高三二轮复习试题英语1阅读理解文体分类练5说明文之新概念类

文体分类练(五)说明文之新概念类Passage1(2025山东实验中学一模)主题:心理学之认知科学 词数:332难易度:★★★★☆ 限时:7分钟information.Thiswork.Interestinglywithfactsthatchallengetheirlongheldopinion,onlytofindthemdismissingorprocessingtheinformation.Thisisbeliefperseveranceatwork.Interestingly,thesebeliefsdon’tnecessarilystemfrompersonalexperience;forinstance,childrenmightbelieve“alllawyersareuntrustworthy”merelybecauseanoldersiblingsaidso,andthenignoreanytrustworthylawyerstheyencounterlater,categorizingthemasexceptions.distinct.Whilewithconfirmationbias,beliefperseveranceisdistinct.Whileconfirmationbiasinvolvesseekingoutinformationthatsupportsone’spreconceptions,beliefperseveranceisaboutactivelyrejectingevidencethatcoulddisprovethosebeliefs,buildingapsychologicalbarrieraroundone’sexistingviews.forms.Inluck.Sociallyinteractions.Societallyforms.Intermsofselfperception,someonemightpersistentlyviewthemselvesasbadatpublicspeakingdespitereceivingapplauseforpresentations,attributingsuccesstoluck.Socially,initialjudgmentscanlinger:assumingareservedclassmateisunfriendly,evenafterfriendlyinteractions.Societally,stereotypesaboutgroups—beitracial,genderbased,orpolitical—frequentlyendure,resistingfactualcounterarguments.Researchbacksthisup.Inonestudy,studentsgivenfalsefeedbackonanalyzingsuicidenotescontinuedtobelieveintheir“accuracy”or“inaccuracy”evenafterlearningthefeedbackwasfabricated(伪造的).Anotherexperimentshowedthatbeliefsconnectingrisktakingtofirefightingeffectivenesspersisted,regardlessofdiscreditedsupportingdata.Severalpsychologicalfactorscontributetobeliefperseverance.Theavailabilityheuristic(启发法)makespeoplerelyoneasilyrecalledexamples,likeassumingalldoctorsareimpatientafteronenegativeencounter.Illusorycorrelationcreatesfalseassociations,suchaslinkingateam’slosstothecoloroftheiruniforms.Selectiveattentionfurtherreinforcesbias,asindividualstendtonoticeevidencethatconfirmstheirbeliefswhileoverlookingcontradictorysigns.Overingthisbiasrequiresselfawareness.Strategieslikecounterexplanation—promptingindividualstoconsiderreasonsforopposingbeliefs—canaidinrelaxingthegripoffirmlyestablishedmindsets.Whilepleteremovalmaybeunrealistic,recognizingbeliefperseveranceisacrucialsteptowardsmoreobjectivethinkinginaworldfilledwithinformation.1.Whatisbeliefperseverancemainlyabout?A.Seekinginformationactively.B.Acceptingnewevidenceeasily.C.Checkingexceptionsfrequently.D.Stickingtobeliefsdespiteproof.2.Howdoesbeliefperseverancedifferfromconfirmationbias?A.Itseekssupportivefacts.B.Itchangesviewsquickly.C.Itdismissesdifferentideas.D.Itreliesonpersonalstories.3.Whichofthefollowingshowsbeliefperseverance?A.Astudentfavorsateacher’spraise.B.Someoneassumestheworstafterwins.C.Peoplefollowpopularopinions.D.Achildbelievesinparents’advice.4.Whathelpsfightbeliefperseverance?A.Ignoringallopposingthoughts.B.Trustingfirstimpressionsdeeply.C.Consideringreasonsfromanotherangle.D.Relyingonpastsuccessfulexperiences.Passage2(2025山东潍坊二模)主题:自我概念惰性 词数:362难度:★★★★☆ 限时:7分钟Haveyoueverfoundyourselfreallywantingtochangeyetsomehowremainingstuckinthesamepatterns?Theanswermightnotbeinyourbehaviors,butinyourbeliefs—specifically,thebeliefsyouhaveaboutyourselfandwhoyouare.Thisiswhatpsychologistscallselfconceptinertia(惰性).Selfconceptinertiaisthepsychologicalresistancetochangingouridentity.Ourselfconceptisinfluencedbyournarrativeidentity,whichismadeupofthestorieswetellaboutourselves.Thesenarrativescangobeyondsimplydescribingwhowearetoday—theycanrestrictusfrombeingwhowebelievewe’recapableofbeinginthefuture.Thismeansthatevenifwewanttochange,aslongasweholdontoouroldidentities,we’llunintentionallyresistmakingthechangesweknowweneedtomaketobeethe“new”versionofourselves.Ourselfconceptdoesn’tyieldeasily,eventoourconsciousdesires.Whenyourbehaviorscontradictyourselfimage,youexperienceastateofpsychologicaldisfort.Forexample,ifyou’vealwaysseenyourselfas“notamorningperson”,successfullywakingupat5a.m.createstensionwithyourestablishedidentity.Soyourbrainhastwooptions:Updateyourselfconcept(hard)orabandonthenewbehavior(easier).AsCarolDweckdiscussesinherbookMindset:TheNewPsychologyofSuccess,peoplewith“fixedmindsets”tendtoavoidchallengesthatmightcontradicttheirselfconcept.Yetyourselfconceptismalleablebydesign.Noticewhenyouuseaphraselike“I’mjustnotaperson”.Theabsolutestatementsignalsthatfewchangeswillhappen.Insteadof“I’mnotanorganizedperson”(identity),try“Ihaven’tdevelopedstrongorganizationalsystemsyet”(behavior).Identitystatementsfeelpermanent,butbehaviorstatementsfeelchangeable.Identifyingthesehabitsalsogivesyouinsightintoasolutionyoucanpracticeandimprove.

Selfconceptinertiaweakenswhenweholdouridentitieslightly.Whenweseeourselvesasworksinprogressratherthanfinishedproducts,wecreatethepsychologicalspaceneededforgenuinetransformation.Thequestionisn’twhetheryoucanchange—it’swhetheryou’rewillingtoletgooffamiliarlimitationstodiscoverwhatliesbeyondthem.5.Howdoesournarrativeidentityaffectus?A.Itdefinesourbetterfuture.B.Itchangesourselfconcept.C.Itlimitsourbehaviorchoices.D.Itimprovesourpreviousselves.6.Whatdoestheexampleofwakingupat5a.m.illustrate?A.Thedifficultyingettingridoftension.B.Thebenefitsofbeinganearlyriser.C.Theconflictbetweenbehaviorandselfidentity.D.Theimportanceoffollowingastrictdailyroutine.7.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“malleable”meaninparagraph4?A.Predictable. B.Available.C.Sustainable. D.Adjustable.8.Whatdoestheauthoradvisepeopletodo?A.Makeperfectproducts.B.Avoidlabellingyourself.C.Monitorpsychologicalchanges.D.Attachimportancetoselfimage.Passage3(2025江西鹰潭二模)主题:意识起源 词数:366难度:★★★★☆ 限时:7分钟With86billionneurons(神经元)and100trillionconnectionsbetweenthem,ourbraingivesusourcapacityforfreewill—ourconsciousness.Consciousnessisdifficulttodescribe,andscientistsstilldebatehowitarises.InThenIAmMyselftheWorld,neuroscientistChristofKochoffersthelatestentryintothelonglistofbooksattemptingtouncovertheoriginsofourinnerlives.Whilethetopiccanbeaheadscratcher,Koch’suseofparisonsandentertainingstoriesmakesthebookaninterestingandsurprisinglylightread.

Kochchallengessomemonunderstandingsofconsciousness,inwhichthebrainislikeaputer,whereconsciousnessissoftwarethat’sprogrammedintothehardwareofourneurons.Thisconcept,hewrites,dominatesmanymovieswherehumansaresimilartoselfawarerobotslikeRachaelinBladeRunner.Insteadofseparatingsoftwareandhardware,Kocharguesthatthebrainisthestructureofconsciousness,whichistheideahedrawsfromtheintegratedinformationtheory,orIIT,aconsciousnessmodelfirstproposedbyneuroscientistGiulioTononiintheearly2000s.Itsuggeststhatconsciousnessistheactofabrain’ssystemofneuronsintegratingsensory,emotional,andcognitiveinformation,andbecauseofthis,theneurons’electrochemicalactivitycaninfluenceconsciousexperiences.Inturn,consciousnesscanaffectbrainnetworksbecausewhatwefeelorrememberimpactsthesenetworksinrealtime.Besides,Kocharguesconsciousnessisnotlimitedtothehumanbrainandispresentinotheranimals,too.However,whilebothhumansandotheranimalsexperienceconsciousness,thescopeofthatconsciousnessdiffers.“Fordogs,theydon’tworryaboutwhat’sgoingtohappennextweekend,buttheyhavestatesofpainandjoy.Sohumans,whosebrainnetworkshavethehighestknownlevelofinterconnectivity,havemoreexpandedconsciousnessthandogs,”Kochsays.AlthoughAIlearnsmoreinformationandperformsmoredifficulttasks,Kochsays,itstillcannotreachhumanlevelconsciousness.Aputer’snetworkoftransistors,whichcontrolstheflowofelectricalsignalswithinthemachine,doesn’thavethepowernecessarytogiverisetohumanlevelconsciousness.Eachtransistorconnectstoonlyahandfulofothertransistors,whereasoneneuroncaninteractwiththousandsofothers.9.Whatdoestheunderlinedpart“aheadscratcher”probablymeaninparagraph1?A.Controversial. B.Puzzling.C.Inspiring. D.Straightforward.10.Whatcanbeimpliedfromtheintegratedinformationtheory?A.Themindbrainconnectionisinteractive.B.Consciousnessisabyproductofbrainactivity.C.Theneurons’functionsarealwaysoverestimated.D.Consciousnesscanbepreprogrammedintothebrain.11.WhydoesKochparehumansanddogswhendiscussingconsciousness?A.Toconfirmthatanimalshavebasicconsciousness.B.Toclaimhumanconsciousnessisstillevolving.C.Toarguethathumansandanimalssharesimilarneuralplexity.D.Toshowthatconsciousnessvarieswithneuralinterconnectivity.12.WhatmakesAIfailtoreplacethehumanbrainaccordingtoKoch?A.Themechanicalcontrolofelectricalsignals.B.Theprogressionofthehumanbrain.C.Thelimitationofputerhardware.D.Theinabilitytochooseconsciousexperiences.

答案：Passage1【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了信念固执这一现象,包括其定义、与确认偏误的区别、表现形式、研究实例、成因以及应对方法。1.D细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Imaginetryingtoconvincesomeonewithfactsthatchallengetheirlongheldopinion,onlytofindthemdismissingorprocessingtheinformation.Thisisbeliefperseveranceatwork.”以及第二段中的“Whileconfirmationbiasinvolvesseekingoutinformationthatsupportsone’spreconceptions,beliefperseveranceisaboutactivelyrejectingevidencethatcoulddisprovethosebeliefs,buildingapsychologicalbarrieraroundone’sexistingviews.”可知,信念固执指的是尽管有证据证明自己的信念有误,却仍然坚持自己的信念。2.C细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Whileconfirmationbiasinvolvesseekingoutinformationthatsupportsone’spreconceptions,beliefperseveranceisaboutactivelyrejectingevidencethatcoulddisprovethosebeliefs,buildingapsychologicalbarrieraroundone’sexistingviews.”可知,信念固执与确认偏误的区别在于,信念固执会拒绝不同的想法,而确认偏误会寻求支持性事实。3.B推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Intermsofselfperception,someonemightpersistentlyviewthemselvesasbadatpublicspeakingdespitereceivingapplauseforpresentations,attributingsuccesstoluck.”可知,信念固执在自我认知方面的表现是,尽管在演讲中获得了掌声,但有人可能会一直认为自己不擅长公开演讲,将成功归因于运气,即有人可能在取得成功后仍然往最坏处想。易错点拨:本题易错选D项。虽然孩子相信父母的建议可能涉及对权威的信任,但这不直接体现“信念固执”(beliefperseverance)。信念固执的核心是顽固拒绝相反证据,而D项未体现孩子面对反驳信息时的坚持。4.C细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Overingthisbiasrequiresselfawareness.Strategieslikecounterexplanation—promptingindividualstoconsiderreasonsforopposingbeliefs—canaidinrelaxingthegripoffirmlyestablishedmindsets.”可知,考虑反对信念的原因有助于克服信念固执。提分干货高频词汇1.convincevt.使信服2.encounterv.偶遇,邂逅3.distinctadj.截然不同的 4.evidencen.证据5.barriern.障碍 6.multipleadj.多种的7.resistvt.抵制8.associationn.联想9.contradictoryadj.相互矛盾的10.removaln.去除熟词生义process(生)vt.处理(熟)n.过程重点短语1.forinstance例如2.beconfusedwith与……混淆3.involvedoingsth包括做某事4.intermsof就……而言;在……方面5.attribute...to...把……归因于……6.regardlessof不顾;不管难句分析Imaginetryingtoconvincesomeonewithfactsthatchallengetheirlongheldopinion,onlytofindthemdismissingorprocessingtheinformation.分析:本句为主从复合句。thatchallengetheirlongheldopinion为that引导的定语从句;onlytofindthemdismissingorprocessingtheinformation为动词不定式短语在句中作结果状语。译文:试想一下,当你用事实去挑战某人长期持有的观点时,却发现他们要么直接无视这些信息,要么以某种方式将其“消化处理”。Passage2【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了自我概念惰性这一心理现象,即人们心理上抗拒改变自我身份,阐述了叙事身份对我们的影响,以及如何应对自我概念惰性。5.C推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Ourselfconceptisinfluencedbyournarrativeidentity...we’llunintentionallyresistmakingthechangesweknowweneedtomaketobeethe‘new’versionofourselves.”可知,叙事身份不仅描述当下的我们,还会限制我们成为我们认为自己未来有能力成为的人,也就是限制我们的行为选择。6.C推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Whenyourbehaviorscontradictyourselfimage...Updateyourselfconcept(hard)orabandonthenewbehavior(easier).”可知,当行为与自我形象冲突时,大脑面临更新自我概念(困难)或放弃新行为(容易)的选择。由此可推知,以早上5点起床为例,是为了说明行为与自我身份之间的冲突。易错点拨:本题易错选A项。虽然原文提到早起行为会导致心理不适(psychologicaldisfort),但该例子旨在说明行为与自我认知的冲突(“whenyourbehaviorscontradictyourselfimage”),而非强调“消除不适的难度”。A项偏离了例子的核心论证目标。7.D词句猜测题。根据第四段中的“Noticewhenyouuseaphraselike‘I’mjustnotaperson’.Theabsolutestatementsignalsthatfewchangeswillhappen.Insteadof‘I’mnotanorganizedperson’(identity),try‘Ihaven’tdevelopedstrongorganizationalsystemsyet’(behavior).Identitystatementsfeelpermanent,butbehaviorstatementsfeelchangeable.”可知,作者建议把身份表述,如“我不是一个有条理的人”,转化为行为表述,如“我还没有建立起强大的组织体系”。因为身份表述感觉是固定的,而行为表述感觉是可以改变的,这表明自我概念是可以改变的,也就是具有可调整性的。因此,malleable的意思是“可调整的”。

8.B推理判断题。根据第四段内容和最后一段中的“Whenweseeourselvesasworksinprogressratherthanfinishedproducts,wecreatethepsychologicalspaceneededforgenuinetransformation.Thequestionisn’twhetheryoucanchange—it’swhetheryou’rewillingtoletgooffamiliarlimitationstodiscoverwhatliesbeyondthem.”可知,作者建议人们不要用绝对的身份表述来限制自己,而应该用可改变的行为表述,并且把自己看作是正在进行中的作品,也就是不要给自己贴标签。提分干货高频词汇1.specificallyadv.具体来说;确切地说2.resistancen.抵抗3.identityn.身份4.restrictvt.限制 5.consciousadj.有意识的6.desiren.欲望 7.contradictadj.相抵触;相矛盾8.genuineadj.真正的 9.transformationn.转变重点短语1.becapableofdoingsth有能力做某事2.holdonto保住3.inprogress在进行中4.letgoof放弃难句分析Thismeansthatevenifwewanttochange,aslongasweholdontoouroldidentities,we’llunintentionallyresistmakingthechangesweknowweneedtomaketobeethe“new”versionofourselves.分析:本句为主从复合句。that引导宾语从句,evenifwewanttochange为evenif引导的让步状语从句,aslongasweholdontoouroldidentities为aslongas引导的条件状语从句,weknowweneedtomaketobeethe“new”versionofourselves为定语从句,修饰先行词changes。译文:这意味着即便我们渴望改变,只要仍固守旧的自我认知,就会不自觉地抗拒那些明知必须做出的、能让我们成为“新版”自己的改变。Passage3【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了ChristofKoch关于意识起源的理论,尤其是整合信息理论(IIT)。9.B词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“Consciousnessisdifficulttodescribe,andscientistsstilldebatehowitarises.”可推知,意识研究是复杂且令人困惑的。故画线词的意思是“令人困惑的”。10.A推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Itsuggeststhatconsciousnessistheactofabrain’ssystemofneuronsintegratingsensory,emotional,andcognitiveinformation,andbecauseofthis,theneurons’electrochemicalactivitycaninfluenceconsciousexperiences.Inturn,consciousnesscanaffectbrainnetworksbecausewhatwefeelorrememberimpactsthese