专题08 阅读理解之词义猜测题-高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练（原卷版）

专题08阅读理解之词义猜测题2020-2023年高考英语阅读理解考情分析项目年份卷别语篇类型题型应用文记叙文说明文议论文细节理解推理判断主旨要义词义猜测2023新高考I卷ABC/D6711新高考Ⅱ卷ABC/D8331全国甲卷ABC/D951全国乙卷BA/CD58112022新高考I卷ACDB10311新高考Ⅱ卷ABC/D7512全国甲卷AC/DB8331全国乙卷AC/DB112112021新高考I卷ABC/D6621新高考Ⅱ卷ABC/D9411全国甲卷ACBD6711全国乙卷A/B/C/D48212020新高考I卷AB/CD7512全国I卷AC/DB4821全国Ⅱ卷ADB/C8232从以上表格可以看出，高考英语对于词义猜测题的考查，每年都有一到两题，它包括单词词义猜测、短语猜测和句子猜测。在说明文尤其是科技类说明文中，作者通常会对一些关键词或专业术语进行解释。常见的有对该词下定义或后跟同位语、定语从句、冒号、破折号、括号等引出解释说明部分。通过阅读定义或解释部分，读者便可理解该词或短语的意思。词义猜测题常用解题方法：定义法、对比法、因果法、常识联想法、例举法、语境线索法、构词法等。猜词题可以使用以下口决：1.指代词：出现指代往前找，单复人物要看好；2.半熟悉词，利用构词法：半生不熟看构词，结合语境来把持；3.纯生词，则利用逻辑关系、同义解释、上下文语境：同义语境和逻辑，上下求索寻真义。题型归纳题型01定义法【题型诠释】有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释。一般通过定义、定语从句、同位语短语或从句等来确定词义。有时通过or,thatis,thatistosay,namely,inotherwords等来释义。需要解释的单词和短语大多是专有名词、生僻词或文中较重要的词。标点符号，如逗号后的解释(名词同位语)、破折号后的解释、括号内的解释等。定义常用的谓语动词多为：be,

mean,deal

with,be

consideredtobe,becalled,

define,represent,

refer

to,

signify(意味，表明)等。这都是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。解这类题时，学生要学会解这类题时，学生要学会分析句子结构，把握句子的主干部分，利用好一些标识词，然后做出恰当的猜测。【典例1】(安徽省合肥市第168中学高二上学期期末考试)Eatyourvegetables.Washyourhands.Alwayssay“please”and“thankyou”.Wearefullofadviceforourchildren,butwhenitcomestomoney,weoftenhavelittletosay.Asaresult,ourchildrenmaygrowupwithcleanhandsandgoodmanners,butwithoutanyideahowtomanagetheirmoney.Herearesomebasicsthatwillhelpguidethemtheirentirelives：Showthemthefuture.Ifyour13-year-oldgirlweretosave

1,000,invest(投资)itat81.000,invest(投资)itat8,100everymonth,bythetimeshe’s65,shewouldhave$980,983!Becarefulofcredit(信用).Creditcardscanhelpyoubuynecessarythingsandbuildacredithistory,buttheymustbeusedresponsibly,whichmeanspayingoffyourdebtintime.Explaintoyourchildrenthatwhenyoubuysomethingusingacreditcard,youcaneasilyenduppayingtwoorthreetimeswhatyouwouldhavepaidifyouusedcash.Teachpatience.Supposeyourchildwantsanewbicyclethatcosts

150.Ratherthanpayingthecash,givehimsomeregularpocketmoneyandexplainthatbyputtingaside,say,150.Ratherthanpayingthecash,givehimsomeregularpocketmoneyandexplainthatbyputtingaside,say,15eachweek,hewillbeabletobuyitforhimselfinonlytenweeks.Provide

incentive.Tellyourchildrentheimportanceofsaving.“Foreverydollarheorsheagreestosaveandinvestratherthanspend,youagreetoaddanotherdollartothepot,”saysCathyPareto,expertinmoneyplanning.Explainyourvalues.Valuesandmoneyaredeeplyintertwined(缠结在一起),saysEilleenGallo,co-authorofTheFinanciallyIntelligentParent.Whenyourchilddemandsthatyoubuysomething,explainwhyyoureallydon’twanttobuyit.“Youmightsay,‘I’drathersavethatmoneyforyoureducation,’”advisesGallo.Everytimeyouspendordon’tspendmoney,youhaveachancetoshareyourvalues.2.Theunderlinedword“incentive”inparagraph5means

________.A.honor

B.praise

C.excitement

D.encouragement

【答案】D【解析】词义猜测推理题。根据Tellyourchildrentheimportanceofsaving.“Foreverydollarheorsheagreestosaveandinvestratherthanspend,youagreetoaddanotherdollartothepot,”saysCathyPareto...引号中的一段话及本段内容是鼓励孩子学会节约，学会节省，故该词应该是指鼓励。故D正确。题型02对比法【题型诠释】我们还可以利用前后对比来猜测词义。转折连词“but”、让步状语从句、条件从句和“unlike”,“inspiteof”,“onthecontrary”,“ontheotherhand”,“however”等介词、副词能构成前后意义上的对比关系。而as,like,justasalso等词则可以帮助构成意义上相似、成份上对应的比较关系。这些都是我们解决猜词的标识词语。看准标识词，弄清楚它们的意思，再通过上下文进行猜测。有些是表示相似的标识词，有些是表示相反的标识词。看准标识词，弄清楚它们的意思，再通过上下文进行猜测。有些是表示相似的标识词，有些是表示相反的标识词。【典例2】（2023·北京海淀·石家庄市第四十二中学统考一模）AtamuseuminVietnam,LenaBui’sfilmWhereBirdsDanceTheirLastreflectedonthebeautyandvulnerabilityofVietnamesefeatherfarmsafterBirdFlu.DuringafestivalinRwanda,EllenReid’saudioexperienceSoundwalkwassharedinahopefuldiscussionaboutmusic,parksandmentalhealth.TheseareafewofthethingsIhavehelpedbringtolifeovertheyears,workingattheintersectionofscientificresearch,theartsandadvocacytosupportscienceinsolvingglobalhealthchallenges.Scienceiskeytoaddressingtheseissues.Butitisn’ttheonlykey.Toachieveitspotentialandforitsadvancestobeimplementedandreachallwhocouldbenefit,sciencedependsontrustandgoodrelationships.Peoplemightnotalwaysseescienceasrelevant,trustworthyormeaningfultotheirlives.Therearereasonswhysomeseescienceashavingachequeredpast,fromnuclearweaponstoeugenics,andarethereforeuninterestedin,orsuspiciousof,whatitproposes.Othersfeelexcludedbytheincomprehensibilityofhyperspecialistknowledge.Initscapacitytobuilduponandtestanevidencebase,scienceispowerful,butresearchersandfundershaven’tbeenasgoodatensuringthisevidencebaserespondstotheneedsandinterestsofdiversecommunities,orinformspolicymakerstotakeaction.Sciencemightbeperceivedasdistancingitselffromthepersonal,thepoeticandthepolitical,yetitispreciselythesequalitiesthatcanbemostinfluentialwhenitcomestopublicinterestinatopicorhowagovernmentprioritizesadecision.Amovingstorywelltoldcanbemorememorablethanalistoffacts.Thisiswheretheartscomein.Artistscangiveusdifferentperspectiveswithwhichtoconsiderandreimaginetheworldtogether.Theycanredresstheproclaimedobjectivityinsciencebybringingstories—subjectivities—intothepicture,andthesecanhelpfosterasenseofconnectionandhope.In2012,Isetupartistresidenciesinmedicalresearchcentresaroundtheworld.BuiwasattachedtotheOxfordUniversityClinicalResearchUnitinVietnam.Theheadoftheresearchteamwasdelighted,findingthatBui,asaVietnameseartist,hadlicensetobein,andtoshareusefulinsightsfrom,villageswhereinfectiousdiseaseresearchersweren’twelcome.Sixyearslater,IledWellcome’sContagiousCitiesprogram,whichestablishedartistresidenciesworldwidetosupportlocallyledexplorationsofepidemicpreparedness.Therecentpandemicmadethisworkmorenoticeable,andhasinformedourMindscapesprogramwhichiscurrentlysharingexperiencesofmentalhealththroughtheworkofartists.Withpandemic,climateandmentalhealthcrisesuponus,risinginequalityandwhatfeelslikeanincreasinglybrokenworld,neverhastherebeenmoreneedtobuildandnurturehopefulandimaginativespacestogrowhumanconnectionandsharedpurposeforthecommongood.Scienceandtheartscanworkhandinglovetoachievethis.21.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“chequered”inParagraph2probablymean?A.Recentandremote. B.Goodandbad. C.Usualandunusual. D.Peacefulandscary.【答案】B【解析】词句猜测题。根据第二段“Peoplemightnotalwaysseescienceasrelevant,trustworthyormeaningfultotheirlives.(人们可能并不总是认为科学与他们的生活相关、值得信赖或有意义)”以及画线词后文“fromnuclearweaponstoeugenics,andarethereforeuninterestedin,orsuspiciousof,whatitproposes”可知，人们可能并不总是认为科学与他们的生活相关、值得信赖或有意义，所以有些人认为科学的过去有好有坏，从核武器到优生学，因此对科学提出的东西不感兴趣或怀疑是有原因的。故画线词意思是“有好有坏”。故选B。题型03因果法【题型诠释】因果关系是一种常见的、行之有效的提供生词词义信息的逻辑关系，一定的原因会导致一定的结果，某一结果总是由某种或某些原因引起的，不管生词出现在原因分句还是结果分句，我们都能从因果关系中推出其含义。在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。作者在叙述原因的过程中就必然会把词或句子置于因果关系中。常见的表示因果关系的词汇：since,as,because,for,so,thus,consequently,therefore,hence,due

to,owing

to,thanks

to,on

account

of,result

in,result

from,as

a

result,for

this

reason,accordingly,

so...that...,sothat,such...that等。在做这类题时在做这类题时，根据前后的因果关系来推断其中的某个生词或短语的意思，既可由因推果，也可由果推因。【典例3】（2023上·辽宁·高三辽宁实验中学校考阶段练习）Everyonetriestheirbestinlife,andsometimesafewkindwordsofencouragementcanhelppeoplerealizethattheireffortsarenotinvain(徒劳).ⅠrememberatimewhenIwasinfifthgrade,andIwasaveryshygirl.Therewasadrawingcompetitionatmyschoolthatday.Aseveryonestartedtousetheircreativeideastodraw,Iwasonlytryingtothinkofsomethingcreativethatcouldexpressmythoughtsandemotions.Lostinmyownworld,Iwasbroughtbacktorealitywhenmyartteachercalledmynamefrombehind.Shecametomeandencouragedme,saying,“Don’toverthinkit,justputwhatevercomestoyourmindonthecanvas(画布).Doyourbest,andyouwilldowell.”Takingherwordsofwisdomtoheart,Istartedmypainting.Timeflewby,andsoonthebellrang,signalingtheendofthetimelimit.Weallturnedinourcanvasesforinspection(检查).Thenextday,thewinnersofthecompetitionwereannouncedinfrontofthewholeschool.Tomysurprise,Iheardmynamebeingcalledsecondprize.Itwasaboltfromtheblueforme,asIhadneverdaredtodreamofwinninganyprize.Lateron,Iexpressedmygratitudetomyartteacherforherwordsofencouragementandforbelievinginme.Thatday,IbecameawareofmytalentandstartedpaintingmorewheneverIhadfreetime.Sometimes,Ithinkthatifitweren’tforherwordsofencouragement,ImayhaveneverdiscoveredthetalentIhave.Overall,thisexperiencetaughtmetheimportanceofencouragingothersandhowafewkindwordscanmakeasignificantimpactonsomeone’slife【答案】D【解析】词句猜测题。根据第三段“Tomysurprise,Iheardmynamebeingcalledsecondprize.Itwasaboltfromtheblueforme,asIhadneverdaredtodreamofwinninganyprize.(令我惊讶的是，我听到二等奖里有自己的名字。这对我来说是boltfromtheblue，因为我从来不敢梦想赢得任何奖项)”可知，作者做梦都不敢想能得到任何奖品，所以听到自己获奖的消息后感到非常惊讶，划线部分表示“震惊，惊讶”，与surprise同义。故选D。题型04常识联想法【题型诠释】在仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系和语境无法猜出词义时，我们可以借助生活经验和普通常识确定词义。阅读题文段题材丰富，涉及社会、科普、政治、文化、经济、历史、生活、风俗等多方面知识。解解此类阅读题时，也要根据英语国家社会文化背景等，作出正确的判断。【典例4】（2023·北京·清华附中校考三模）Avideocirculatedonsocialmediaearlierthisyear,showingatouristopeningthedoorofavehicle,reachingoutanarmandattemptingtostrokeapassinglioness.Thelionessshruggedhimoff,butitcouldhaveeasilygonehorriblywrong.Recklessbehaviouraroundwildliferisksthesafetyofbothpeopleandanimals.Peopleriskbeingattacked,mauled(撕咬)andpossiblykilled,whileanimalscanbeharmed,removedorputdown,irrespectiveofwhethertheywereonlydefendingthemselves.Animalattackscanalsocastadestinationinanegativelight,causingtemporaryclosuresorscaringoffvisitors.Alljustsosomeonecouldboastthattheyhadstrokedalionorcapturedamomentonacameraphone.“Touristsaregettingmoreandmorerecklessaroundwildlifeandthesourceoftheproblemissocialmedia.”sayswildlifephotographerAnetteMosshachers.“Peopleriskingtheirlivesordoingstupidthingswithwildlifeareafter‘likes’andfollowers,somethingtoshowoffonsocialmedia,”saysMossbacher.“Thegreatertherisk,themore‘likes’theyget.Withsomeclients,itseemslikeasicknessoraddiction.”Yetsocialmediaisnotentirelytoblame.Peoplehavealwaystakenrisksforanexperience.Foolishbehaviorandatendencytogetcockyarounddangerousanimalsmusthavebeenaroundsincethedawnofhumanity.Ahungerforattentiononlinemightdrivesomeofthecurrentmadness,butsomeindividualsmightbetryingtorecreateapieceoftheactiontheyhaveseenontelevision.Perhapstheadrenaline(肾上腺激素)rushwhenclosetowildanimalscausesanevaporationofcommonsense.“There’saworryinglackofawarenessthatanimalsseveraltimesoursize,weight,speedandstrengthcaneasilyhurtus,”sayswildlifephotographerDavidLloyd.“Idon’tthinkparksaredoingenoughtoraiseawareness.Touristsneedtoknowhowtheirpresencecanaffectwildlife.Agoodexampleischeetahs(猎豹)onvehiclerooftops.Itmaybeathrillforthebystanders,buttheconsequencesifamothercheetahfallsoffwouldbesevere.Shewouldnolongerbeabletohunt,sohercubscouldeasilystarve.”“Peoplearen’tgettingtheeducationaboutwhytheyneedtostayawayfromwildlife,includingavoidingdiseases,keepingpeoplesecureandlettingwildlifebewild,”saysPhilipMuruthi,vicepresidentofspeciesconservationandsciencefortheAfricanWildlifeFoundation.“Weneedtoeducatetouriststhroughsigns,pamphletsandfrontlinedrivers.Weshouldsticktoguidelines,andthereneedstobeenforcementthroughthelaw.”18.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“cocky”inParagraph4probablymean?A.Selfish. B.Frightened. C.Arrogant. D.Shocked.【答案】C【解析】词句猜测题之常识联想法。根据第四段中“Peoplehavealwaystakenrisksforanexperience.Foolishbehaviorandatendencytogetcockyarounddangerousanimalsmusthavebeenaroundsincethedawnofhumanity.(人们总是为了体验而冒险。自人类诞生以来，在危险动物面前愚蠢的行为和cocky倾向一定一直存在)”可知，冒险是人类的本性，结合并列词组“Foolishbehavior”可知推知，“getcocky”也是一种鲁莽的、不理性的表现，结合选项，cocky与arrogant同义，意为“傲慢的”。故选C项。题型05例举法【题型诠释】通过一些例子说明生词的词义,用suchas,forexample,like,forinstance等来引出。在特定的情况下，作者通过一连串同一类型或范畴的词语来表达其思想，如果有一生词就在一系列同范畴的词语中，可以通过这些词的特征和语义范围来推断出生词的词义范围。解决这类题时，学生要看准表示举例的标识词，除了前面提到的外，还可能有解决这类题时，学生要看准表示举例的标识词，除了前面提到的外，还可能有i.e.,thatis,thatistosay等。【典例5】（2023上·天津·高三天津实验中学校考阶段练习）Aworld-championbodybuilderhasnomoremusclesthandoesa90-poundpersonwhoisphysicallyweak.Sowhatmakeshimsostrong?Whatotherqualitiesdoesheneed?Musclesaremadeofthousandsofstringyfibers-anumberthatisfixedduringchildhood-whichcontract(收缩）whendoingwork.Strengthdoesnotdependonthenumberoffibersbutonthefunctionoftheirthicknessandhowmanyofthemcontractatthesametime.Exerciseactuallydamagesthemuscles.Duringtherecoverystage,themusclefibersincreaseinsize.Exercisealsotrainsmoremusclefiberstoworkatonetime.Ifamuscleisweakoruntrained,forexample,only10percentofitsfiberswillcontract,whereasupto90percentofthefibersinaweightlifter’sbiceps(二头肌）willcontract.Asidefromthestrength,twootherfactorsgointomakinganathlete:fitnessandendurance.Fitnessisrelatedtotheconditionoftheheart.Duringexercises,thereisanincreaseintheamountofbloodreturningtotheheartfromthemuscles.Atypicalvolumeforarunneratrestisabout5quartsaminute,comparedwith30quartsduringavigoroustrial(运动测试).Thisgreatervolumemeansmoreworkfortheheart---amuscularballoonthatexpandsandcontractistotakeinbloodandpushitout.Likeanyothermuscle,theheartenlargesandgetsstrongerwithroutineexercise.Endurance,orthelengthoftimemusclescanwork,dependsinpartonhowmuchfuel－inthiscasesugar-themusclescanstore.Amusclethatiscontinuallyexerciseduntilitrunsoutofsugartendstostoremorewhenitrefuelsatthenextmeal.Andmoresugarcantranslateintogreaterendurancethenexttimethemuscleisputtothetest.13.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying“thisgreatervolumemeansmoreworkfortheheart”?A.Theheartbearsthetaskofmakingmorebloodduringavigoroustrial.B.Theheartneedstobearthefastheartbeatingduringavigoroustrial.C.Thehearttakesinmorebloodandpushesitoutduringavigoroustrial.D.Theheartenlargesandbecomesstrongerroutinelyduringavigoroustrial.【答案】C【解析】词句猜测题。根据第四段倒第二句中的“amuscularballoonthatexpandsandcontractistotakeinbloodandpushitout”(一个可以扩张和收缩的肌肉气球的作用是吸收血液并将其排出)可知，作者的意思是心脏吸收更多的血液，并在运动测试中将其排出体外。故选C。题型06语境线索法【题型诠释】根据综合语境，通过一定的语言逻辑关系，加以推理判断，从而理解生词词义。阅读题文段题材丰富。涉及社会、科普、政治、文化、经济、历史、生活、风俗等多方面知识。解阅读题时，也要根据英语国家社会文化背景等，作出正确的判断。这类题型包括文化语境线索、语境标记线索和词汇语境线索。这类题型包括文化语境线索、语境标记线索和词汇语境线索。语言标记中的标点符号逗号、分号、破折号、括号，甚至还包括句号，对语境线索的提示作用和句子间的关联作用很重要。【典例6】（2023上·辽宁·高三辽宁实验中学校考阶段练习）AftercollegeIwantedtomakeadifferenceintheworld,soIjoinedthePeaceCorpsandbecameavolunteerteacherinNamibia,mycountryofassignment(任务).Honestly,myfirstchoicewasn’tAfrica,butIamextremelygratefulthatIwassentthere.VarioustribesandracialgroupsliveinNamibiaandanumberoflanguagesarespoken.WhenNamibiagainedindependencein1990,Englishbecametheofficiallanguage.TeachersweresupposedtoteachinEnglish,butmanylackedthelanguageskillstodoso.Myjobwastotraintheteachers.Schoolswerequitebare.Someclassroomsconsistedmerelyofsticksstuckinthesandandametalroof.Eachstudenthadonlyonethreadbareuniform.Thestudentshadexhaustingdays.Theywalkedmilestogettoschool,oftenbarefoot.Theyalsodidmanydailychores.Evenwiththeirmountainsofwork,fewpossessionsandlittleopportunity,thesechildrenwerejoyful.Iadmiredthat.Thiswasmyfirsttimelivingabroadinadifferentculture.Simplyadaptingtothelivingconditionswasabigadjustment.Ihadnoelectricity,runningwater,phoneorInternet.Imaginenoairconditioningwherethetemperaturewasoftenabove38degreesCelsius!However,IcouldendeachdaywithasplendidAfricansunset.Andatnight,Icouldhaveanincrediblepollution-freeviewoftheentireMilkyWay(银河).BeforeNamibia,Ineverthoughtagirllikemewouldadapttosuchanenvironment.Myexperienceawakenedmetonotonlythelimitationsweplaceonourselves,butalsoouramazingabilitytoadapt.Stepoutsideofyourcomfortzoneandthrowyourselfinanotherculture.Youwon’tregretit.28.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“threadbare”inParagraph3mean?A.Ancient. B.Uncomfortable. C.Ugly. D.Shabby.【答案】D【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“oftenbarefoot”以及“fewpossessions”可知，孩子们的生活非常艰苦，而且由画线词前面的“onlyone”可知，他们每人仅有一件校服，所以“threadbare”应表示“破旧的”，故只有D项“shabby”符合语境，故选D。题型07构词法【题型诠释】在英语中，有很多词可以通过增加前缀和后缀的方式，构成新词。乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但在掌握了一定的构词知识之后，就不难猜出它的词义。中学英语常见的前缀和后缀有：super-超;过于 inter-互相;在…之间 micro-极微小的re-再,反复 sub-次于...,在…底下 co-共同post-(在…之)后 pre-(在…之)前 trans-超越；转换under-在之…下；低于； anti-反；防(止) mis-不；非un/in/im/ir-dis-不；非;无 non-不；非 Sino-中国(人)的-able可被…的 -hood状态；性质；时期 -ish如…的；有点儿…的-proof防…的；抗…的 -ship身份；资格；权力； -some引起…的;产生…的-wards向 -less不能…的；无…的学生应该尽可能多记一些前后缀，不要混淆。还有一些常见的前缀或后缀，比如学生应该尽可能多记一些前后缀，不要混淆。还有一些常见的前缀或后缀，比如un/in/im/ir-dis-不；非;无，都可以表示否定，则应该重点记住高中阶段学过的一些词。【典例7】（2016上·黑龙江牡丹江·高二统考期末）Haveyoueverhadthestrangefeelingthatyouwerebeingwatched?Youturnedaroundand,sureenough,someonewaslookingrightatyou!Parapsychologists(灵学家)saythathumanshaveanaturalabilitytosensewhensomeoneislookingatthem.Toresearchwhethersucha“sixthsense”reallyexists,RobertBaker,apsychologist(心理学家)attheUniversityofKentucky,didtwoexperiments.Inthefirstone,Bakersatbehindunknowingpeopleinpublicplacesandstared(盯着)atthebacksoftheirheadsfor5to15minutes.Thesubjects(受试者)wereeating,drinking,reading,studying,watchingTV,orworkingatacomputer.Bakermadesurethatthepeoplecouldnottellthathewassittingbehindthemduringthoseperiods.Later,whenhequestionedthesubjects,almostallofthemsaidtheyhadnosensethatsomeonewasstaringatthem.Forthesecondexperiment,Bakertoldthesubjectsthattheywouldbestaredatfromtimetotimefrombehindinalaboratorysetting.Thepeoplehadtowritedownwhentheyfelttheywerebeingstaredatandwhentheyweren’t.Bakerfoundthatthesubjectswerenobetterattellingwhentheywerestaredatandwhentheyweren’t.Bakerconcludesthatpeopledonothavetheabilitytosensewhenthey’rebeingstaredat.Ifpeopledoubttheoutcomeofhistwoexperiments,saidBaker,“Isuggesttheyrepeattheexperimentsandseeforthemselves.”2.Theunderlinedword“outcome”inthelastparagraphmostprobablymeans________.A.value B.result C.performance D.connection【答案】B【解析】词义猜测题。最后一段表明心理学家Baker得出结论，因此根据第一句话Bakerconcludesthatpeopledonothavetheabilitytosensewhenthey’rebeingstaredat.得知“outcome”在此处为“结果”，故选B。高考练场题型01对比法(2022年6月浙江卷C篇)Manypeoplebelievethatworkingtothemaximumisthesecrettosuccess,butresearchhasfoundthatmoderation(适度)alsogetsresultsonthejob.InastudyledbyEllenLangerofHarvardUniversity,researchersaskedpeopletotranslatesentencesintoanewamade-uplanguage.Subjectswhopracticedthelanguagemoderatelybeforehandmadefewererrorsthanthosewhopracticedextensivelyornotatall.Highlevelsofknowledgecanmakepeopletooattachedtotraditionalwaysofviewingproblemsacrossfieldsthearts,sciences,andpolitics.Highconscientiousnessisrelatedtolowerjobperformance,especiallyinsimplejobswhereitdoesn’tpaytobeaperfectionist.Howlongwestayontheclockandhowwespendthattimeareundercarefulexaminationinmanyworkplaces.Theyoungbankerwhoeatslunchathisdeskisprobablyseenasago-getter,whilehiscolleagueswhochatoverarelaxedconference-roommealgetdirtylooksfromthecorneroffice.“Peoplefromculturesthatvaluerelationshipsmorethanoursdoesareshockedbythethoughtofeatingaloneinfrontofacomputer”,saysArtMarkman,aprofessorofpsychologyattheUniversityofTexas,Austin.Socialinteractionhasbeenshowntoliftmood(情绪)andgetpeoplethinkinginnewdirectionsandinwaysthatcouldhelpimproveanypost-luncheffort.Markmanalsopromotesoff-tasktime.“Partofbeingagoodthinkerisexperiencingthingsthatareseeminglyunrelatedtowhatyouareworkingonatthemomentbutgiveyoufreshideasaboutyourwork,”hesays.“Also,thereisalotofresearchshowingthatapositivemoodleadstohigherlevelsofproductivityandcreativity.So,whenpeopledothingstoincreasetheirlifesatisfaction,theyalsomakethemselvesmoreeffectiveatwork.”8.Theunderlinedword“go-getter”inparagraph3referstosomeonewho_______.A.isgoodathandlingpressure B.workshardtobecomesuccessfulC.ahasanaturaltalentforhisjob. D.getsonwellwithhisco-workers题型02因果法(2022年高考英语北京卷D篇)Quantum(量子)computershavebeenonmymindalotlately.Afriendhasbeensendingmearticlesonhowquantumcomputersmighthelpsolvesomeofthebiggestchallengeswefaceashumans.I’vealsohadexchangeswithtwoquantum-computingexperts.OneiscomputerscientistChrisJohnsonwhoIseeassomeonewhohelpskeepthefieldhonest.TheotherisphysicistPhilipTaylor.Fordecades,quantumcomputinghasbeenlittlemorethanalaboratorycuriosity.Now,bigtechcompanieshaveinvestedinquantumcomputing,ashavemanysmallerones.AccordingtoBusinessWeekly,quantummachinescouldhelpus“curecancer,andeventakestepstoturnclimatechangeintheoppositedirection.”Thisisthesortofhype(炒作)thatannoysJohnson.Heworriesthatresearchersaremakingpromisestheycan’tkeep.“What’snew,”Johnsonwrote,“isthatmillionsofdollarsarenowpotentiallyavailabletoquantumcomputingresearchers.”Asquantumcomputingattractsmoreattentionandfunding,researchersmaymisleadinvestors,journalists,thepublicand,worstofall,themselvesabouttheirwork’spotential.Ifresearcherscan’tkeeptheirpromises,excitementmightgivewaytodoubt,disappointmentandanger,Johnsonwarns.Lotsofothertechnologieshavegonethroughstagesofexcitement.Butsomethingaboutquantumcomputingmakesitespeciallypronetohype,Johnsonsuggests,perhapsbecause“‘quantum’standsforsomethingcoolyoushouldn’tbeabletounderstand.”AndthatbringsmebacktoTaylor,whosuggestedthatIreadhisbookQforQuantum.AfterIreadthebook,Taylorpatientlyansweredmyquestionsaboutit.HealsoansweredmyquestionsaboutPyQuantum,thefirmheco-foundedin2016.TaylorsharesJohnson’sconcernsabouthype,buthesaysthoseconcernsdonotapplytoPyQuantum.Thecompany,hesays,iscloserthananyotherfirm“byaverylargemargin(幅度)”tobuildinga“useful”quantumcomputer,onethat“solvesanimpactfulproblemthatwewouldnothavebeenabletosolveotherwise.”Headds,“Peoplewillnaturallydiscountmyopinions,butIhavespentalotoftimequantitativelycomparingwhatwearedoingwithothers.”CouldPyQuantumreallybeleadingallthecompetition“byawidemargin”,asTaylorclaims?Idon’tknow.I’mcertainlynotgoingtoadvisemyfriendoranyoneelsetoinvestinquantumcomputers.ButItrustTaylor,justasItrustJohnson.33.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“prone”inParagraph3mostprobablymean?A.Open. B.Cool. C.Useful. D.Resistant.题型03常识联想法(2021年6月新高考2卷B篇）IhaveworkedasakeeperattheNationalZoo,Parisfor11years.SpotandStripearethefirsttigercubsthathaveeverbeenbornhere.Globally,athirdofSumatrancubsinzoosdon’tmakeittoadulthood,soIdecidedtogivethemround-the-clockcareathome.I’vegottwochildren—theyoungerone,Kynan,wasextremelyhappyaboutthetigersarriving-butallofusreallylookedforwardtobeingpartoftheirlivesandwatchingthemgrow.Iwasn’tworriedaboutbringingthemintomyhomewithmywifeandkids.Thesewerecubs.Theyweighedabout2.5kgandweresosmallthattherewasabsolutelynorisk.Astheygrewmoremobile,weletthemmovefreelyaroundthehouseduringtheday,butwhenwewereasleepwehadtocontaintheminalargeroom,otherwisethey’dgetuptomischief.We’dcomedowninthemorningtofindthey’dturnedtheroomupsidedown,andleftitlookinglikeazoo.Thingsquicklygotveryintenseduetothehugeamountofenergyrequiredtolookafterthem.ThereweresometoughtimesandIjustfeltextremelytired.Iwasgratefulthatmyfamilywastheretohelp.Wehadtohaveabitofaproductionlinegoing,makingup“tigermilk”,washingbabybottles,andcleaningthefloors.WhenSpotandStripewerefourmonthsold,theywerelearninghowtoopendoorsandjumpfences,andweknewitreallywastimeforthemtogo.Itwashardforustofinallypartwiththem.Forthefirstfewdays,Kynanwasalwaysabitdisappointedthatthecubsweren’tthere.I’mnotsadaboutit.I'mhands-onwiththemeverydayatthezoo,andIdolookbackveryfondlyonthetimethatwehadthem.5.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“getuptomischief”meaninparagraph3?A.Behavebadly. B.Losetheirway. C.Sleepsoundly. D.Misstheirmom.题型04例举法(2020全国III卷B篇)When“RiseofthePlanetoftheApes”wasfirstshowntothepubliclastmonth,agroupofexcitedanimalactivistsgatheredonHollywoodBoulevard.Buttheyweren’ttheretothrowredpaintonfur-coat-wearingfilmstars.Instead,oneactivist,dressedinafull-bodymonkeysuit,hadarrivedwithasignpraisingthefilmmakers:“Thanksfornotusingrealapes(猿)!”Thecreativeteambehind“Apes”usedmotion-capture(动作捕捉)technologytocreatedigitalizedanimals,spendingtensofmillionsofdollarsontechnologythatrecordsanactor’sperformanceandlaterprocessesitwithcomputergraphicstocreateafinalimage(图像).Inthiscase,oneofarealistic-lookingape.Yet“Apes”ismoreexceptionthantherule.Infact,Hollywoodhasbeenhotonliveanimalslately.Onenonprofitorganization,whichmonitorsthetreatmentoranimalsinfilmedentertainment,is

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