Unit 2-词汇手册-法学英语II

Unit2Graffiti

|1.SearchforBackgroundInformation|

1.1FindtheinformationontheInternetaboutthefollowingtermsfromtextsoraboutthe

subject.

A)streetart

B)vandalism

C)graffiti

D)publicart

E)urbanart

F)anti-capitalist

G)serialcrime

H)trophy

I)classCfelony

J)brokenwindowtheory

K)snow-balleffect

L)spraypainting

M)mural

N)avanlgardcart

O)postmodernart

P)performanceart

Q)greenlight

R)freespeech

Webresources

http:///

http://www.strcctartlondon.co.uk/

http://w\vw.

http://www./

http://www.sireetartncws.nei/

/wiki/Graffiti

/wiki/Public_art

/

/

/

1.2Reporttheinformationyou'vefoundtotheclassintheformofanoralpresentationwith

orwithoutPowerPointwithintwominutes.

2.DiscusstheWords'Meaning!

2.1Readthesentencesbelowandusecontexttowritethedefinitionsoftheunderlinedwords.

Thellrstonehasbeendoneforyou.

e.g.viral:becomingveryncnularbycirculatingquicklYfromnerson2nerson,esneciallv

throunhiheIntern”

Socialmediaworksdramaticallybetterforauthorswhentheycompletelyflipthementality

ofhopingto"goviral、'.

1.mainstream:___________________________________________________________________

Thestatusandrelevanceofmain」reammacroeconomictheorjrhavebeensubjectedto

increasedscrutinyintheshadowofthe2008-9"GlobalEconomicRecession”[GER].

2.flourishing:____________________________________________________________________

Wecannotexpecttohaveathrivingbusinessinaworldwithoutindividualswho

arealsoable(oexperienceagreatersenseofwellbeingandconnectednesstotheirself,to

others,andtotheworldaround(heir.

(力；可用于同义词挑选：booming,palmy,prospering,roaring,thriving,prosperous)

3.auctioneer:____________________________________________________________________

Yourdreumofbeingublctobecomeunauctioneermuystartoffbydoingsomeofthework

involvedinpreparingitemsforsale.

4.scrabble:______________________________________________________________________

I'vebeen、crabblincaroundforexamples,searchingtheweb.

5.insitu:________________________________________________________________________

Itisnotdifficultforthearchaeologiststodatethevaseasitwasfoundinsitu.

6.rebellious:_____________________________________________________________________

TherearenobomcriminalsjuslasIhcrearenochildrenwholiketobecomebadifsituations

donotmakethembecomeone.So.hereisnoreasonforachildlobecomeicbdliounifihe

childisrearedtheproperway.

7.undertone:____________________________________________________________________

Hewishedthem"goodmorning"inanawkwardhesitatingundertoneasifheweredoubtful

howhisgreetingswouldbereceived.

8.nuisance:______________________________________________________________________

Thebasketbullclubwassuedbytheneighbourhoodfornuiwncccausedb〉ballgamesin

basketballcourts.

9.tribune:_______________________________________________________________________

OneofhisdreamsislobecameareporterfortheHeraldTribune.

10.condone:__________________________________________________________________

Idon'tcondoneviolence,andIthink4*gangstarap''shouldbeoutlawed.

11.nondestructive:_____________________________________________________________

Papcr/stickcrartseemstobecommonaroundhere.Ireallylikeitasanondestructiveformof

artwhichmightotherwisebeseenasgraffiti.

12.projection:_________________________________________________________________

Televisionutilisesthecinematographicoroieciicnprinciple.

13.unsanctioned:______________________________________________________________

Despitetheserestrictions,thereisevidenceforillegalorunsanctioncdmovementsbeyond

thesulbuundaiius,byescapees,ccdai-gvlluisandpa>luialis(s,fuiexample.

14.repercussion:_______________________________________________________________

Australia'seffortstoprotectcertainmarineresourceshavebeenchallengedinrecent

litigationbeforeAustraliancourts,potentiallypromptingrcpercu、、ionsfbrAustralia's

standingwithininternationallegalregimes.

15.gentrification:______________________________________________________________

“Plus,Ididn'twanttobeoneofthemanywhomovetoHarlemonlytotakeadvantageof

relativelylessexpensiverealestatewhileignoringtheexistingcommunity,''addsRollins,

referringtoiheongoingucnlrificulionofHarlem,famouslymarkedbyformerPresidentBill

ClintonsettingupanofficeonI25(hstreetin2001.

16.regenerative:_______________________________________________________________

AsianAmericanmen'sappropriationofviolence,however,effectstheconverse;evenasthey

endeavortotapintothe心encratiwqualityofviolence,theydiscoverthatneirviolenceis

delegitimizedbytheirraceandhencelosesthecapacitytorestoretheirmasculinitydivesled

bythedominantdiscourse.

17.catapult:__________________________________________________________________

IGrandsonofindenturedlabourers,hehadnoclearvisionofasuitablecareer,heardno

clarioncalltoanylongnurturedairbilion.butthroughaseriesoffbrtuituouscircumstances

wasliterallycalanukedintothelegaprofession.

18.polemics:__________________________________________________________________

Blackmun'sdeathpenaltyix>lemic.however,betraysaworrisomeconflationofwhatthe

Constitutionforbidsandwhatajudgefindsmorallyorpersonallydistasteful.

19.assemblage:.

Thebibleisanassemblageofliteratureofimmensevarietybynumerousauthors,composed

overmorethanamiilcnnium.

20.stance:____________________________________________________________________

ElPasoCountySheriffTerryMaketasayslawmakersarepunishinghimandhiscolleagues

overtheirNanceonnewgunlaws.

21.catalyst:___________________________________________________________________

Lawyciswhuscivcthepublichaulerslaw'sjxjwuiasaculiilvMpusilivcchangeindie

world.SlanfordLawSchoolisproudloprovidethosewhochoosepublicservicewiththe

expert(raining,guidance,andGnancialsupporttheyneedloachieve(heirgoals..

22.deface:____________________________________________________________________

HewaschargedfordefacineLincolnStatuewithredpaint.

23.unearth:___________________________________________________________________

HostedbyHonChrisFinlaysonQC.Attorney-GeneralofNewZealand.UncanhinwNew

Zealand'sConstitutionalTraditionswillexplorethehistory,andpossiblefuture,oftheideas,

idealsandpracticesofconstitutionallawandpoliticswhichgoverntheexerciseofpublic

powerinthiscountry.

24.groundbreaking:____________________________________________________________

Introducedlastyear,the「rcundbreakinelawincludesbasiclegalprotectionforwildlife,

companionanimals,animalsinlabs,animalswhoaretransported,animalsusedfor

entertainment,andanimalsslaughteredforfood,butthefirstdraftwasvagueinmanyspots.

25.outlet:_____________________________________________________________________

Amateurwritersandartistshavebeenprovidedwithmanynewoullctstosharetheirwork

withaglobalaudience.

26.incarcerate:________________________________________________________________

Obamahadinitiallysaidhewouldvetothebillwhichcontainsthedraconianlanguage

authorizingtheUSmilitaryioseizeandincarcerateUScitizenswithoutwarrant,dueprocess,

trial,etc.

27.tagger:_______________________________________________________________________

Homes,fencesandgaragesinSupcrairCityhadbeendamagedbygraffitilatiwcrsrecently,

withredandyellowpaints.

28.avid:_________________________________________________________________________

Sincechildhood.loinbeganhisavidassimilationoflegalknowledge,homeandabroard.

29.restitution:____________________________________________________________________

OurgoalsaretoassistvictimswhentheymostneeditandobtainreMiiuiicyiordersforall

victimsofcrimeinourcommunity.

30.misdemeanor:_________________________________________________________________

Mi'dcmcunorscanbepunishedwiihjaiitime(dependingonihccharge,theytypicallycarrya

maximumsentenceofeither90da>s.6monihsorIyear),whileinfractionsarepunishable

withafine.

2.2.Findmorewordsofeachwordfamily.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou.

BaseformOthcrrelatedformsinthewordfamily

consiste.g.consistency,consisieni.consistently,inconsistency,inconsistent

regret

vandal

beauty

excuse

innovate

system

permanent

des(iuul

knil

exhibit

benefit

manipulate

auction

urban

2.3Explainthemeaningofthefollowingrootsorcombinedform.Addatleastfivesimilar

derivativeswiththeirChinesedefinitions.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou.

RootsMeaningMorederivativeswithChinesetranslation

eg-de-oppositeordefrost除霜，解冻，decentralizalion分散，defuse

negativeof;缓和（困难局面的）紧张状态，dcrailmcnl脱轨

removalof

1judg-,

judic-

2ordin-

3ag-

4scrib-,

script-

5tempo-

6proper-,

propri-

7cyber-

8diet-,

die-

3.Listent。theNewsReports

3.1Listentothefirstnewsreportandanswerthefollowingquestions.

Difllcultwordsandexpressions

alive//adj.现场直播的

nabI/M逮捕：捉住

bust//比突击搜查（或搜捕）

inmatei/〃.（监狱里的）犯人

1.Howmuciiisitcostingthecitizensandlocalgovcrnnicnistotackletheproblem?

2.Whatmotivatesthevandalstopaintgraffitiaccording(othispieceofnews?

3.Whatactionhasbeentakentoaddressgraffitilocally?

4.Underwhatcircumstanceswillgraffitibeautomaticallyconsideredasafelonyunderthe

newlaw?

5.Whatremedyisofferedtothevictimofagraffiticrimeunderthenewlaw?

3.2Listentothesecondnewsreportandtakenotesaccordingtothequestionsintheleft

column.

QuestionsNotes

1.WhyhasNevadamadeits

graffitilawthetoughestin

iheUSA?

2.Whai.accoidingtothis

pieceofnews,stimulates

laggersiograffitiwhenit

isagainstthelaw?

3.HowdoesthenewNevada

lawclassifytheactof

graffitiing?

4.Howmuchdamagesdoes

thenewgraffitilawoffer

lovictimoftheactof

graffiti?

5.Whalshouldyoudowhen

younoticeatagger

graffitiinginNevada?

3.3Listentothetwonewsreportsagainandwriteashortsummaryofthereportsaccording

toyouranswersandnotes.

3.4Exchangeyoursummarywithyourpartnerandbereadytoreadtotheclass.

4.ReadforInformation

4.1ReadTextAandanswerthefollowingquestions.

1.Whyarcpeoplegettinginterestedinstreetartnowadays?Whatevidencedemostratesthat

increasinginterest?

2.Whalarethefunctionsofstreetart?

3.WhatdoesTomFinkelpearlthinkcfstreetartandgraffitirespectively?

4.What'stherelationshipbetweenpublicartandgraffiti?

5.Whatisthenameofthetheorywhichclaimsthatthereisalinkbetweengraffitiandcrime

andcanyouexplainthattheory?

TextA

WHATISSTREETART?

Vandalism,Graffiti,orPublicArt

AURBANARTDEFINITIONS

BInRXCIIIyears(herehasbeenaninuvusingimercMinancphcmvralandform

ofartthatismarkingurbansellingsaroundtheworld,andhasdevelopedaflourishing

sub-cultureallitsown.Nowthough,streetartisgoingmainstream.Auctioneers,

collectorsandmuseumdirectorsarescrabblingtolearnurbananvocabularyand5

developpositionsonthebigstreetartissues.InthisprimerpostArtRadargivesyoua

headsuponwhatyouneedtoknow.

CWhatisStreetArt?

10

DThereisasyetnosimpledefinitionofstreetart.Itisanamorphousbeast

encompassingarcwhichisfoundinorinspiredbytheurbanenvironment.Withanti-

capilalisiandrebelliousundertones,itisadeniocralicformofpopularpublicart

probablybestunderstoodbyseeingitinsitu.Itisnotlimitedtothegallerynoreasily

collectedorpossessedbythosewhomay(urnartintoatrophy.15

EConsideredbysomeanuisance,forothersstreetartisatoolforcommunicatingviews

ofdissent,askingdifficullquestionsandexpressingpoliticalconcerns.

FItsdefinitionandusesarechanging:originallyatooliomarkterritorialboundariesof20

urbanyouthtodayitisevenseenin;omecasesasameansofurbanbeautificationand

regeneration.

Whclhcritisregardedasvandalismorpublicart.streetarthascaughttheinterestof

theartworldanditsloversofbeauty25

HIsstreetartvandalism?

InaninierviewwiththeQueensTribune.NewYorkCity'sQueensMuseumofArt

ExecutiveDirectorlombmkelpearlsaidpublicart"isthebestwaytorpeopleto3()

expressthemselvesinthiscity.,'Finkelpearl.whohelpsorganizesociallyconsciousart

exhibitions,added,“Artgetsdialoguegoing.That'sverygood."However,hedoesn't

findgraffititobean,andsays,“Ican'tcondonevandalism...It'sreallyupsettingtome

thatpeoplewouldneedtowritetheirnameoverandoveragaininpublicspace.It'sthis

cultureoffame.Ireallythinkit,sregrettablethattheythinkthat'stheonlywayto35

becomefamous."

JIsstreetartillegal?

KThelegaldistinctionbetweenpermanentgraffitiandartispermission,butthetopic40

becomesevenmorecomplexregardingimperinanent.nondestructivefonnsofgraffiti

(yambombing,videoprojection,andstreetinstallation.)

LWithpermission,traditionalpaintedgraffitiistechnicallyconsideredpublicart.

Withoutpermission,paintersofpublicandprivatepropertyarecommittingvandalism45

andare,bydefinition,criminals.However,i(stillstands(hatmoststreetartis

unsanctioncd.andmanyartistswhohavepaintedwithoutpennission,(Banksy,

ShepardFairey)havebeenglorifiedaslegitimateandsociallyconsciousartists.

MAlthoughitisextremelydifficult,ifnotimpossible,toclearlydefinewhat50

unsanctionedimageryisartandwhaiisnot.theeffectsofsuchimagescanbeobserved

andconclusionscanbereachedregardingimages,functionwithinapublic

environment.

BrokenWindowTheory:Vandalismvs.StreetArt55

OVandalismisinexcusabledestructionofproperty,andhasbeenshowrtohave

negativerepercussionsonitssetting.Ithasalsobeenobservedbycriminologiststo

havea*biiuwballcHccl,ufgcnciatingmuiciicgalivilywithinitsvicinity.Di.JamesQ.

WilsonandDr.GeorgeKeilingstudiedtheeffectsofdisorder(inthiscase,abroken60

window)inanurbansetting,andfoundthatoneinstanceofneglectincieasesthe

likclih(x)dofmorebrokenwindowsandgraffitiwillappear.Then,thereisan

observableincreaseinactualviolentcrime.Theresearchersconcludedthereisadirect

linkbetweenvandalism,streetviolcrcc.andihcgeneraldeclineofasociety.

65

PTheirtheory,nainedtheBrokenWindowTheoryandfirstpublishedin1982.argues

thatcrimeistheinevitableresultofdisorder,andthatifneglectispresentinaplace,

whetheritisdisrepairorthoughtlessgraffiti,peoplewalkingbywillthinknoonecares

aboutthatplace,andtheunlavorabledamageistherclbrcacceptable.

70

QStreetArtandGenlrification

RThoughtfulandattractivestreetart.however,hasbeensuggestedtohave

regenerativecffcclsonaneighborhood.Infact,thepopularstreetartistBarksy.who

hascatapultedhisguerillastreetartpastimeintoaprofitablecareerasanauctionable75

contemporaryartist,hascomeundercriticismforhisartcontribmingtothe

gentriricationofneighborhoods./XppropriateMediaclaimsthat:

SuBanksy...sellshislazypolemicstoHollywoodmoviestarsforbigbucks...

Graffitiartistsaretheperformingspray-canmonkeysforgentrification.Incollusion80

withproperlydevelopers,theypaintdeprivedareasbrightcolourstoindicateihclatest

funkyinnercityarearipeforregeneration.Pushingoutlowincomefamiliesintheir

wake,tobereplacedbymiddleclassmetrosexualswiththeirurbanartcollections.M

Banksyhimselfhasreceivedrequestsfromresidentsintheneighborhoodshepaints,

whichaskthathestoppaintingsotheycancontinuetoaffordhomesinthe85

neighborhoodswheretheygrewup.AletterreceivedbyBanksyreads:

“Nlybrotherandmewerebornhereandhavelivedhereallourlives,butthesedays

somanyyuppiesandstudentsarcmovingherethatneitherofuscanaffordlobuya

housewherewegrewupanymore.Yourgraffitiesareundoubtablypartofwhatmakes90

these|people)thinkourareaiscoolYou'reobviouslynottroinaroundhere,andafter

you'vedrivenupthehousepricesyou'lljustmoveon.Dousafavorandgodoyour

stuffsomewhereelselikeBrixton.”

FormsofStreetArt95

U

Traditional-Paintingonthesurfacesofpublicorprivateproperlythatisvisibletothe

Vpublic,commonlywithacanofspraypaintorroll-onpaint.Ilinaybecomprisedofjust

simplewords(commonlythewriter'sname)orbemoreartfulandelaborate,coveringa

surfacewithamuralimage.100

Stencil-Paintingwiththeuseofahomemadestencil,usuallyapaperorcardboard

Wcutout,tocreateanimagethatcanbeeasilyreproduced.Thedesireddesigniscutoutof

aselectedmedium,andtheimageistransferredtoasurfacethroughtheuseofspray

paintorroll-onpaint.105

Sticker-(akastickerbombing,slaptagging,andstickertagging)Propagatesanimage

ormessageinpublicspacesusinghomemadestickers.Tliesestickerscommonly

promoteapoliticalagenda,commentonapolicyorissue,orcompriseanavantgardcart

campaign.Stickerartisconsideredasubcalegoryofpostmodernart.110

Mosaic-Mosaicistheartofcreatingimageswithanassemblageofsmallerpartsor

Ypieces,toresembleasinglegiantpieceofart.

VideoProjection-Digitallyprojectingacomputer-manipulatedimageontoasurface115

Zviaalightandprojectionsystem.

Streetinstallation-Streetinstallationsareagrowingtrendwithinthe'streetart'

movement.Whereasconventionalstreetartandgraffitiisdoneonsurfacesorwalls,

'streetinstallations'use3-Dobjectsandspacetointerferewiththeurbanenvironment.120

Likegraffili.ilisnon-permissionbasedandonce(heobjectorsculptureisinstalleditis

lefttherebytheartist.

Woodblocking-Artworkpaintedonasmallportionofplywoodcrsimilar

inexpensivematerialandattached(cstreetsignswithbolts.Oftentheboltsarebentat125

ihcbacktopreventremoval.Ithasbecomeaformofgraffiliusedlocoverasign,

poster,oranypieceofadvertisementthatstandsorhangs.

Flashmobbing-Alargegroupofpeoplewhoassemblesuddenlyinapublicplace,

performanunusualactionforabrieftime,thenquicklydisperse.Thetermflashmobis130

generallyappliedonlytogathciingsorganizedvialelcconimunicatiors,social

networking,andviralemails.Thetermisgenerallynotappliedtoeventsorganizedby

publicrelationsfirmsoraspublicitystunts.Thiscanalsobeconsideredmasspublic

performanceart.

135

Yarnbombing-YarnBombingis1typeofstreetartthatemployscolorfuldisplaysof

kniitedorcrochetedclothratherthanpaintorchalk.Thepracticeisbelievedtohave

originatedintheU.S.wilhTexasknitterstryingtofindacreativewaytousetheir

leftoverandunfinishedknittingprojects,buthassincespreadworldwide.Whileother

formsofgraffitimaybeexpressive,decorative,(erritorial.socio-politicalcommentary,140

advertisingorvandalism,yarnbombingisalmostexclusivelyaboutbeautificationand

creativity.(1358words)

Source:/2010/01/21/what-is-street-art-vandalism-^raffiti-or-

l)ttblic-art-[wrt-i/.145

TermsandNotes

I.ArtRadar.《艺术雷达》(一份网络杂志)theonlyeditoriallyindependentonlinenews

sourcewritingaboutcontemporaryartacrossAsia.Itconductsoriginalresearchandscanglobal

newssourcestobringthetaste-changing,news-makingandup-and-cominginAsian

contemporaryart.

2.QueensTribune:《皇后区论坛报》QueensCounty'sWeeklyNewspaperGroup,foundedin

1970byGaryAckermanandpublishedweekly.ItisAnAwardWinningNewspaper.Seemoreal:

hitp://queenstribune.coin/about-us/#s(hash.e5ST8PuO.dpuf.

3.TheQueensMuseum:皇后M艺术博物馆dedicatedtopresentingthehighestqualityvisualarts

andeducationalprogrammingforpeopleintheNewYorkmetropolitanarea,andparticularlyfor

theresidentsofQueens,auniquelydiverse,ethnic,cultural,andinternationalcommunity.The

Museumfulfillsitsmissionbydesigningandprovidingartexhibitions,publicprogramsand

educationalexperiencesthatpromotetheappreciationandenjoymentofart,supportthecreative

effortsofartists,andenhancethequalityoflifethroughinterpreting,collecting,andexhibiting

art.architecture,anddesign.TheQueensMuseumpresentsartisticandeducationalprograms

andexhibitionsthatdirectlyrelatelothecontemporaryurbanlifeofitsconstilucnts.while

mainlainingthehigheststandardsofprofessional,intellectual,andethicalresponsibility.

4.Brokenwindowsihcory:破窗效应原理acriminologicalthcor)fofthenorm-settingand

signallingeftectofurbandisorderandvandalismonadditionalcrimeandanti-sociaibehavior.

Thetheorysuitesihatniaiiiuiiiiiiigandiiioiiiiuiingurbanciiviiuiimeiilsinuwcll-urdcred

conditionmaystopfurthervandalismandescalationintomoreseriouscrime.Thetheorywas

introducedina1982articlebysocialscientistsJaniesQ.WilsonandGeorgeL.Kelling.Since

thenithasbeensubjecttogreatdebatebothwithinthesocialsciencesandinthepublicsphere.

Thetheoryhasbeenusedasamotivationforseveralreformsincriminalpolicy.

4.2ReadTextAagainandwriteasummaryinthefollowingform.

Title:TheImpaclofConlaclonSligimiizingAlliludcslowardsPeoplewilhMenialIllness

?\uthor(s):Alexander,L.A.*&LinkB.G.

Source:JournalofMenialHeallh.2003(12),271-289

Summary:

AlexanderandLink(2003)examinedthestiamacfmentalillnesi.nerceniicnsof

dangerousnessandsocialdistanceinatelephonesurvey.Theyfbundthat,asaparticipant's

ounlifecontactwithmentallyillindividualsincreased,participantswereboihlesslikelyto

thinkofatargetmeniallyillindividualasphysicallydangerousandlesslikelytcdesiresocial

distancefromthetarget.Thisrclalionshipremainedaflcrconlrollingsuchvariablesa>gender,

clhnicily.education,incomeandpdilicalconservatism.Theyalsofoundihalanylypcof

coniaci二wilhafriend,aspouse,afainil、1member,aworkconiaci、oraconiaciin&public

place-wilhnieniallvillindividualsreducedDerceDlionsofdangerousnessof(helaruei.

TextA

Title:______________________________________________________________

Author(s):______________________________________________________________

Source:______________________________________________________________

Summary(about100words):

Tex