedtensofthousandsofhoursofrecordings------farmorethanhumans

couldanalyze.SotheresearchersfedtherecordingstoanAIsystemtrainedtoidentifythecallsof

Plains-wanderers.TheAIsystemciscoveredPlains-wanderercallscomingfromtwoofthesites.Thescientists

double-chcckcdandfoundthattheAIsystemwascorrect.ChrisHartnett,whoworkedwithZoosVictoria,saidit

waslike“findinggold''.

Thenewinformationwillhelpscientistsprotectthebirds.Andtheresearchersarestill“listening”—using

songmetersandAItotrytolocatemoreoftheseGoldilocksbirds.

I.WhalistheprimarycausefortheP山ins-wanderers'populationdecline?

A.Habitatloss.B.Climatechange.C.Increasedenemies.D.Lackoffoodsources.

2.WhatcanweknowaboutPlains-wanderersfromparagraph2?

A.Theirphysicalcharacteristicsareunique.B.Theyaretheonlybirdsthatliveingrasslands.

C.Theybelongtoafamilywithnocloserelatives.D.Thefemalearcmoreresponsiblethanthemale.

3.Whatdoestheunderlinedsentenceimplyinparagraph4?

A.Thediscoveryisvaluable.B.Thebirdspreferthegrassland.

C.Thebirdsareasexpensiveasgold.D.Theprotectionofthebirdsisvital.

4.WhyisAIessentialinthisresearch?

A.Itpredictsthefuturepopulationtrends.B.Itreplacestheneedforhumanscientists.

C.Itprocessesamountsofsounddataefficiently.D.ItmakesbirdcallstoattractPlains-wanderers.

2

It'seighto'clockonChristmasmorning,anddadsayshewantstolistentothenews.My11-year-oldselfis

wonderingwhyonEarthgrown-upswouldbeinterestedinthenewswhenthereareimportantthingstobedone,

suchashandingoutpresents.Andthen,whileIamonlyhalf-listeningtotheradiobroadcast,somethingunusual

happens:theboringnewsreaderbeginstalkingaboutaChristmasmessage.Hadn'twcheardthatreportearlier?

Myolderbrother,Colin,figuresoutwhat'shappening.uPete,Pete,it'sataperecorder!We'vegotourtape

recorder!

Itfinallydawnsonme:mydadrecordedthenewsandisplayingitbacknow.

1thinkit'squiteraretoexperiencerealexcitementoverapresent,butformethiswasoneofthose

raremoments.ColinandIhadbothbeenblindfrombirth.Now,inthelate1950s,excitingconsumergoodswere

uoniiiigwilliinreachofthenol-sorich.Al111cspecialbuaidingsclioolihalCuiinandIallcndcd,arecorderufyour

ownwastheheightofjoy.However,Colin——betterinformedandmorerealisticaboutfamilyfinancesthanI

was一hadnorealexpectationsofgettingone.Irealised,muchlater,thatataperecorderwouldhavecostmore

thanfourtimesdad'sweeklywage.

Thenewtoy,thesizeofasmallsuitcase,dominatedtherestoftheChristmasholidays.Oncewehad

masteredthecontrols,werecordedanythingandeverything:eachether,ourparents,themilkman,thedog...and

weveryquicklylearnedhowmuchtunwecouldhavewithit.Forthefirsttime,inthesamewaythatasighted

childmightreact(oseeingthemselvesinamirrororaphotograph,Igotthesenseofmyselfasaseparateperson

whoexistedoutsidemyheadandwasexperiencedbyotherpeople.Itwasbothexcitingandenibarrassing.

ItookmyfirststepsdownthepathtomycareerasabroadcasterwhenIreturnedtoschoolafterthe

holidays.Iwasluckytobeinaclassofimaginativeandcreativeboyscrazyforrecorders,anditwasn'tlong

beforewcstartedtomakeourownradioprogrammes.Iwouldwanderroundtheschoolwithmymicrophone,

recordingmythoughtsinthestyleofthevoicesIheardontheradio.

Tenyearslater,Idrewon(heconfidencegainedfromthoseearlyinvolvementinsoundandwalkedintoa

radiostation,inthehopesofsellingmyselfasabroadcastjournalist.Twenty-fiveyearslater,Ipresentedmyfirst

reportfbrBBCTV'sSixO'ClockNews,aprogrammemydadhadnevermissed.Althoughbythenhe'dbeen

deadfbrmorethanadecade,Iliketothinkhe'dhaverealisedthathisinspiringChristmaspresenthadchanged

mylife.

1.WhydiddadwanttolistentothenewsonChristmasmorning?

A.Heexpectedtogivetheboysasurprise.

B.Hewaspostponinghandingouthispresents.

C.Hehadalwaysenjoyedlisteningtothenews.

D.HemissedtheChristmasnewsthedaybefore.

2.Bythefirstsentenceofparagraph4.the“experiencerealexcitementoverapresent、'meansthat.

A.hedidn,tknowbeforewhatarecorderwas

B.hegotthetaperecorderhehadbeendyingfor

C.therecorderwasthefirstpresenthegotfromdad

D.therecorderwasanexceptionallymeaningfulgift

3.Whatdidtherecorderenabletheboystodowhentheystartedtouseit?

A.Make(heirownradioprogrammes.

B.Disuovcimuicabout(licnibclvcs.

C.Pursueacareerinbroadcasting.

D.Heareachothermoreclearly.

4.Accordingtothepassage,howdidthetaperecorderchangetheauthor'slife?

A.Itboostedtheauthor'sconfidenceincommunicatingwithpeople.

B.1(helpedtheauthordevelopacloserrelationshipwithhisfamily.

C.1(madetheauthormoreinterestedinlisteningtonewsreports.

D.Itsparkedtheauthor'spassionforsoundandbroadcasting.

3

Wikipedia(维基百科),onecf(helastremainingpillarsoftheopenandfreeweb,isinexisteniialcrisis.

Thetrendtowardsrationality(理性)wasendangeredlongbeforethebirthoftheWorldWideWeb.AsNeil

Postmannotedinhis1985bookAmusingOurselvestoDeath,theriseoftelevisionintroducednotjustanew

mediumbutanewatmosphere:agradualshiftfromatypographic(印刷的)culturetoaphotographicone,which

inturnmeantashiftfromrationalitytoemotions,opinionstoentertainment.

Inanimage-centeredandpleasure-drivenworld.Postmannoted,thereisnoplaceforthinking,becauseyou

simplycannotthinkwithimages.Itistextthatenablesusto“uncoverliesandconfusions,andtodetectabusesof

logicandcommonsense.Italsomeanstoweighideas,tocompareandcontraststatements,toconnectone

generalizationtoanother.”

Thedominanceoftelevisionwasnotcontainedtoourlivingrooms.Itoverturnedallofthosehabitsof

mind,fundamentallychangingourexperienceoftheworld,affectingpolitics,religion,business,andculture.Il

recucedmanyaspectsofmodemlifetoentertainmentandcommerce.4tAmericansdon'ttalktoeachother;we

entertaineachother,“Postmanwrote.4<Theydon'texchangeideas;theyexchangeimages.Theydonotarguewith

propositions:theyarguewithgood'ooks,celebritiesandcommercials.”

Atfirst,thewebseemedtopushagainstthistrend.Whenitemergedtowardsthelate1980sasapurely

textbasedmedium,itwasseenasatooltopursueknowledge,notpleasure.Reasonandthoughtweremostvalued

inthisgarden.Universitieswereamongthefirsttoconnecttothisnewmedium,hostingdiscussiongroups,

informativeblogs,electronicmagazines,andacademicfbrums.Itwasanintellectualproject,notaboutcommerce

orcontrol,createdinascientificresearchcenterinSwitzerland.

Wikipediawasafruitofthisgarden.SowasGooglesearchanditstext-basedadvertisingmodel.Andso

wereblogs,whichvaluedtext,hyperlinks,knowledge,andliterature.Andformorethanadecade,thewebcreated

anallurnalivcspacedialihrcalcncdIcluvisioiTspoweroversociety.

Socialnetworks,though,havesincecolonizedthewebfortelevision'svalues.FromFacebooktoinstagram,

themediumrefocusesourattentiononvideosandimages,rewardingemotionalappeals—“like”buttonsover

rationalones.Insteadofsearchingforknowledge,i(engagesusinanendlesspassionforinstantapprovalfroman

audience,forwhichweareconstantlybutunconsciouslyperfonring.Itreducesourcuriositybyshowingus

exactlywhatwealreadywantandthink,basedonourprofilesandpreferences.TheEnlighlenment'smotto(座右

铭1of"Daretoknow"hasbecome“Darenottocaretoknow.”

NowthechallengeistosaveWikipediaanditspromiseofafreeandopencollectionofallhuman

knowledgeamongtheconquestofsocialmedia-howtocollectandpreserveknowledgewhennobodycaresto

know.WeneedtounderstandthatthedeclineofthewebandtherebyoftheWikipediaispartofamuchlarger

civilizationshiftwhichhasjuststaredtounfold.

1.AccordingtoNeilPostman,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?

A.Televisionstartedarevolutioninphotographictechnology.

B.Textshelppeoplethinkcriticallytomakejudgments.

C.Imagesgivepeoplemorechancestocommunicatedeeper.

D.Thewebwasmeanttoserveasanentertainmentplatform.

2.Theunderlinedword“proposilions”inparagraph4probablymeans"

A.experiencesB.appearancesC.opinionsD.consequences

3.Whatcanweinferabouttheinfluenceofsocialmediafromtheunderlinedsentence?

A.Weareconstantlydistractedandcan'tfbcusforlong.

B.Wcarcwellkeptupdatedv/iththelatestinformation.

C.Wehavebecomemorecuriousabouttheoutsideworld.

D.Wehavebecomeuninterestedinintellectualpursuits.

4.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthispassage?

A.TheDeclineofTelevisionB.ThePowerofSocialMedia

C.WhyWeAmuseOurselvestoDeathD.HowSocialMediaEndangersKnowledge

4

Thatmomentstillflashesbeforeme:spillingcofleeacrossinysupervisor'swhitenotesduringacritical

meeting.Theheatinmyface,theapologies—anembarrassingmemoryetchedpainfullydeep.Weallhavethese

awkwardsnapshots.Butwhatifthisvividrecallholdsanunexpectedkeytoasharpermind?Neuroscienceshows

enhancinguurincinorysystemsdocsfarniurcIlianslurcfacts.

Adedicatedresearchteamhasdevelopedsophisticatedmethodstoamplifythebrain'smemory.Their

findingsrevealsurprisingbenefitstouchingnearlyeveryaspectofcognitionandemotion.

Forgetstrugglingforhours.Participantsusingthesetechniquesexperiencedacceleratecmasteryof

complexskills.Learningcomplexsoftwareorconversationalfluencyinanewlanguagebecamefasterandmore

intuitive(直觉的).Informationstuckwithlesseffort,transformingstudyin

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