高考英语四大类科普话题核心词汇表（含真题例句+复习策略）

高考英语四大类科普话题核心词汇表（含真题例句+复习策略）（一）前沿科技与人工智能artificialintelligence(AI)n.人工智能

AIalgorithmscandetectearlysignsofAlzheimer'sdiseasebyanalyzingvoicechanges.（2024新全国I卷）高频专有名词，需掌握缩写及应用场景

brain-computerinterface(BCI)n.脑机接口

TheBCItechnologyenablesparalyzedpatientstocommunicateandmoveagain.（2022北京卷）科技类术语，结合“brain+computer”联想记忆

algorithmn.算法

Criticsarguethatalgorithmbiasmayleadtounfairdecisionsinjobrecruitment.搭配：algorithmbias（算法偏见）、AIalgorithm（人工智能算法）

dataprivacyn.数据隐私

WiththedevelopmentofAI,protectingdataprivacyhasbecomeamajorconcern.固定搭配，高频出现于科技伦理话题

neuralmechanismn.神经机制

Researchersarestudyingtheneuralmechanismofmemoryformationandretrieval.学术术语，“neural”（神经的）为核心词根

virtualreality(VR)n.虚拟现实

VRtechnologyiswidelyusedineducationandmedicaltrainingforimmersiveexperiences.缩写需熟记，搭配“immersiveexperiences”（沉浸式体验）

demonstratev.证明；展示

TheexperimentdemonstratesthatAIcanmatchexperienceddoctorsinmedical

diagnosis.科普文高频动词，表“研究证明”

hypothesizev.假设

Scientistshypothesizethatquantumcomputingwillrevolutionizedataprocessing.对应名词“hypothesis”，实验类文章常用

（二）生态环境与可持续发展microplasticsn.微塑料Chineseresearchershaveproposedasolutiontoremovemicroplasticsfromwaterbyboilingandfiltering.（2025全国I卷）真题高频词，结合“micro（微小）+plastics”记忆

carbonsinkn.碳汇Mangrovesandseagrassbedsareimportantbluecarbonsinksthatabsorbcarbondioxide.（2023全国乙卷）“bluecarbonsink”（蓝色碳汇）为专有表达

biodiversityn.生物多样性Protectingbiodiversityiscrucialformaintainingthebalanceofecosystems.搭配：protectbiodiversity（保护生物多样性）

renewableenergyn.可再生能源

Solarandwindpowerarethemostwidelyusedrenewableenergysources.对应“fossilfuels”（化石燃料），对比记忆

ecologicalcorridorn.生态走廊

Theecologicalcorridorhelpsrarespeciesmovefreelybetweenprotectedareas.结合“ecological（生态的）+corridor（走廊）”理解

sustainabledevelopmentn.可持续发展

Reducingfoodwasteisanimportantpartofsustainabledevelopment.固定搭配，环保话题核心概念

alleviatev.缓解；减轻

Plantingmoretreescanalleviateairpollutionandurbanwarming.（2021浙江卷）同义替换：reduce,ease，环境问题解决方案类文章常用

degradev.降解；恶化

Plasticwastedegradesveryslowlyandcauseslong-termenvironmentaldamage.反义词“biodegradable”（可生物降解的），成对记忆

（三）心理健康与社会科学cognitivebiasn.认知偏见

Confirmationbiasmakespeopleonlyacceptinformationthatsupportstheirownviews.细分话题核心词，“confirmationbias”（证实性偏见）为高频子项

curiosityn.好奇心

Curiosityenhanceslearningandmemorybymotivatingpeopletoexplorenewthings.（2024全国甲卷）真题原词，搭配“enhancelearningandmemory”

stresshormonen.压力荷尔蒙

Forestbathingcanreducestresshormonelevelsandimprovementalhealth.（2023新高考I卷）科普类术语，结合生活场景理解

procrastinationn.拖延症

Thearticleexplainsthepsychologicalcausesofprocrastinationandpracticalsolutions.（2022全国乙卷）高频生活类科普词，学生易理解

growthmindsetn.成长型思维

Havingagrowthmindsethelpspeopleovercomedifficultiesinlearning.教育类科普核心概念，需掌握内涵

mindfulnessmeditationn.正念冥想Mindfulnessmeditationisaneffectivewaytomanageanxietyandstress.固定搭配，情绪管理话题常用

altruismn.利他主义

Studiesshowthataltruisticbehaviorcanbringasenseofsatisfactiontoindividuals.对应“prosocialbehavior”（亲社会行为），同义替换

implicationn.影响；含义Theresearchhasimportantimplicationsforimprovingteachingmethods.抽象名词，表“研究结论的意义”

（四）生命科学与健康生活intermittentfastingn.间歇性禁食

Researchhasshownthatintermittentfastinghasmultiplehealthbenefits,suchasimprovingmetabolism.（2023北京卷）真题原词，健康类热点话题

gutmicrobiotan.肠道菌群

Thegutmicrobiotaplaysanimportantroleinhumanhealthandemotionalregulation.学术术语，“microbiota”（微生物群）为核心词

immunefunctionn.免疫功能

Lackofsleepcanweakenimmunefunctionandmakepeoplemorelikelytogetsick.（2021全国甲卷）搭配：weaken/improveimmunefunction

CRISPRn.基因编辑技术

CRISPRisapowerfulgene-editingtoolthathasrevolutionizedbiologicalresearch.专有缩写，生命科学前沿术语

epigeneticsn.表观遗传学Epigeneticsstudieshowenvironmentalfactorsaffectgeneexpression.

高阶学术词，了解核心定义即可

metabolismn.新陈代谢Abalanceddietandregularexercisecanimprovemetabolism.

健康类文章基础词汇，搭配“improve/boostmetabolism”

sedentarylifestylen.久坐不动的生活方式

Asedentarylifestyleisassociatedwithvariouschronicdiseases.

反面搭配“regularexercise”（规律运动）

nutrientn.营养素

Freshvegetablesandfruitsprovideessentialnutrientsforthehumanbody.

搭配：essentialnutrients（必需营养素）

二、2021-2025科普类真题语篇整合（附结构拆解+题型解析）（一）语篇1：生态环境类（2025全国I卷阅读D篇）原文节选①Microplastics,tinypiecesofplasticlessthan5millimetersindiameter,havebecomeaglobalenvironmentalproblem,pollutingoceans,rivers,andevendrinkingwater.②Arecentstudyfoundthatmicroplasticscanbedetectedin80%ofdrinkingwatersamplesworldwide,raisingconcernsabouthumanhealth.③Toaddressthisissue,researchersfromaChineseuniversityhavedevelopedasimpleandeffectivemethod:boilingwaterandthenfilteringitwithacommoncoffeefilter.④Theexperimentshowedthatthismethodcanremoveupto90%ofmicroplasticsinwater.⑤However,expertsremindthatthismethodisonlysuitablefordrinkingwaterandcannotsolvetherootproblemofplasticpollution.⑥Reducingplasticuseatthesourceisstillthemostfundamentalsolution.结构拆解（教学用）1.现象引入（①②）：提出微塑料污染的全球性问题及对饮用水的影响。2.解决方案（③④）：介绍中国科研人员的“水煮+咖啡过滤”方法及效果。3.补充说明（⑤⑥）：指出方法的局限性，强调源头减塑的重要性。题型解析细节理解题WhatisthemethoddevelopedbyChineseresearchers?定位第③句，提取“boilingwater+filteringwithcoffeefilter”训练“关键词定位”能力，关注具体措施

推理判断题Whatcanweinferfromparagraph⑤?从“onlysuitablefordrinkingwater”推出“方法有局限性”引导学生关注转折词“however”后的信息

主旨大意题Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?核心围绕“微塑料污染及解决方案”，避免局限于单一方法提醒学生兼顾“问题+解决方案+补充说明”

（二）语篇2：前沿科技类（2024新全国I卷阅读C篇）原文节选①Alzheimer'sdisease,aprogressivebraindisorder,isdifficulttodiagnoseinitsearlystages.②However,anewstudypublishedinNatureCommunicationssuggeststhatAIcanhelpchangethissituation.③ResearcherstrainedanAIalgorithmtoanalyzevoicesamplesfrompatientswithAlzheimer'sandhealthypeople.④Thealgorithmfocusedonsubtlechangesinspeech,suchaspauses,tone,andwordchoice.⑤TheresultsshowedthattheAIcoulddistinguishbetweenthetwogroupswithanaccuracyrateof85%.⑥Expertsbelievethatthistechnologyhasgreatpotentialforearlydiagnosis,especiallyinareaswithlimitedmedicalresources.⑦ButtheyalsowarnthattheAIsystemneedsmorediversedatatoimproveitsreliability.结构拆解（教学用）1.问题提出（①）：阿尔茨海默症早期诊断困难。2.技术介绍（②③④）：AI通过分析语音样本进行诊断的原理。3.实验结果（⑤）：AI诊断准确率达85%。4.前景与挑战（⑥⑦）：肯定应用潜力，指出数据多样性的不足。题型解析细节理解题WhatdoestheAIalgorithmfocusonwhenanalyzingvoicesamples?定位第④句，提取“pauses,tone,wordchoice”训练“同义替换”能力（subtlechanges=smalldifferences）

态度判断题Whatistheexperts'attitudetowardstheAItechnology?从“greatpotential”和“needsmorediversedata”推出“谨慎乐观”引导学生综合正反观点，避免片面判断

词义猜测题Whatdoestheunderlinedword"progressive"mean?结合“difficulttodiagnoseinearlystages”推导“进行性的（逐渐恶化的）”教会学生利用上下文逻辑猜测词义

（三）语篇3：心理健康类（2023新高考I卷七选五）原文节选①Inmodernsociety,peopleareincreasinglystressedduetowork,study,andlifepressures.②Howtoreducestresseffectivelyhasbecomeahottopic.③Forestbathing,orspendingtimewalkinginforests,hasbeenproventobeasimpleandeffectiveway.④________.⑤Whenpeopleareinforests,theyareexposedtofreshair,greenplants,andnaturalsounds.⑥Theseelementscancalmthenervoussystemandlowerthelevelofcortisol,astresshormone.⑦________.⑧AstudyconductedinJapanfoundthatpeoplewhotooka20-minutewalkinaforesthadsignificantlylowercortisollevelsthanthosewhowalkedinanurbanarea.⑨______