2025年欧洲储能部署概况报告（英文版）-欧盟委员会

JointResearchCentre

OverviewofEnergyStorage

DeploymentinEurope

Ananalysisofcurrentstatusandpolicyframeworkonenergystorage

GonzalezCuenca,M.I.

2025

ThisdocumentisapublicationbytheJointResearchCentre(JRC),theEuropeanCommission’sscienceandknowledgeservice.Itaimstoprovideevidence-basedscientificsupporttotheEuropeanpolicymakingprocess.ThecontentsofthispublicationdonotnecessarilyreflectthepositionoropinionoftheEuropeanCommission.NeithertheEuropean

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concerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.

Contactinformation

Name:GonzálezCuenca,MaríaIsabel

Email:isabel.gonzalez-cuenca@ec.europa.eu

TheJointResearchCentre:EUScienceHub

https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu

JRC141463

EUR40482

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,JRC141463.

1

Contents

Abstract 5

Acknowledgements 6

Executivesummary 7

1.Introduction 10

2.Progressinenergystoragedeployment 11

2.1.Analysisbystatus 11

2.2.Analysisbycountry 12

2.3.Analysisbyenergystoragetechnology 13

2.3.1.Classificationoftechnologies 13

2.3.2.Mechanical 17

.Pumped-storagehydropower 17

.Compressed-airenergystorage 21

2.3.3.Electrochemical 22

2.3.4.Electrical 27

2.3.5.Chemical 28

2.3.6.Thermal 31

2.4.Analysisbyenergystorageservice 34

3.PolicyandregulatoryframeworkintheEuropeanUnion 38

3.1.Background 38

3.1.1.Directive(EU)2019/944:commonrulesfortheinternalmarketforelectricity 38

3.1.2.Regulation(EU)2019/943:internalmarketforelectricity 39

3.1.3.Regulation(EU)2019/941:riskpreparedness 39

3.1.4.Regulation(EU)No1227/2011:wholesaleenergymarketintegrityandtransparency

39

3.2.Electricitymarketreform 40

3.2.1.Directive(EU)2024/1711 40

3.2.2.Regulation(EU)2024/1747 40

3.3.KeyEuropeanUnionpolicyupdatesrelatedtoenergystorage 41

3.4.Nationalenergyandclimateplansandthestoragesystems 42

4.Currentsituationofthemarket 45

4.1.Theevolutionofrenewableenergysourcesystemswithstorage 45

2

4.2.Technologycostforecasts 46

4.3.Energydensityalsoaffectsprices 49

4.4.SupportingthedevelopmentoftheEuropeanmarket:projectsofcommoninterest 50

5.Casestudiesofenergystorageimplementation 53

5.1.TheauctionsofGreece 53

5.1.1.Howtheauctionswork 53

5.1.2.Resultsoftheauctions 53

5.1.3.Conclusionsandlessonslearned 54

5.2.Long-durationenergystorageinGermany 54

5.2.1.Consultation 54

5.2.2.Conclusionsandlessonslearned 55

5.3.ImpactofstorageontheUKmarket 55

5.3.1.Description 55

5.3.2.Bigprojectpipeline 56

5.3.3.Conclusionsandlessonslearned 57

5.4.PumpedhydrointheIberianpeninsula 57

5.4.1.DescriptionoftheIberianpeninsulapowersystem 57

5.4.2.Hydropowerbehaviour 58

5.4.3.Conclusionsandlessonslearned 59

6.Conclusions 60

References 61

Listofabbreviationsanddefinitions 65

Listoffigures 67

Listoftables 69

3

Abstract

Energystoragetechnologiesarecrucialforasecure,resilientandlow-carbonenergysystem,but

theirimplementationishinderedbyarangeofchallenges.Thisreportprovidesananalysisofthe

deploymentofenergystoragetechnologiesinEurope,identifyingthecurrentstatusandthepolicyframework.Keyfindingshighlightthegrowingexpectationsoflithiumionbatterystorage,the

continuedimportanceofpumped-storagehydropowerandthesignificantpotentialofenergy

storagetosupporttheintegrationofrenewableenergysources.CasestudiesfromGermany,

Greece,theIberianpeninsulaandtheUnitedKingdomillustratesuccessfulpoliciesandbest

practices.ThereportprovidesacomprehensiveoverviewoftheenergystoragelandscapeinEurope,highlightingkeyinsightsforpolicymakersandindustrystakeholders.

4

Acknowledgements

WewouldliketothanktheEuropeanenergystorageinventoryteamfortheireffortsincreatingaclimateofcollaborationandenrichment.WeareverygratefulfortheoutstandingworkdevelopedbytheITteamoftheJointResearchCentreinSevilleinconsolidatingandvisualisingdataon

energystorageprojects.

Author

MariaIsabelGonzálezCuenca

5

Executivesummary

ThisreportisintheframeworkofanadministrativeagreementwiththeDirectorate-Generalfor

EnergywiththeobjectiveofdevelopingtheEuropeanenergystorageinventory[1],aplatform

designedtomapandmonitortheenergystoragefacilitiesacrossEurope,shownin

Figure1.

Theplatformenablessystematictrackingofdeploymentstatus,technologiesandprojectdevelopments.

Thereportalsoprovidesadetailedoverviewofthetechnologies,withanemphasisonthosethat

havethelargestnumbersofoperationalfacilitiesandplannedinstallations.Itincludesassessmentsoftechnologymaturityandfuturetrends,andanalysestheevolvingpolicyandregulatorycontext.

Figure1.GeographicaldistributionofenergystorageprojectsinEurope(left)andinsouth-eastEurope(right)

Source:Europeanenergystorageinventory[1].

Policycontext

Energystoragesystemsarekeyenablersoftheenergytransition.Theysupporttheintegrationofrenewableenergysources,contributetogridstabilityandimprovetheoverallqualityandsecurityofenergysupply.TheEUhasintroducedmultipledirectivesandinitiativesaimedatfacilitatingtheroll-outofenergystoragesystems.

ThisreportoutlinestheEU-levelregulatoryframeworkandpolicydriversforstorageandevaluatestheadoptionofstoragepoliciesortargetsbyEUMemberStatesintheirnationalenergyand

climateplans(NECPs).Deliveredtogetherwiththemonitoringplatform,thereportalsoservesasareferencetoolforpolicymakersandstakeholderstodesignandrefineenergystoragestrategies.

Keyconclusions

Atotalof2356energystorageprojectshavebeenidentified,withacombinedpowerof

170.92GW.Ofthese:

—70GWareoperational;

—97.26GWareexpectedtobeonlineby2030;

—3.66GWarecurrentlyinactive.

Takingintoaccounttheseamountsofoperationalandexpectedpower,wecanaffirmthatEuropeisatapivotalstageinthedeploymentofenergystoragesystems.

6

Thereportoffersatechnologyclassificationofenergystoragesystems.Pumped-storage

hydropowercontinuestodominatetheinstalledpower,whilelithiumionbatterysystemsarerapidlyemergingastheleadingtechnologyinupcominginstallations.Theseexpectedinstallationshighlightgrowingmarketconfidenceinbatteriesasflexibleandscalablesolutionsforrenewableenergyintegration.

Energystorageisessentialforachievingzero-carbonpowersystems.ThereareseveralpoliciesandinitiativesledbytheEUtoacceleratetheenergystorageinstallations.Inparticular,twoupcomingpolicymeasuresareexpectedtohavesignificantinfluence.

—By2025,anewmethodologywillrequiretransmissionsystemoperatorsanddistributionsystemoperatorstoassessnationalflexibilityneeds,includingenergystorage

requirements,helpingtoshapelong-terminvestmentandplanning.

—ByFebruary2027,allenergystoragebatteriesover2kWhmustbeelectronicallyregisteredundernewEUlegislation,supportingtransparency,safetyandlife-cycletraceability.

RegardingtheimplementationofpoliciesbytheMemberStates,thisreportpresentsasummaryoftheassessmentoftheNECPsfocusedonenergystorage.Itisbasedontheassessmentofthe

NECPspublishedbytheCommissionon28May2025[2],whichisaccompaniedbyastaffworkingdocumentwithindividualassessmentsof23finalupdatedNECPsthathavebeensubmittedandevaluated[3].

Mainfindings

Energystorageprojectsspanmultiplelife-cyclestages,asshownin

Figure2.

Amajorroll-outofstoragetechnologies,particularlybatteries,isexpectedinthenextfiveyears.Decliningcapital

expenditure(CAPEX)andimprovedmarketconditionsareenhancingprofitability,creatingafavourableenvironmentforinvestment.

Figure2.NumberofstorageprojectsinEurope,bystatus

Source:Europeanenergystorageinventory[1].

7

ThisreportincludescasestudiesfromGreece,Germany,theIberianpeninsulaandtheUnitedKingdom,offeringinsightsintonationalpolicyframeworks,auctionmechanismsand

implementationstrategies.

TheevaluationoftheNCEPspublishedon28May2025includes23MemberStates.ConsideringtheresultspublishedandanalysingthembytheJointResearchCentre(JRC),

Figure3

showsthenumberofMemberStatesincorporatingenergystorageintheirplans(6)andthosethatincludeenergystoragepoliciesbutwithoutspecifictargets(17).

Figure3.NumberofNCEPsincludingenergystoragetargetsorpolicies

Withstoragetargets

Detailsinstoragepolicies

Notincludedintheassessment

05101520

Source:JRC,basedonEuropeanCommission[2].

RelatedandfutureJointResearchCentrework

TheJRCcontinuestosupportEurope’stransitiontoaresilientandcarbon-neutralenergysystem.Thisreportispartofabroaderinitiativetomaintainapubliclyaccessibleplatformtrackingthedeploymentofstoragetechnologies,providingactionabledatatosupportevidence-based

policymaking.

8

1.Introduction

TheEuropeanGreenDealsetsambitioustargets:a55%reductioningreenhousegas(GHG)

emissionsby2030(comparedwith1990levels),climateneutralityby2050,andtheestablishmentofaresource-efficienteconomy.Achievingthesegoalsrequiresasignificantincreaseintheshareofrenewableenergysourcesintheenergymix.However,theinherentintermittencyofrenewablesintroduceschallengesforgridstability,underscoringtheneedforenhancedsystemflexibilityto

managefluctuationsinsupplyanddemand.

Energystorageplaysacriticalroleinaddressingthischallenge.Whetherdeployedasstandalone

unitsorinhybridconfigurations,energystoragesystemsenablethereliableintegrationof

renewableelectricityintothegrid.Inadditiontoprovidingflexibility,theyhelpmitigatepricevolatility,reducepeak-timeelectricitycostsandallowconsumerstooptimisetheirenergyuseinresponsetodynamicpricing.Energystoragealsosupportstheelectrificationofothersectors,

particularlytransportandbuildings.

AccordingtotheEuropeanenergystorageinventory,batterystoragesystemsareexpectedtoexperiencethemostsignificantgrowthacrossEurope.Thistrendisdrivenbytherapid

growthofrenewables,theexpansionofelectricmobility,supportivepolicyframeworksandcontinuoustechnologicalinnovation.

Theimplementationofenergystoragesolutionspresentsbothtechnicalchallengesandeconomicopportunities.Increasingly,investors,developersandutilitiesviewenergystorageasastrategicassetwithinEurope’sevolvingenergylandscape.Unlockingitsfullpotentialwillrequireinnovativebusinessmodelsandcross-sectoralstrategiestomaximisesystemvalue.

ThisreportaddressesthepolicychallengeofacceleratingthedeploymentofenergystoragesystemsintheEU.TheEuropeanCommissionhasissuedrecommendationsoutliningconcrete

actionsthatEUMemberStatescantaketopromotebroaderadoption[4].Whileroll-outhas

progressed,theenergystoragemarketremainssignificantlyunderutilised.Fallingcostsand

maturingtechnologiesareexpectedtofurtherdrivetheroll-outoflarge-scalestationarysystems.

TheobjectiveofthisreportistoprovideacomprehensiveoverviewofthestatusandpolicyframeworkforenergystorageinEurope.Itexaminestechnologicalprogressandoperationalandplannedfacilities,andcomparesdevelopmentsacrossMemberStates.

ThisreportisproducedunderanadministrativeagreementwiththeDirectorate-GeneralforEnergy.TheprimaryobjectiveoftheagreementisthedevelopmentoftheEuropeanenergystorage

inventoryplatform.DevelopedbytheJointResearchCentre(JRC),theplatformaggregatesrecentdatafromarangeofpublicandprivatesources.Drawingoninsightsfromtheplatform,thisreportprovidesacomprehensiveandup-to-dateanalysisoftheevolvingenergystoragelandscapeinEurope.

9

2.Progressinenergystoragedeployment

TheEuropeanenergystorageinventory[1]isaplatformdevelopedtomapandmonitortheenergystoragefacilitiesacrossEurope.Theinformationprovidedbytheplatformisusedinthissectiontopresenttheprogressinenergystoragedeployment.Theanalysisismadebystatuses,bycountries,bytechnologiesandbyservices.

2.1.Analysisbystatus

EnergystorageprojectsinEuroperepresent70GWofpoweralreadyoperational.However,thelifecycleofaprojecthasseveralstatusesbeforebecomingoperational,asshownin

Figure4.

Figure4.Statusconsideredinthedevelopmentofstoragefacilities

Source:JRC.

In

Figure5

thepowerofenergystorageprojectsthatareexpectedrepresents97.26GW(includingthoseannounced,awardedpermitsandunderconstruction),whiletheoperationalpoweris70GW.Thisquantityofpowerexpectedrepresentsaclearinterestinenergystorageprojects.

Figure5.PoweroftheprojectsinEurope,bystatus

Source:Europeanenergystorageinventory[1].

10

2.2.Analysisbycountry

BasedontheEuropeanenergystorageinventoryplatform,theassessmentofprojectsandfacilitiesincludesthefollowingcountries,representingbothMemberStatesandneighbouringcountries;

Austria,Belgium,BosniaandHerzegovina,Bulgaria,Croatia,Cyprus,Czechia,Denmark,Estonia,

Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Ireland,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,theNetherlands,Norway,Poland,Portugal,Romania,Serbia,Slovakia,Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,

Switzerland,UkraineandtheUnitedKingdom

(Figure

6).

Figure6.CountriesconsideredintheEuropeanenergystorageinventory

Source:JRC.

Theinclusionofneighbouringcountriesisjustifiedbythecross-borderintegrationofenergysystemsandtherelevanceofsignificantdeployments,suchasthoseintheUnitedKingdom.

Accordingtothislistandintermsofthedistributionbycountries,the15countrieswiththehighestenergystoragepowerareshownin

Figure7.

11

Figure7.The15countrieswiththehighestenergystoragepower,bystatus

Source:Europeanenergystorageinventory[1].

2.3.Analysisbyenergystoragetechnology

2.3.1.Classificationoftechnologies

Theenergystoragemarkethastwomainsegments,differentiatedbythelocationoftheenergystoragesystems:

—behindthemeter,customer-sitedstationarystoragesystemsthatareconnectedtothedistributionsystemonthecustomer’ssideoftheutility’sservicemeter[5];

—frontofthemeter(FoM),energystoragesystemsinstalledonthegridside,typicallyutility-scalesystems[5],[6].

Thereisalsoaclassificationintermsofduration[7].

—Short-durationenergystorage(SDES)candischargeatfullpowerforuptoeighthours.Itencompassestechnologiesthatcaninstantlyincreasepoweroutput,therebysupportingsystemstabilityandbalancingsupplyanddemandacrossvarioustimeframes.

12

—Long-durationenergystorage(LDES)dispatchesenergyorheatforextendedperiodsof

time,rangingfrom8hourstodays,weeksorseasons.LDEStechnologiesareessentialforthedecarbonisationofenergysystems,includingthepowersystemandindustrialheat.

However,thetechnologiesoftheenergystoragesystemsaremainlyclassifieddependingontheirchargingprinciples.Wehaveanalysedthefollowingsourcesandtheclassificationsofenergy

storagetechnologiesshownin

Table1.

Table1.Sourcesofandoptionsfortheclassificationsofenergystoragetechnologies

Source

Numberof

main

technologies

Maintechnologies

Numberof

subtechnologies

WoodMackenzie[8]

5

Mechanical

Batteries

Electromagnetic

Thermal

Unspecified

45

Studyonenergy

storage,PublicationsOfficeoftheEuropeanUnion,2023[9]

6

Mechanical

ElectrochemicalThermal

ChemicalUndefinedHybrid

29

CleanEnergy

TechnologyObservatoryreports[10]-[13]

3

Mechanical

Electromagnetic

Thermal

25

S&PGlobal[14]

4

Mechanical

ElectrochemicalThermal

Other

19

EuropeanAssociationforStorageof

Energy[15]

5

Mechanical

ElectrochemicalThermal

Chemical

Electrical

33

Ricardo[16]

4

Mechanical

ElectrochemicalChemical

Electrical

10

Source.JRC,basedonthesourcesmentioned.

13

Consideringtheseapproaches,inthisreportweproposeaclassificationoftheenergystorage

technologieswithfivemaincategories:mechanical,electrochemical(orbatteries),thermal,chemicalandelectrical,asindicatedin

Table2.

Forthecategoryelectricaltherearenotanyfacilitieswitharelevantpowerlinkedtothegrid.Therefore,theelectricaltechnologyisnotincludedintheEuropeanenergystorageinventory.

Table2.Classificationsofenergystoragetechnologies

Technology

Subtechnologies

Mechanical

Pumped-storagehydropower

Compressed-airenergystorage

Flywheels

Liquidairenergystorage(*)

Electrochemical

Ironairbattery

Leadacidbatteries

Lithiumionbatteries

Lithium-otherbatteriesRedoxflowbatteries

Sodiumsulphurbatteries

Sodiumnickelchloridebatteries

Thermal

Latentthermalenergystorage(*)

Thermochemicalstorage(*)

Sensiblethermalenergystorage

Chemical

Powertoammonia(*)

Powertogas-hydrogen

Powertomethanol(*)

Powertomethane(*)

Electrical

Supercapacitors(*)

Superconductingmagneticenergystorage(*)

(*)SubtechnologieswithoutprojectsintheEuropeanenergystorageinventory.

Source.JRC.

Intermsofthisclassificationoftechnologies,thetotalstoragepowerbystatusisshownin

Figure

8.

14

Figure8.Distributionofpower,bystoragetechnologyandbystatus

Source:Europeanenergystorageinventory[1].

Consideringjusttheoperationalpower,thedistributionisshownin

Figure9.

Figure9.Distributionofoperationalpower,bystoragetechnology

Source:Europeanenergystorageinventory[1].

Mechanicaltechnologiespredominateduetothematurityandwidespreaddeploymentofpumped-storagehydropowersystems.

However,forprojectsthatarenotyetoperationalbutareinearlierstages(e.g.announced,

permitted,orunderconstruction),thedominanttechnologyiselectrochemical:primarilylithiumionbatteries.Thepowerexpectedisshownin

Figure10.

15

Figure10.Distributionofexpectedpower,bystoragetechnology

Source:Europeanenergystorageinventory[1].

2.3.2.Mechanical

Weanalysetwotypesofmechanicalstoragethatarematureandoperational:

—pumped-storagehydropower

—compressed-airenergystorage(CAES).

.Pumped-storagehydropower

Keyaspectsandprinciples

Theprincipleofpumped-storagehydropower(PSH)isarenewableenergysourcethatconvertsthehydraulic(water)power(potentialandkineticpower)intomechanicalpowerbymeansofarotatingturbine,andintoelectricitythroughtheconnectiontoanelectricgenerator[10].

Figure11.ChargingprincipleofPSH

Source:EuropeanAssociationforStorageofEnergy(EASE).

Themaincomponentsarethefollowing:

16

—twowaterreservoirs/ponds(upperandlower),

—powerwaterwaytoconnectthereservoirs/ponds,

—hydropowerstationequippedwithternarymachinesetsorpump-turbines.DeploymentinEurope

PSHisthemostmaturestorageconceptinrespectofinstalledcapacity,andaquarteroftheglobalinstalledcapacityisintheEU[10].

Theassessmentismadeintermsofpower(GW)becausethereliabilityofthedataishigher.In

Figure12

thePSHpowerispresentedbystatus.

Figure12.PowerinPSHtechnology,bystatus

Source:Europeanenergystorageinventory[1].

Periodofcommissioning

Sincethistechnologyisalreadymatureandhasbeendeployedsincethebeginningofthe20thcentury,

Figure13

showsthedecadesinwhichprojectsusingthistechnologywereinstalled,consideringonlytheprojectsstilloperational.ThedecadeinwhichthelargestnumberofPSHprojectswerecommissionedwasthe1980s.

17

Figure13.NumberofnewPSHprojectsinstalledinEurope,bydecade

140

Numberofprojects

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

1950s1960s1970s1980s1990s2000s2010s2020s

Before50s

Source:Europeanenergystorageinventory[1].

Installationsbycountry

Thenumberofprojectsconcerningthistechnologydependsonthenaturalresourcesavailableandthegeographyofthecountry.In

Figure14,

weshowthe15countrieswiththemostoperationalpower,inorder.

18

Figure14.The15countrieswiththegreatestamountsofPSHoperationalpower

Source.Europeanenergystorageinventory[1].

Withthecommontargetof20%renewableenergyuseby2020and42.5%by2030,many

MemberStateshaveintroducedeconomicsupportprogrammesforrenewablegeneration.Inthis

context,PSHsystemscouldfacilitatetheirexpansion.Thenewprojectsexpectedarelocatedinninecountries,whichareshownin

Figure15.

19

Figure15.The9countrieswithexpectedPSHpower,bystatus

Source.Europeanenergystorageinventory[1].

.Compressed-airenergystorage

Keyaspectsandprinciples

CAESencompassestwoprimarysubtechnologies:

—diabaticcompressed-airenergystorage(D-CAES)

—adiabaticcompressed-airenergystorage(A-CAES).

D-CAESinvolvescompressingairintoundergroundgeologicalformations,suchassaltcaverns,

usingexcesselectricity,andthenheatingthereleasedairwithnaturalgasorfueltodriveagas

turbineandgenerateelectricitywhenneeded.Incontrast,A-CAESstorestheheatgeneratedduringthecompressioncycleusingthermalenergystorage(TES),allowingforamoreefficientandcleanerprocess,asthecompressedairisexpandedinaturbinetoproduceelectricitywhilerecoveringthe

storedheat,thuseliminatingtheneedforadditionalfuelcombustion.

20

Figure16.ChargingprinciplesofCAESsystems‘D-CAES’(left)and‘A-CAES’(right).

Source:EASE.

Themaincomponentsarethefollowing:

—compressordrivenbyanelectricmotor,

—airstorage-saltcavern,hardrockcavern,depletedgasfieldoraquifer,

—turbine,

—generator,

—fuel/gascombustionsystemtopreheatthereleasedairforD-CAES,orTESsystemforA-CAES.

DeploymentinEurope

TherearethreeoperationalprojectsinEuropeusingtheD-CAESsubtechnology.Theoldest,andtheonewiththehighestcapacity,istheHuntorfplantinGermany,commissionedin1978.Ituses

naturalgasasaheatsourceforthedischargingprocess.A-CAESsystemsareintheprocessofdemonstrationandarenotyetcommerciallyavailable.

2.3.3.Electrochemical

Keyaspectsandprinciples

Electrochemicalisthetechnologythathasbeendeployedmostinrecentyears,andseveralbatterytechnologiesmaybeincludedinthiscategory.

Thedominatingbatterytechnologyislithiumion(lithiumironphosphate(LFP),nickelmanganesecobaltoxide(NMC)andnickelcobaltaluminiumoxide).Inthefuture,lithiumionwillstill

predominate,buttherewillbeashifttolow-orzero-cobaltchemistries(LFP,lithiummanganeseironphosphate,amongothers).Theroleofsodiumionbatteriesandotheradvancedtechnologieswillincreasesignificantly[12].

Alithiumionbatterysystemisanenergystoragesystembasedonelectrochemical

charge/dischargereactionsthatoccurbetweenapositiveelectrode(cathode)thatcontainssomelithiatedmetaloxideandanegativeelectrode(anode)thatismadeofcarbonmaterialor

intercalationcompounds,amongotheroptions.Theelectrodesareseparatedbyporouspolymericmaterialsthatallowforelectronandionicflowbetweenthem,andareimmersedinanelectrolytethatismadeupoflithiumsaltsdissolvedinorganicliquids.

21

Whenthebatteryisbeingcharged,thelithiumatomsinthecathodebecomeionsandmigrate

throughtheelectrolytetowardsthecarbonanode,wheretheycombinewithexternalelectronsandaredepositedbetweencarbonlayersaslithiumatoms(Figure17).Thisprocessisreversedduringdischarge.

Themaincomponentsarethefollowing:

—elementarycellcomposedofanassemblyofelectrodes,electrolyteandseparators,

—modulescomposedofserialorparallelassemblingofcells,

—batterysystemscomposedofalargeassemblyofmodules,abatterymanagementsystemandathermalmanagementsystem,

—powerconversionsystem.

Figure18.Chargingprinciplesoflithiumionbatteries

NB:SEI:solidelectrolyteinterphase

Source:EASE.

DeploymentinEurope

AsshowninFigure19,theelectrochemicalprojectsexpectedrepresent84.72GWofpower,showingthatinstallationsofnewprojectswillcontinue.

22

Figure19.Powerinelectrochemicaltechnology,bystatus

Source:Europeanenergystorage